Aoi fe GK Mithal Engineering(i) Square Wave 1 ae 5 (i) Triangular Wave J + sin dott" ] 44 1 1 cos wt+ 2 cos Sut A 608 Sait-b ane ( 9 + 39 8 So (a) Sonos Wor Zn aye 1 po [24 snes sin 200 i r= yn wave, band requirement s ‘Accordingly for such nonsinusoidal periodic _modulatio ate. ~ considerably greater than for a sine wave of the same repetition r SUMMARY Basic Constituents of a Communication System {@) Collation, processing and storage of information © Gi) Actual transmission of information. (iit) Reception of information involving decoding, storage and interpretation. So Tranrostter, It consists of () 2 transducer o convert the information ote elect signal (i) modulation processing stage (oslo volume compressor ot limiter i) gh iifiets (i) master oscillator (») RF buffer amplifier t © tion Woltage and power am See eromilator (1) RE vollage and power amplifiers (vt) RF output Po saat pgonstitating the modulated amplifier and (oi) the transmitting antenna. The Channe, 1 signifies the medium through which the message travels from d “0 the receiver. Uke Receiver. A superheterodyne radio receiver consists of (@) an RF amplifion put signal (i) local oseilator (i) frequency mixer to mix ot helerod {Pai withthe local oscillator output thereby producing. the interme Hapa) the IE apis) etectr 10 reproduc: te onal informati a Gi) audio frequency voltage and power amplifiers and (yi) speaker to rep ye original sound signal. fer Frequency. The transmitting antenna radiates eficie ‘Hence higher the frequency, smaller the antenna stru ‘Of RF Spectrum. Spectrum is classified as frequency (VLF) 10—30 kHz. (LF) 30-300 kHz. frequency (MF) 300 kHz—3 MHz. High frequency (HF) 3—30 MHz. ‘Very high frequency (VHF) 30—300 MHz. ‘Ultra high frequency (UHF) 300—3000 MHz. ‘Super high frequency (SHF) 3000—30,000 MHz. ‘Modalation, Modulation consists in varying some characteristic (usually amplitu frequency or phase angle) of a high frequency sinusoidal voltage, called the carrier yoltas in necordance with the instantaneous value of another voltage, called the modulatil re iuistion are: amplitude’ modulation, frequPRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1 Need for Modulation. The signals ate shifted to different parts in higher part of the frequency spectrum thereby disallowing mixing up of programmes and permitting ef icient radiation of energy. 2 x ae a nena Badr Renuiement, In AM bret i, Dnt 1d equals twice ¢ maxmost modelaton frequency. Inamphtude modulation radio telephony, single side band system is used and hence the ‘Fandwidth’ requirement equals. the maximum '‘modulatio pane Sey In FM broadcast, the significant sidebands usualy extend upto ith ord Frequency aximum modulation frequency of 15 KHz, the bandwidth requirement equals -2x5x 15=150 kHz, REFERENCES 111, Fraser, W. + ‘"Telecommunications’ 2nd ed., Ch. 8, Macdonald & Co. Lid., London, 1972. 1:2, George Kennedy : ‘Electronic Communication Systems’, 2nd edition. McGraw H ill, Kogakusha. . REVIEW QUESTIONS 11-1, What are the basi constituents of a communication system ? Ta. Draw the Block diagram of» general communication system and explain of each stage 13. Draw the block diagram of & (97 a cransmitter. Explain briefly the function ofeach sage 44, What is asec the signal ? the bloc riety the function bigh-evel broad: “ant bythe term noite? At what stage fo te communication fst mest Tkely fo the function diagram of a typical AM superheterodyne receiver and exp © ofeach 30 16, What is high ca 4-7, What is meant by the term vosed ia communication system? sre, What is the need modulation fn Ta, on what factors docs the bandwith eau ree froqueney needed ia a communication system ? nenefsation?. What are the thece principal types of modulation 1 communication system? ment of communication system depend ? OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ‘ick up the correct choice 1-4, The hiehest modulation frequency typically uted ia AM broadsattit (un, 1Siaete (oy TM, 4:2, The highest modulation frequency tpi (iy 15 Se (B) 25 ee 453, The bandwidth (oy 2siktiz, 14. The high frequency range is () 300 10 3 45. ‘The very