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MATH LECTURE - 03
Part Contents Arithmetic Page
1 CLASS PRACTICE 03
• L.C.M & H.C.F
• FRACTION
• PERCENTAGE & DEVIATION
• PROFIT-LOSS, MARK-UP, MARK-DOWN
• FACE VALUE OF CURRENCIES
2 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT 06

3 REVIEW LESSON FOR THE NEXT LECTURE 08

REVIEW TEST 10

TM

e d u c a t i o n s t u d y a b r o a d
 PART I: CLASS PRACTICE

GROUP 1: LCM & HCF

1. What is the smallest possible number that leaves a remainder of 1 when divided by 3, 4, 5, and 7?
a. 141 b. 106 c. 421 d. 420 e. 85

2. What is the least number which when divided by 3, 4 and 5 leaves remainders of 1, 2 and 3
respectively?
a. 59 b. 58 c. 116 d. 118 e. 67

3. If x, y, z are positive integers and 4x = 3y = 5z, then what is the smallest value of x + y + z?
a. 12 b. 47 c. 60 d. 94 e. Cannot be determined
4. You have 18 apples, 27 mangoes and 54 bananas. You want to divide each kind of fruit equally
among the same number of children so that no fruit remains left. What is the maximum number of
children who might get the fruit?
a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 18 e. None of these

GROUP 2: FRACTION

5. A $1000 bonus must be divided among three people so that Mazhar receives twice as much as
1
Rashed, who receives as much as Asad. How much money should Asad receive?
5
a. $100 b. $125 c. $250 d. $375 e. $625

6. In one classroom, exactly one-half of the seats are occupied. In another classroom with double the
seating capacity of the first, exactly three-quarters of the seats are occupied. If the students from both
rooms are transferred to a third, empty classroom that has a seating capacity exactly equal to the first
two combined, what fraction of the seats in the third classroom is occupied?
1 1 3 2 3
a. b. c. d. e.
4 3 8 3 4
1 2
7. A book dealer has some books in store of which were hardcover books. The dealer sold of the
5 3
3
books, including of the hardcover books. What fraction of the unsold books were hardcover books?
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1 3 1 11 4
a. b. c. d. e.
10 20 5 20 5
2
8. After filling the car’s fuel tank, a driver drove from P to Q and then to R. She used of the fuel driving
5
1
from P to Q. If she used another 7 gallons to drive from Q to R and still had of a tank left, how
4
many gallons does the tank hold?
a. 12 b. 18 c. 20 d. 21 e. 35

9. In a certain year, the number of girls who graduated from City High School was twice the number of
3 5
boys. If of the girls and of the boys went to college immediately after graduation, what fraction of
4 6
the graduates that year went to college immediately after graduation?
5 12 7 29 31
a. b. c. d. e.
36 27 9 36 36

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 GROUP 3: PERCENTAGE AND DEVIATION

10. What is 0.5 percent of 6.5?

a. 0.0325 b. 0.013 c. 0.325 d. 1.30 e. 130.0

11. Sami’s salary is 125% of Rajib’s salary. Abir’s salary is 80% of Rajib’s salary. The total of all three
salaries is $ 61,000. What is Abir’s salary?
a. $15,000 b. $16,000 c. $17,000 d. $18,000 e. $19,000

12. If 8% tax on a sale amounts to 96 paisa, what is the final price (including tax) of the item?
a. $1.20 b. $2.16 c. $6.36 d. $12.00 e. $12.96
13. Among the 100 students in a business school, 50% enrolled in a marketing course. Of the enrolled
students, 90% took the final exam. Two-thirds of the students who took the final exam passed it. How
many students failed in the final exam?
a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30 e. 45

14. The price of sugar has increased by 60%. In order to restore the original price, the new price must be
reduced by:
a. 33.33% b. 35% c. 37.5% d. 60% e. 66.66%

15. As the price of mango has reduced 20%, it is now possible to buy 2 more mangoes at Tk. 12. What is
the price of 50 mangoes?

a. Tk. 30 b. Tk. 40 c. Tk. 50 d. Tk. 60 e. None

16. A chemist was preparing a solution that should have included 35 milligrams of a chemical. If he
actually used 36.4 milligrams, what was his percentage error?
a. 0.04% b. 0.05% c. 1.40% d. 3.85% e. 4.00%

