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MATH LECTURE - 02
Part Contents Algebra Page
1 CLASS PRACTICE 03
• ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
• INEQUALITIES • EXPONENTS AND ROOTS
• TRICKY QUESTIONS
2 TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT 06

3 REVIEW LESSON FOR THE NEXT LECTURE 08

REVIEW TEST 12

TM

e d u c a t i o n s t u d y a b r o a d
 PART I: CLASS PRACTICE

GROUP 1: ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS & FACTORIZATION

1. If (x – 1) (x – 2) (x2 – 4) = 0, what are the possible values of x?

a. –2 only b. 2 only c. –1, –2, or –4 only d. 1, 2, or 4 only e. 1, 2, or –2 only

t 1
2

2. If  2 , what value(s) may ‘t’ have?

t 1
a. 1 only b. –1 only c. 1 or –1
d. No values e. Any value

3. In the equation p = aq2 + bq + c, if a = 1, b = –2, and c = 1, which of the following expresses p in

terms of q?
a. p = (q – 2)2 b. p = (q – 1)2 c. p = q2 d. p = (q + 1)2 e. p = (q + 2)2

4. If x is decreased from 2 to -2, which of the following must increase?

a. 2+x b. 5 – x2 c. 1+ 1/x d. 1/(x-3) e. None

5. If x2 – 3x + 1 =0, what is the value of x2 – 1/ x2?

a. 4√3 b. 3√5 c. 4√5 d. 2√3 e. None

GROUP 2: INEQUALITIES

6. What is the sum of all integers x, such that –35 ≤ x < 37?
a. –36 b. 71 c. 36 d. 1260 e. None of these

7. 9. If –100 < x < y < 0, then of the following, which has the greatest value?
a. y – x b. x + y c. x – y d. x3 e. y3

8. If 2 < a < 6 and –3 < b < 5, what are the possible values of a + b?
a. a + b must be between –3 and 6 b. a + b must be between 2 and 5
c. a + b must be between –3 and 11 d. a + b must be between 2 and 11
e. a + b must be between –1 and 11

9. If –5 < a < 2, and –7 < b < 1, then what are the possible values for their product ab?
a. between –14 and 2 b. between –35 and 2 c. between 2 and 35
d. between –12 and 3 e. between –14 and 35

10. If a > b > c > 1 and a  b  c = 72 where a, b, and c are integers, what is the greatest possible value
of a?
a. 12 b. 18 c. 24 d. 36 e. 72

xy
11. If z = and 0 < y < x < 1, which of the following must be true?
2xy
a. z < 0.5 b. z > 0.5 c. z < 1 d. z > 1 e. none of these

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12. If x and y are integers and x + y < 12, and x > 6, what is the smallest possible value of x – y?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. None of these

GROUP 3: EXPONENT AND ROOT PROBLEMS

13. (2x-1)2 ÷ x-5 is equal to -

a. 2x2 b. 4x c. 4x2 d. 4x3 e. None

3 2
14.  ?
3 2

5 2 6 5 2 6
a. 5 + 2 6 b. c. 5 – 2 6 e. None
5 d. 5

15. 210 + 210 + 210 + 210 =?

a. 20000 b. 240 c. 211 d. 212 e. 210000

16. If y = 410 + 411 + 412 + 413, then y is divisible by which number?

a. 12 b. 13 c. 17 d. 19 e. none of these

0.063 x 3 w k
17. If = 1, then w–k =?
0.007 x 9k
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. –1 e. –2

GROUP 4: TRICKY QUESTIONS

18. What is the product of 23 and 79 to one place of accuracy?

a. 1600 b. 1817 c. 1000 d. 1800 e. 2000
2 2 2 A
19. If A = B, B  C, and C  D, what is ?
3 3 3 D
27 4 2 8 4
a. b. c. d. e.
8 9 3 27 3

20. A decrease of 1 from which one of the following numbers will result the greatest decrease in the
product of 11 x 12 x 13 x 14 x 15?
a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 14 e. 15

21. For all numbers x and y, x # y = xy + x. What is the value of 5 # 4?

a. 9 b. 24 c. 25 d. 36 e. 41

22. For all numbers, x * y = xy + y. Now if 3 * 2 = 7 * k, then k =

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5

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 1
23. If k is defined as (k)  k 2  , then (2) = ?
k2
1 1 1
a. 2 b. 4 c. 4 d. 2 e. None of these
2 2 4

24. What is the unit digit of the number 2223?

a. 4 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8 e. None of these

25. Find unit digit of product (173)45 × (152)77 × (777)999.

a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. None of these

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 PART II: TAKE-HOME ASSIGNMENT