high frequency range is) 30— 16, ‘The Uitte High Frequency range #8 () 30,000 Miz. * (sete Ge tou ally used in FM broadcast is (i) $ KHz (ii) 10 Kitz equremest of & tslephone chancel is (3kHz (i) SHz (il) 15 kHz 00 kt (if) 3—30 MEK i) 30-300 MI 2300 MHz (i) 3003000 MHz (i) 3000—30,000 MH, 3 to 20 MHz (i) 300 to 3000 MHz (JH) 3000 to B12. (UD 13. OH TA CDS \ aF APPLIED BLECTRON 1 SUMMARY Noiee, Nos may be defined as any unwanted form of energy which tends interfere wits prope reception and reproduction of wanted signa ‘External Noisen, These are the noises whose sources are external 10 the receiv sach as) Atonphere Noise il) Extaterrestrial Note (i) Mantmade Note. Taternal Noises, These are the noses rented within the receiver such a8 () The ral Nowe ti) Shot Noise Ui) Teamsictine Novse (W).Miscllancous Internal. Nob Tansee nose ia-gonraly random Dut ety 0 describe statistically Atmeophorie Noise (Static), Itis caused by Tighting| letersi thundetstorm and other natoal clecteal disturbances occurring in the-atmosphere. This is random i sate eacicy ghatnat reduces wit ineeave of (eaueucy and hee 1 lest verre beyou SO Mii. Extraterrestrial Noises. ‘These are of two types: (i) Solar Noise and (1) Cos Noise, Solar nose the one emanating from the. sun and follows the eleven year cycle Ceimic nome iene one veceved from sant stars ands distibuted almost ‘uniformly ov ‘herent aly ‘Man-made Noise._Itis te clecticl noise produced by such sources as automobite and srcatt ignition, electric. motor, switching systems, Tenkage fom high voltage Tine, | irtacent igh an ober hex lcicel machines se Thermal Noise is the nose generate by a resistive element duc to rapid and random motion afte msicaley toms and electron, ies random im mature. The. thermal no powerin resistor Rat temperature T= Kelvin seven by, Pon kTB where Ls the Boltzmann constant (1'38%10 ‘snd Bis the bandwith in het rhea noise voltage si resistor is given by, Yeti 7B. Short Noise. Icio caused in almost active devices due to random vaitions_ in the ria of locos for holes). the collector anode) of transistor electron tube, The rm Short noise current n ampere is given by, Ino V 2g where qithe magnitude ofthe charge ofan electron Mivaloatiapat-nolse Resistance Ry. This isthe resistance on the input sid ofan anplicror tester represcating he short “noise refered 10. the input side, It has no physical existence. "Transit Time Noise, The ta ‘admitange: The thermal noise in this input admittance Tepes Joules/deg. K), jt time in a device results in an increase in its input isthe noise contribution of Br None: tn mie, spsring in» fant, oprting a ow aio Gpmieti Tlepreportionsl to tue eriter current and. Jonction temperature and verse Proportions io fequency. “Transistor Thermal Noise, This isthe noise within the transistor caused bythe bate emiter and collet internal resistances, © “Paraittea Notee, In an electron tube having’ one or more positive ards, this noe Sis caused by irratic partition of the cathode current among. the positive electrodes, “108 Se puto ne reid ton ts random Btuaton nthe divin of creo Noise in Mixers, Except at microwave frequencies, frequency mixers ‘are more. noisy 8 Using ideaical devices Decause (0) gan remains (i) “In FM there is large decrease in noise and hence inerease in S/N ratio. (ii) In PM, noise may be further reduced by inereasing deviation. manne! er EM Hesueney alloeation allows for w guard band Thi reduces adjeent seat ME REMY we of ever independent ransmiters onthe sme Hequensy wih Disadvantages of FM, (i) A much wider channel, typically 200 kHz, is needed. (ii) Transmitting and receiving equipments are more complex and costly. iii) Reception using conventional method is limited to line of sight. Pre-emphasis in FM. In FM transmitter the higher modulation frequencies are boosted up before FM modulation using typically 50 Ms L-R network. De-emphasis, When pre-emphasis is used, in FM receiver at the output of detector, higher modulation frequencies are relatively attenuated (o bring them back to their original fehtive values. Use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis results