MODEL Key Answers

2-MARKS

1. Define Attribute.
An attribute is a named property of a class that describes the object’s state. It represents a value held by an
object that can be used to differentiate it from others.

2. Enumerate steps to model concrete instances in UML.

Steps to model concrete instances in UML:

1. Identify the objects (instances) from the problem domain.

2. Assign names to each object.
3. Define the class each object belongs to.
4. Show values for each attribute of the object.
5. Represent links (relationships) between instances.
6. Use UML object diagrams to depict the above information.

3. List out the Development Life Cycle.

The typical stages of a Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) are:

1. Requirements gathering and analysis

2. System design
3. Implementation (coding)
4. Testing
5. Deployment
6. Maintenance

4. Differentiate between pattern and frameworks.

 Pattern: A general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in
software design.

 Framework: A reusable set of libraries or classes used to develop software. It provides a skeleton to
build applications with predefined behavior.

5. Define Axioms.
Axioms are self-evident truths or universally accepted principles that form the foundation of a system or
theory. In design, they are fundamental truths used to guide decisions.

6. Define design axioms in object-oriented design.

The two main design axioms in object-oriented design are:

1. Axiom 1 – The Independence Axiom: A design should be such that each functional requirement is
satisfied independently.
2. Axiom 2 – The Information Axiom: The best design is the one that minimizes the information
content (i.e., simplicity is better).

7. Define View Layer Interface in MVC architecture.

The View Layer Interface in the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architecture is responsible for presenting
data to the user and capturing user input. It represents the UI components and ensures the user can interact
with the application.
8. Give an example of a real-world application with an effective UI design.
An example of a real-world application with effective UI design is Google Maps. It provides intuitive
navigation, easy-to-read maps, and a responsive interface, offering a seamless user experience.

9. Explain the difference between manual testing and automated testing.

 Manual Testing: Involves testers manually executing test cases without using tools. It's time-
consuming but flexible for exploratory testing.
 Automated Testing: Uses scripts and tools to run tests automatically. It's faster, repeatable, and
suitable for regression and performance testing.

10. List the advantages of unit testing in object-oriented systems.

Advantages of unit testing:

1. Detects bugs early in development.

2. Makes code more reliable and maintainable.
3. Facilitates code reuse and refactoring.
4. Helps ensure each class or method works as expected.
5. Enhances documentation through test cases.

15 MARKS

11. (a) Describe about the concept of Class Diagram with example.

A Class Diagram is a type of static structure diagram in UML that describes the structure of a system by
showing its classes, attributes, operations, and the relationships among objects.

Components of a class diagram:

 Class: Represented by a rectangle divided into three parts: class name, attributes, and operations.
 Attributes: Describe properties of the class.
 Operations: Define behaviors or functions.
 Relationships: Associations, generalizations, and dependencies.

Example:

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+---------------------+
| Student |
+---------------------+
| - studentId: int |
| - name: String |
| - email: String |
+---------------------+
| +registerCourse() |
| +viewGrades() |
+---------------------+

Relationships:
If a Student registers for a Course, then there is an association:

lua
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Student --------- Course
registers
11. (b) Explain the Unified Approach in software development. How does it integrate
different methodologies and improve system design?

The Unified Approach (UA) is a methodology for software development that integrates:

 Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)

 Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Key features:

 Based on UML (Unified Modeling Language)

 Encourages iterative and incremental development
 Integrates best practices from methodologies like Booch, OMT, and Use-Case modeling.

Benefits:

 Encourages reuse and modularity

 Enhances clarity in system design
 Supports requirements traceability
 Encourages continuous testing and integration

12. (a) Demonstrate the guidelines for finding use cases and developing effective
documentation.

CO2 K4

Guidelines for finding use cases:

1. Identify actors (users or systems interacting with the system).

2. List goals of each actor.
3. Describe interactions in terms of use cases.
4. Ensure use cases are goal-driven and system-focused.
5. Include preconditions and postconditions.
6. Focus on main success scenarios, then add alternatives/exceptions.