1. Which off the following is the round off value of π to the nearest tenth?
a. 3.0 b. 3.14 c. 3.1416 d. 3.1 e. 3.2

2. What is the result if 7735 is rounded off to the 1st significant figure?
a. 7730 b. 7700 c. 7000 d. 8000 e. None of these

3. Given that xy > 0 and x > y, which of the following must be true?
I. x + y > 0 II. x2 + y2 > xy III. x2 – y2 > 0
a. I b. II c. III d. II and III e. None of these

4. For what value(s) of k is the following equation satisfied?

2k – 9 – k = 4k + 6 – 3k
5
a. –5 only b. 0 only c. only d. No value e. Any value
2
5. What is the largest possible value of the following expression?
(x + 2) (3 – x) (2 + x)2 (x – 3) (2x + 4)
a. –576 b. –24 c. 0 d. 8 e. Cannot be determined
6. What are the values of (x – y) if 5 < x < 9 and –4 < y < –1?
a. –4< x–y <9 b. 9< x–y <10 c. –1< x–y <5 d. 6< x–y <13 e. None of these
7. If –8 < a < 20, and –4 < b < –2, what are the possible values of a / b?
a. a / b must be between 2 and –10 b. a / b must be between –2 and 20
c. a / b must be between –5 and 4 d. a / b must be between –80 and 32
e. a / b must be between –10 and 4
8. What is the value of the x for which (2x+3)(x-1)<0?
3 3 3
a. x< - b. - <x<1 c. x>1 d. x> - e. None of these
2 2 2
9. If y= (x-6)(x-5)(x-4)(x-3), x is a positive integer and y>0, then which of the following must be true?
a. x<3 b. x<6 c. 0<x<3 d. x>3 e. None of these

10. If n>0, which of the following must be true?

I. n2 >1 II. n- n2 <1 III. 2n-1 >0
a. I b. I and III c. III d. I, II and III e. None of these
11. Which of the following represents the expression: 3.6  109 ?
a. 3.6 x 103 b. 1.8 x 103 c. 6 x 103 d. 6 x 104 e. None of these

12. If 4 y = 3, then y 4 =?

a. 4 b. 12 c. 34 d. 38 e. 316

13. If x ≠ 0, then (x5)2 ÷ x4 =

a. x21 b. x14 c. x8 d. x7 e. x6

14. 212 + 46 + 84 + 163 =?

a. 212 b. 214 c. 218 d. 224 e. None

15. If 4x = 5y and 2z = 3y, then what is the ratio of x to z?

a. 2:1 b. 6:5 c. 5:6 d. 1:2 e. 1:3

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16. If c + 4d = 3c – 2d, what is the ratio of c to d?
a. 1:3 b. 1: –3 c. 3:1 d. 2:3 e. 2: –3

17. Which of the following is the largest?

a. (2 + 2 + 2)2 b. (2  2  2)2 c. 2  22  24 
d. (2  2) 2 2
e. 43

18. If A + B = 12, and B + C = 16, what is the value of A + C?

a. –4 b. –28 c. 4 d. 28 e. Cannot be determined

19. If # x = x2 – x for all whole numbers, then # (#3) =?

a. 27 b. 30 c. 58 d. 72 e. 121

xy
20. For all real numbers except 0, x # y # z = . What is the value of 9 # 3 # 2?
z
a. 1 b. 3 c. 6 d. 9 e. 12

21. If (a+b) > 0 and (a  b) > b, which of the following must be true?
a. b > 0 b. a < 0 c. a > 0 d. b < 0 e. None of these

22. If a>0, > b < 0, c >1 and d <1, which of the following must be true?
a. ab > cd b. ab < cd c. ac > bd d. ac < db e. None of these

23. If (x + 3) is positive then which one of the following must be positive?

a. x-3 b. (x-3) (x-4) c. (x-3) (x+3) d. (x-3) (x+4) e. (x+3) (x+6)

24. If x5 + x2 < 0, then which of the following must be true?

a. x < - 1 b. x < 0 c. x > 0 d. x > 1 e. x1 < x 2

25. If x + z > y + z, then which of the following must be true?

x y x y
a. xz > yz b. y > z c.  d.  e. None of these
2 2 z z

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 PART III: REVIEW LESSON FOR THE NEXT LECTURE

L.C.M. and H.C.F.

You have to note that L.C.M. is the abbreviation of lowest common multiple and H.C.F is the abbreviation
of highest common factor.