in improved S/N ratio for higher modulation frequencies. ‘Adjacent channel Interference in FM, automatic reduction in adjacent channel interference. Maiko reduced by the guard band provided in FM broadcast channel allocation. mplitude limiter in FM receiver results fhannel is reasonably stronger than the In FM. system, use of limiter results in ‘Adjacent channel interference in FM Co-channel interference in FM. Use of an interference as well provided the desired signal undesired co-channel signal. Wideband FM. It is used for broadcast. Typically the modulating frequencies extend om. 30 Hz to ISkHz, Modulation index execeds unity. Maximum permissible deviation is 75 KHz, ‘Narrowband FM. In narrowband FM (j) modulation index is usually about unity (i) maxmum "modulating frequency is usually. 3 kHz and (ii) maximum frequency deviation WPisually 3 KHz. Itis used by mobile communication services, Stereophonic FM Multiplex System, It does not use two separate channels. Jostead ‘the sum of the two-chanhaels is sent as one signal and the difference as the other stal’ ‘The sum signal modulates the FM carrier aqd is reccived by mono receiver and Aerediuced at is output, The diflerence sigoal ampfitude modulates a sub-carrier at 38 KHz stjoris tien suppressed. The sidebands extending from 23 to $3 kHz then ‘which sub-cai Frequency modulate the carricr along with the sum signal. REFERENCES ‘Frequency modulated Radio”, George Newnes Ltd., London, 5 Seurey, KR: 1958. 2, Taub, Hey and D.LEChiing :“Prngples of Communication Systems", MeGraw ace Hill Book Company, New York, 1971, ICoampnicnou!", Ficaiics “Hall Toe 30.47 dl, Moz “Principles of Electron 1 sfewood Cliffs, NJ, 1973. \ 74, & inedy G.+ “Electronic Communication Systems”, McGraw Hill Kogakusha 4$1d., Tokyo, 1977. 445. Terman FE, : “Electronics and Radio Engineering 88 Taye New York, 1955. 46. Ryder, J.D, : “Electronic Fundamentals and Applications”, Sth edition, Prentice Batre india Private Lt,, New Deli, 1978, ae MoGraw Hill Book Com-10 mt. mn van v4 ms. 36 ot ant a. a0 roy a 31 ew QUESTIONS on me pe omen weit ee | Daan ih ver ndaiO® 0 gy carr vies "BER has been amptitude modulated by os rirade modulation, he carer power increases from Pet P ( Prove that afer re ma isthe mol rm dev ation inde fon ato Bin fe vee, sinus carrer ang vols ation, the we wency modulation ; Detioe the Heme) me wich Has been frequency module by rite expresso eer treat me prow that in equeney mot pe ni ‘What meant rove that the epcy modotaton but not 99m Poste ‘nodulation ean en ert tons of FM? nts ogee than the cochannel interfering signal ere f stereophonie PM multiplex system ase of modulation asi in PM system ? so Give the Give the typical ali pin the pricileo NUMERICAL QUESTIONS itude 200 volts is amplitude Ga J fiequeney 10 MHz and ar julate A sinusoidal carrion vole o A ae a ewaal solage of frequency 10 kF¥e producing 40% modulation. BORAGE Say mptitde of upper and Tower sidebands, Aas, 10010 KH; 9990 kH¥c; 40 volts] er uses a coil of 29 HL and shuat ‘modulated by audio frequencies upto it (ame 12889 1280 EE) 4 the ogllatr ina simple AM trans ‘The tuned cic tot of value O4 4. Ht the oscillator output i fai {Bs whats the frequency range occupied bythe 8 Aveo cir olay of nade 0 ol nd fguency 10 ise ane modula a le re teal etm meciatd tai oes Cae ree a i br eemioniaiee t tae e818 kts; m=) Deevatecrteite ot tarency | ie seofeso moda Apes nitiectelmiicnatelenica nethedctertmande e's | see vi Cae wd eer ale ttn AT te tain a? thas CSTE OSS tel Beet ier west tats cee Peta gaeel ees eekctsariove ae Cos, ampitade 2 bY 0 “The rims value of an RF carrier voltage is 100 volts. re } is. Aer ampitude modatsion by sini Audio voltage the rs value of the ca an me it vollage increases. to 108 volts. “Compute t Tas macs The ss valu of am RP a mile of am RF ci vol i 40 vat Commute the Se Mat by 8 sinusoidal audio valle to depo!) (das, “8178 vols $485 vol")-T1PES OF MODULATION rae cos anette hat rate a eivaiuas eetapiee neuen steer aa ee te ee te at eben gapitade OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. A sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 