GROUP 4: PROFIT - LOSS, MARK UP, MARK DOWN

17. A businessman buys 1,440 dozen pens at $2.50 a dozen and then sells them at a price of 25 cent a
piece. What is his total profit on the lot of pens?
a. $60.00 b. $72.00 c. $720.00 d. $874.00 e. $8,740.00
1
18. A retailer buys a radio from the wholesaler for $75.00. He then marks up the price by and sells it at
3
a discount of 20%. What was his profit on the radio?
a. $5.00 b. $6.67 c. $7.50 d. $10.00 e. $13.33

19. A store usually sells a certain item at 40% profit. One week, the store has a sale, during which the
item is sold for 10% less than the usual price. During the sale, what is the percent profit the store
makes on each of these items?
a. 14% b. 24% c. 26% d. 30% e. 36%

20. Mr. Iraj usually makes a 45% profit on every radio he sells. During a sale, he reduces his margin of
profit to 40% while his sales increase by 10%. What is the ratio of his new total profit to the original
profit?
a. 1:1 b. 45:44 c. 8:9 d. 11:10 e. 44:45

21. A merchant marks a certain lamp up 20% above cost. Then he gives a customer a 10% discount. If
the final selling price of the lamp was $81, what was the original cost price?
a. $72.0 b. $74.25 c. $75.0 d. $75.75 e. $78.0

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22. A retailer sold an old cell phone at 20% loss. If the selling price were Tk. 75 more, he could have
gained a profit of 10%. What was the cost price of the cell phone?
a. Tk. 180 b. Tk. 200 c. Tk. 220 d. Tk. 250 e. Tk. 300

GROUP 5: FACE VALUE OF CURRENCIES

23. A man spent exactly Tk. 2.50 on 3 paisa, 6 paisa, and 10 paisa stamps. If he bought ten 3 paisa
stamps and twice as many 6 paisa stamps as 10 paisa, how many 10 paisa stamps did he buy?
a. 5 b. 10 c. 12 d. 15 e. 20

24. Tanjila exchanged a dollar bill for change and received 7 coins, none of which were half-dollars. How
many of these coins were dimes?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 4 d.5 e. Cannot be determined from the information given

25. A person has 112 taka. He has twice as many 5 taka notes as he has 10 taka notes. Other than
these, he has only 2 taka notes. Find the minimum number of 2 taka notes he must have.
a. 1 b. 6 c. 7 d. 16 e. None of these

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 PART II: TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT

1. What is the least number when divided by 3, 4 and 5 leaves a remainder of 2 in each case but when
divided by 7 leaves nothing?
a. 60 b. 62 c. 122 d. 182 e. None

2. If p, q, r are positive integers and 2p = 6q = 7r, then what is the smallest value of p – q – r?
a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9 e. 13

3. What is the smallest number which when divided by 7 & 9 leaves a remainder of 2 & 4 respectively?
a. 44 b. 56 c. 58 d. 63 e. 65

4. The H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 6 and 36 respectively. If one of the numbers is 12, find the
other number.
a. 9 b. 18 c. 27 d. 36 e. None

5. A candy bar weighing 4 ounces costs ‘c’ cents. If the size of the candy bar is reduced to 3.6 ounces
while the price remains the same, the old price per ounce is what fraction of the new price per ounce?
3 9c 10 9 9
a. b. c. d. e.
4 10 9 10c 10
5
6. Only sophomores, juniors and seniors attended a school meeting. of those who attended were
12
1
juniors, and were seniors. If 36 sophomores attended the meeting, what was the total number of
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students who attended the meeting?
a. 108 b. 144 c. 252 d. 288 e. 300
4
7. Three friends ate dinner at a restaurant. When they settled the check, Amit paid as much as Johny
5
1
paid, and Johny paid as much as Rahat paid. What fraction of the check did Johny pay?
3
15 12 5 1 1
a. b. c. d. e.
24 31 24 6 24
8. Cereal costs 1/3 as much as mushroom. Mushroom costs 5/4 as much as eggs. Eggs cost what
fraction of the cost of cereal?
5 4 5 5 12
a. b. c. d. e.
12 5 4 3 5

9. Tk. 336 is divided between A & B so that A gets 5/16th of what B gets. What amount does A get?
a. Tk. 105 b. Tk. 80 c. Tk. 75 d. Tk. 125 e. Tk. 100

3
10. By how much is larger than 20% of 2?
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1 1 1 1 1
a. b. c. d. e.
20 25 30 35 40

11. Successive discounts of 20% and 12% are equivalent to a single discount of:
a. 16.0% b. 29.6% c. 32.4% d. 32.0% e. 33.7%

12. In June, a basketball team that played 60 games had won 30% of its games played. After a
phenomenal winning streak this team raised its average to 50%. How many games must the team
have won in a row to attain this average?
a. 20 b. 22 c. 24 d. 26 e. 28