(i) The product of two natural numbers is equal to the product of their H.C.F and their L.C.M.
1st number  2nd number = L.C.M  H.C.F
H.C.F. of Numerators
(ii) H.C.F of fractions =
L.C.M. of Denominato rs
L.C.M. of Numerators
(iii) L.C.M of fractions =
H.C.F. of Denominato rs

Fractions:
Numerator
Denominato r
The numerator of a fraction is the upper number and the denominator is the lower number.
8
Example: In the fraction , the numerator is 8 and the denominator is 13.
13
Comparison of Fractions:
 If fractions A and B have the same denominator, and A has a larger numerator, then fraction A is
larger. (We are assuming here, and for the rest of this Refresher Session, that numerators and
denominators are positive.)
Example: 56/271 is greater than 53/271 because the numerator of the first fraction is greater than the
numerator of the second.
 If fractions A and B have the same numerator, and A has a larger denominator, then fraction A is
smaller.
Example: 37/256 is smaller than 37/254.
 If fraction A has a larger numerator and a smaller denominator than fraction B, then fraction A is larger
than B.
Example: 6/11 is larger than 4/13. (If this does not seem obvious, compare both fractions with 6/13
Percentages:
 To change a fraction to a percent, find its decimal form, multiply by 100 and add a percent sign.
3
Example: Express as a percent.
8
3
Solution: To convert to a decimal, divide 3 by 8; this gives us 0.375. Multiplying 0.375 by 100 gives
8
us 37.5%.
 To change a percent to a fraction, drop the percent sign and divide the number by 100.
Example: Express 17% as a fraction.
17
Solution: Dropping the % sign gives us 17, and dividing by 100 gives us = 0.17
100
 Finding the percent of a given quantity:
1. Replace the word “of” with a multiplication sign.
2. Convert the percent to a decimal: Drop the percent sign and divide the number by 100. This is done
by moving the decimal point two places to the left, adding zeros where necessary. Examples: 30%
= 0.30, 2.1% = 0.021, 78% = 0.78, 243% = 2.43.

3. Multiply the given quantity by the decimal.

Example: Find 30% of 200. 30% of 200 = 30%  200 = 0.30  200 = 60.00

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 Speed Calculation Tool: Fraction– Percent Matrix

1 2 3 4 5
1
1  100%
1
1 3 5
2  50%  150%  250%
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 4 1 5 2
3  33 %  66 %  133 %  166 %
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 5
4  25%  50%  75%  125%
4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
5  20%  40%  60%  80%
5 5 5 5
1 2 2 1 3 4 2 5 1
6  16 %  33 %  50%  66 %  83 %
6 3 6 3 6 6 3 6 3
1 2 2 4 3 6 4 1 5 3
7  14 %  28 %  42 %  57 %  71 %
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 1 2 3 1 4 5 1
8  12 %  25%  37 %  50%  62 %
8 2 8 8 2 8 8 2
1 1 2 2 3 1 4 4 5 5
9  11 %  22 %  33 %  44 %  55 %
9 9 9 9 9 3 9 9 9 9
1 2 3 4 5
10  10%  20%  30%  40%  50%
10 10 10 10 10

6 7 8 9 10
1
7 9
2  350%  450%
2 2
7 1 8 2 10 1
3  233 %  266 %  333 %
3 3 3 3 3 3
6 7 9 10
4  150%  175%  225%  250%
4 4 4 4
6 7 8 9
5  120%  140%  160%  180%
5 5 5 5
7 2 8 1 9 10 2
6  116 %  133 %  150%  166 %
6 3 6 3 6 6 3
6 5 8 2 9 4 10 6
7  85 %  114 %  128 %  142 %
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6 7 1 9 1 10
8  75%  87 %  112 %  125%
8 8 2 8 2 8
6 2 7 7 8 8 10 1
9  66 %  77 %  88 %  111 %
9 3 9 9 9 9 9 9
6 7 8 9
10  60%  70%  80%  90%
10 10 10 10

Fill the Matrix as much as you think you need. You can’t memorize all these, neither is expected from
you. But a careful exercise will speed up your calculation and will serve as an error guard and auto
correction.