Effective documentation includes:

 Use case name

 Actor(s)
 Brief description
 Preconditions
 Main flow of events
 Alternate flows
 Postconditions
 Exceptions and business rules

12. (b) Compare and contrast Class and Object Responsibilities in different real-world
software applications.
Aspect Class Responsibilities Object Responsibilities
Template that defines structure and
Definition Instance with actual data and state
behavior
Example 1 (E-Commerce Order class manages order logic order1 manages a specific customer's
 Aspect Class Responsibilities Object Responsibilities
App) order
Example 2 (Banking App) Account class calculates interest acc123 holds balance and transactions
userJohn maintains John’s data and
Example 3 (Social Media) User class defines profile structure
interactions

Conclusion: Classes define what can be done, while objects do it in context.

13. (a) Illustrate the concept of Domain model with examples.

A Domain Model is a visual representation of conceptual classes in a domain, showing their relationships
and responsibilities.

Components:

 Conceptual classes
 Associations
 Multiplicities

Example: Library Management System

 Classes: Book, Member, Loan

 Relationships:
o A Member borrows multiple Books
o A Book can have multiple Loans

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Member --------- Loan --------- Book

The domain model helps understand and structure the business logic before implementation.

13. (b) Discuss the role of Object Storage and Interoperability in cloud-based applications.
Provide examples of cloud storage solutions and APIs.

Object Storage: A storage architecture where data is stored as objects with metadata and unique identifiers.

Role in Cloud Applications:

 Scalable storage (big data, backups)

 Access through APIs (HTTP/REST)
 Supports unstructured data (images, videos)

Interoperability: Ability of systems to work together. Enables:

 Cross-platform data access

 Integration with multiple cloud services
 Vendor-neutral data management

Examples:

 Amazon S3 (APIs: PUT, GET, DELETE)

 Google Cloud Storage
 Azure Blob Storage
Use case: A photo-sharing app uses S3 to store images and serves them via API endpoints.

14. (a) Describe the Micro Level Processes with neat diagram.

Micro Level Processes refer to the small-scale, detailed processes involved in software development at the
component level.

Key Micro-Level Activities:

1. Object Identification
2. Responsibility Assignment
3. Design of Collaborations
4. Class Design
5. Coding & Unit Testing

Diagram:

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[Requirements]
↓
[Object Identification] → [Class Design] → [Code]
↓ ↓ ↓
[Responsibility Assignment] [Collaboration] [Testing]

Goal: Refine system design for implementable, testable components.

14. (b) Explain about Interaction Diagram Notation?

Interaction Diagrams in UML depict how objects interact through messages. Two types:

1. Sequence Diagrams – Show time-ordered interactions.

2. Communication Diagrams – Show structural view with messages.

Notation Elements:

 Object lifeline: Vertical dashed line

 Activation bar: Indicates active process
 Message arrow: Shows message sent from one object to another
 Return message: Dashed arrow

Example: Login sequence:

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User → LoginController: enterCredentials()
LoginController → AuthService: validate()
AuthService → DB: checkUser()

15. (a) Discuss about Debugging Principles.

Debugging Principles:

1. Understand the problem: Reproduce and isolate the issue.

2. Use logging and breakpoints: Inspect variable values and flow.
3. Divide and conquer: Narrow down the error location.
 4. Check assumptions: Validate input/output.
5. Start from known working state: Trace what changed.
6. Automate tests: Prevent regressions.
7. Use debugging tools: IDE debuggers, profilers, etc.

Effective debugging improves code reliability and reduces downtime.

15. (b) Compare approaches such as Black-box testing, White-box testing, and Gray-box
testing with examples.

CO5 K3

Testing Type Access Level Focus Example

Black-box No code access Functionality (input/output) Testing a login form without knowing code
White-box Full code access Internal logic, paths Unit testing functions in source code
Gray-box Partial code access Combination of both Tester with API knowledge tests UI

Conclusion:

 Black-box: Best for user perspective

 White-box: Best for internal quality
 Gray-box: Balanced approach for integration testing