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13. In reading a Thermometer, Tazrian mistakenly observed a temperature of 72 instead of 77. What
was her percentage of error (to the nearest hundredth of a percent)?
a. 5.0% b. 6.50% c. 6.74% d. 6.82% e. 6.95%

14. A bus uses one gallon of gasoline to travel 20 miles. After a tune-up, the bus travels 5% farther on
one gallon. How many gallons of gasoline will it take for the bus to travel 210 miles after a tune-up?
a. 10 b. 10.5 c. 11 d. 20 e. 21
15. A group of people contributed to a charity fund. 30% of them contributed $40 each, 45% contributed
$20 each, and the rest contributed $12 each. What percentage of the total contribution came from
people who gave $40?
a. 25% b. 30% c. 40% d. 45% e. 50%
16. A house cost Mr. Naseem C dollars in 1986. Three years later, he sold the house for 25% more than
what he paid for it. He has to pay a tax of 50% of the gain. How much tax must Mr. Naseem pay?
C C C C
a. C b. c. d. e.
2 4 6 8
17. A Denim Jacket marked $96 is offered for $72. What is the rate of discount on the marked price?
a. 25% b. 27% c. 30% d. 33% e. 36%

18. Profit triples when the selling price doubles. Find the profit percentage at original selling price?
a. 25 b. 50 c. 100 d. 150 e. None

19. A dealer sold 20 pens for Tk. 60 and gained 20%. How many pens did he buy for Tk. 60?
a. 30 b. 26 c. 24 d. 25 e. 22

20. A merchant buys an old carpet for $25.00. He spends $15.00 to have it restored to good condition
and then sells the carpet for $50.00. What is the percent profit on his total investment?
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a. 20% b. 25% c. 40% d. 66 % e. 100%
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21. A lamp is manufactured to sell for $35.00, which yields a profit of 25% of the cost. If the profit is to be
reduced to 15% of the cost, how much will the new retail price be?
a. $30.40 b. $31.60 c. $32.20 d. $33.00 e. $34.20

22. A merchant increased the original price of an item by 10 percent. If she then reduces the new price
by 10 percent, the final result in terms of the original price is:
a. a decrease of 11 percent b. a decrease of 1 percent c. no net change
d. an increase of 1 percent e. an increase of 11 percent

23. A man has twice as many 25-paisa coins as he has 10-paisa coins now. If he had taka 1.50 more in
hand and replaced it with all 10-paisa coins, he would have twice as many 10-paisa coins as he has
25-paisa coins. How many 25-paisa coins does he have now?
a.5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25

24. You have only dimes and quarters. How many dimes you can take at most to make it a dollar if you
have to take a quarter at least?
a. 0 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7 e. 10

25. You have only 5-taka, 10-taka, 50-taka, and 100-taka notes in your wallet and altogether you have 20
notes there. Suddenly you found 4 notes are missing. What is the minimum amount of money you
could lose?
a. tk. 400 b. tk. 165 c. tk. 100 d. tk. 20 e. Cannot be determined

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 PART III: REVIEW LESSON FOR THE NEXT LECTURE

Ratio and Proportion:

In solving ratios or proportions that have units of measurement (feet, seconds, miles, etc.), each ratio
must have the same unit. For example, if we have the ratio 5 inches: 3 feet, we must convert the 3 feet to
36 inches and then set up the ratio 5 inches: 36 inches or 5:36.
1
An alternative solution to this is: 5× ( 5  1/12) feet: 3 feet = 5 feet: 36 feet, or again, 5:36.
12
Example: On a blueprint, a rectangle measures 6 inches in width and 9 inches in length. If the actual
width of the rectangle is 16 inches, how many feet are there in the length?

Solution: We set up the proportions, 6 inches: 9 inches = 16 inches: x feet. Since x feet is equal to 12x
inches, we substitute this value in the proportion, Thus, 6 inches: 9 inches = 16 inches: 12x
inches. Since all of the units are now the same, we may work with the numbers alone. In
fractional terms we have 6/9 = 16/12x. Cross multiplication gives us 72x = 144 and solving for x
gives us x = 2. The rectangle is 2 feet long.

Finding a Specific Value

Example: If a fence is 120 feet long and post are set 5 feet apart, how many posts are needed?
Solution: Divide the length by the distance between two posts, i.e. 120/5 = 24,
Then add 1 with that, i.e. 24+1 = 25 posts
Note: If the fence is open on both sides, you have to add 1 with the division result.