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 Squared Values

x2 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
x 1 1.41 1.73 2 2.24 2.45 2.65 2.83 3 3.16 3.32 3.46

x2 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576
x 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
x 3.61 3.74 3.87 4 4.12 4.24 4.36 4.47 4.58 4.69 4.8 4.9

X2 625 676 729 784 841 900 961 1024 1089 1156 1225 1296
x 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
x 5 5.1 5.2 5.29 5.39 5.48 5.57 5.66 5.74 5.83 5.92 6

Deviations:
Absolute error, or absolute deviation, is the difference between the estimated value and the real value (or
between the approximate value and the exact value).
Example: If the actual value of a measurement is 60.2 and we estimate it as 60, then the absolute
deviation (absolute error) is 60. 2 - 60 = 0.2.
Fractional error, or fractional deviation, is the ratio of the absolute error to the exact value of the quantity
being measured.
Example: If the exact value is 60.2 and the estimated value is 60, then the fractional error is
60.2  60 0.2 1
 
60.2 60.2 301
Example: Suppose that a $100 item is reduced by 10 % and then by 20 %. The first reduction puts the
price at $90 (10% of $100 = $10, $100 – $10 = $90). Then reducing the $90 (the new original value) by
20% gives us $72 (20% of $90 = $18; $90 – $18 = $72). Therefore, it is NOT correct to simply add 10%
and 20% and then take 30% of $100.

Profit and Loss:

Gross profit is equal to revenues minus expenses or selling price minus cost. When expenses or costs
are higher the outcome is loss.

Mark-up or expected margin Discount or Mark Down

Cost 100%

Drill-1: You buy a shirt from Westecs, which costs you 80 Taka. It was on EID sale at 25% discount.
What was the tag price?
Drill-2: A peddler bought a Panjabi for 200 taka. He planned to make a profit of 25%. But the market was
dull and he had to offer a 20% discount. What was his selling price and profit margin?
Drill-3: You bought the ticket of the mega-hit movie “TITANIC” for much above the market price. But you
lost appetite for the movie and sold it to one of your friends for 160 Taka which counted for a
20% loss on your purchasing price. What was your purchasing price?

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 Discount and successive discount:
If the price is discounted by a percent, then the price becomes (100 – a) percent of the original price.
When b is the rate of successive discount and a, b are two consecutive discount rates, then
ab
Equivalent single discount = – a – b +
100
Note: For individual price increase use positive sign (+) before a & b and for discount use negative sign (-
) before a & b in the above formula of successive change. Here, the signs before both a & b are negative
because both of them are discount rates.
Face Value of Currencies:

Value = Rate x Number of items

Example: Rafi has $3.00 in nickels and dimes in his pocket. If he has twice as many nickels as he has
dimes, how many coins does he have altogether?
Here, Rate  Number of coins = Value

cents/coin Coins Cents

Nickels 5 2c 10c
Dimes 10 c 10c

Now we recall the additional bit of information that the total value of the nickels and dimes is $3.00, or
300 cents. Thus, 52c + 10c = 300; 20c = 300; so, c = 15, the number of dimes. Rafi has twice as many
nickels, so, 2c = 30.
The total number of coins is c + 2c = 3c = 45.

Remember:
1 dollar = 100 cents
1 nickel = 5 cents
1 dime = 10 cents
1 quarter = 25 cents
Half dollar = 50 cents

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 Name……………………. Review Test on Lecture 1
Batch…………..…
10 questions, 10 minutes

1. If the average (arithmetic mean) of three numbers x, y and z is 20. What is the average of the
numbers (3x + 25), (3y + 10), (3z + 5)?
a. 30 b. 45 c. 60 d. 70 e. None of these

2. The sum of two numbers is twice their difference. If one of the numbers is 10, what is the other?
1 1 1
a. 3 b. 30 c. 30 or  3 d. -30 or 3 e. 30 or 3
3 3 3

3. The average of two numbers is k. If one number is equal to M, the other number is equal to:
 2M  k 2M  k Mk
a. 2M – k b. c. d. e. 2k – M
2 2 2

4. For the integer n, if n3 is odd, which of the following is (are) true?

I. n is odd II. n2 is odd III. n2 is even
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I and III only

5. If x is an integer and y = – 4x + 17, what is the least value of x for which y is less than 1?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. None of these

6. If – 1 < x < 1 and x  0, which of the following must be true?

I. x3 < x2 II. x5 < 1 – x III. x4 < x2
A. I only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I and III only E. I, II and III

7. What is the next term in the following series: 8, 3, 10, 9, 12, 27, __?
a. 8 b. 14 c. 18 d. 36 e. 81

8. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 11?

a. 32,934 b. 15,746 c. 15,933 d. 26,012 e. None of these

9. If a is less than b, which of the following numbers is greater than a and less than b?
ab ab
a. b. c. b2 – a2 d. ab e. b – a
2 2

10. The average of ten numbers is x and the average of five of the numbers is y. If the average of the
remaining five is z, then
A. x = y + z B. z = x + 2y C. x = 2y + 2x D. 2x = y + z E. None of these

Answer Sheet

1.
E
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. REMARKS
7.
8.
9.
10.

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