Example: If a triangular garden has a perimeter of 120 feet and has a fence around it, how many post
are required if they are set 5 feet apart?
Solution: Divide the perimeter of the garden by the distance between two posts, i.e. 120/5 = 24 posts,
It’s the answer in this case.
Note: If the fence is around an enclosed area, like: triangular/ circular/ rectangular garden, you don’t need
to add anything with the division result.

Unitary Method
This is a technique for solving particular types of problems. It is a method of carrying out a calculation to
find the value of a number of items by first finding the value of 1 unit of them. Hence, it involves scaling
down one of the variables to a single unit, i.e. 1, and then performing the operation necessary to alter it to
the desired value.

Example: If 6 men can do a particular work in 3 days, how many days will it take for 9 men to finish the
work?
Solution: Consider the work of 1 man first!
1 man can do it in 6 x 3 = 18 days.
So 9 men will do it in 18/9 = 2 days.

Simple Interest:
If a person borrows some money from someone for a certain period then the borrower has to pay some
extra money, called interest (I) on the money borrowed for that period. The money borrowed is called
principle (P) and the total sum comprising of principle and the interest is called the amount (A). If the
interest on a certain sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple
interest.
If Amount = A, Principle = P, Interest = I, Time = T (in year), Rate of interest per annum = R
PRT
i. I 
100
P(100  RT)
ii. A 
100

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Compound Interest:
Money is to be lent at compound interest when at the end of a year or other fixed period the interest that
has become due is not paid, but is added to the sum lent, and the amount thus obtained becomes the
principle for the next period. The process is repeated until the amount for the last period has been found.
The difference between the original principle and the final amount is the required compound interest.
r t
i. Amount after compound interest is applied = P(1 )
100
r t
ii. Compound interest = P(1  ) P
100
Average / Mean, Median

Sum of the numbers

Average / Arithmetic mean =
No. of the numbers

Example: The average of 10, 15, 45 and 50 is (10+15+45+50) / 4 = 30.

In problems requiring you to supply a missing value in order to obtain a specific average, first
determine the required sum and then compare it with the given sum. Consider this problem: What
number must be added to 5, 6, 9, and 11 to have an average of 7? You will have five numbers. The
required sum is 7 5 or 35. The sum of 5, 6, 9, and 11 is 31. Therefore, the number to be added is 4.

Median: Median is the exact middle one of some given numbers when they are arranged in ascending
or descending order.
For example: What is the median of 23, 12, 17, 11 and 35?
Step 1: Arrange the given numbers in ascending or descending order. We get 11, 12, 17, 23, 35 in
ascending order or 35, 23, 17, 12, 11 in descending order.
Step 2: Find the exact middle one, which is 17 in both the case.
So the median is 17.

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 Review Test on Lecture 2

Name……………………….. 10 Questions 10 minutes Batch……….

1. If x = 2k – 2 and y = 4k2, what is y in terms of x?

(x  2) 2 (x  2) 2
a. x + 2 b. (x + 2)2 c. d. e. x2 + 4
2 4

2. If x = 0, and y = 2, and x2yz + 3xz2 + y2z + 3y + 4x = 0, what is the value of z?

4 3 3 4
a.  b.  c. d. e. Cannot be determined
3 2 4 3

3. For all numbers x and y, x # y = xy + x. If 2 # 3 = k # 7, then k =

a. 0 b. 1 c. 4 d. 5 e. 7

4. If p and r are integers such that, p  0, and p = –r, which of the following must be true?
a. p < r b. p > r c. p + r < 0 d. p - r < 0 e. pr < 0

5. If x is an integer, which of the following could NOT equal x 3?

a. –8 b. 0 c. 1 d. 16 e. 27

6. If x + y > 8 and x – y > 2, which of the following describes all possible values of x?
a. x > 2 b. x > 3 c. x > 5
d. x > 8 e. x < 5

7. If x ≠ 0, then (x5)2  x3 =
a. 1 b. x2 c. x10 d. x13 e. x28

8. The number 23.545 rounded off to the nearest hundredth is equal to which of the following?
a. 23.50 b. 23.54 c. 23.55 d. 23.60 e. 24.00

9. If x : y = 7 : 2 and y : z = 5 : 9, what is the ratio of z to x ?

a. 7:9 b. 9:7 c. 35:18 d. 18:35 e. None

10. If –1 < x < 0, which of the following statements must be true?

a. x < x2 < x3 b. x < x3 < x2 c. x2 < x < x3 d. x2 < x3 < x e. x2 < x < x3

Answer Sheet
1.
V E
2. SCORE……………
X
3.
S
4.
D
5. S
6. D REMARKS
7. S
8.
S
S
9.
A
10.

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