1 KV i amplitude modulated by anothes sinusoidl yltage 31 A seodctto nbdlaton “The apttadaf cack ndebund tr is) 0 vt (130 vs (53 500 elt A sinusoidal oltge amplituge modulates another sinusoidal voltage of emp tude 1 KY fo result fori (DOS (1) OF 32 iA o"iidebund terms” exch of amplitude 00 volts The modulation ind Gayo GN | 1 Acarrervoliage of unmodulated carrer power 1 kW on beng amplitude modulated by an audio 3% Arusoidal voltage: toa depth of 100% has total modulated carrier power of (1) 1-25 kW (1) SW Gin aw id, ont 4 In frequency modulation, the modulation index is proportional 1 () em Wy where an isthe modulation index. 435. In fequency modulation, the significant sdebands converge with increase of feaueney (D TRUE (i FALSE: I phate. modulation, the signficanc sideband converge with increase offequeney () TRUE U'FALSE. 5 In FW broadcast, the maximum modulation frequency Is () 5 KEE) 18 KH (i) 25 RHE ANSWERS. saps 34 EF r Desay veh 370). Ca ss 36 3. Lie alae ACC. Nee Ssenee Dat. cee ce gaPorrs = Cell Net | —__ CHAITHANY A bi cA tHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOL OGY LIBRARY GaNDUET, HYDERABAD-3W 371, a>¥) Audio power fed from the modulating amplifier into the modulated ‘ given by, Hated ampligg, 10°666x 3? 1-333 kW Pn 9) Plate circuit efficiency of modulation amplifier at ‘me =0°S 15 0°5 x 0666 "0333 Hence dic. power from plate supply. souree in modulating amplifier 333 au “0333 *W aia ar n(iame) afi 10066 +4 4666 Total dic. input power is then 101656 kW. Hence overall cificiency is equal to a Hence ov T0665 * 100 SUMMARY Linear Modulation Methods, These utilize the linear region of the current characieriste of aa amplifying devies, transistor or electron tube. Square Law Modutation Methods. These methods utilize the square law rego of some current-voltage characteristic of a diode or transistor or electrons tube, " Linear Shunt Place Modulation. In this method, the modulation voltaze is insert tw the plate circuit of a class C amplifier tuned to the carrier frequency. The plate Currents’ of modalated amplifier tubs and the modulating amplifier tube find paral paths or shunt paths The carrier voltage is applied at the input of the class C modulated ‘amplifier. Linear Series Plate Modulation. It makes use ofa linear class C tuned amplier ss modulated amplifier, ‘This tuned ampiiier is so designed that a lincar relation exists between the rim’, value of peak tank current f: and the plate supply voltage Vo» for constant fd excitation. ‘The modulating voltage appears in series with the plate supply voltage V» ‘of the tuned modulated amplifier. Merits of Linear Series Plate Modulation, (i) Small distortion (ii) high plate circuit eficiensy and (ii) easy adjustments Grid Bias Modalation, [t uses a class C amplifier in which audio modulating voltage is placed in series withthe fixed grid bias, Cathode Modulation, In this method, the modulation voltage is introduced in the cathode eteuitof the class C modulated amplifier. Ichas characteristics intermediate betweed those of grid bias modulation and plate modulation. Grid Modulation, It uses a pentode ina class C modulated aroplifie wercio the modalating voltage is applied to the suppressor grid. which is biased sufficient ‘popatively. It provides linear modulation upto 80% modulation depth. (Seven Grid Modulation, Modulating vote aplied wt the sreen gi tion is low. Collector Modulation. In this case, modulating voltage is applied in. the collect circuit of uned class C ampliicr in pushpuli arrangement, It has the merits. of (i) bith finearity of modulation (i) high collector circuit eficiency and (ii) high power outpst P® transistor Square Law Modulation Methods, These make use of non-linear current-voll™* éaaructeristcs of diodes or triodes and are suited only for use at low voltages. uses the non-linear region of the current-V voltage Distor{AMPLITUDE MODULATION METHODS 1 Van der Bifl Modulation. It uses the non-linear current-voltage characteristic of @ vacuum triode used’ as class 4 amplifier. Hoth the carrier and the modulating vollages are plied, the gril circuit. Plate circuit eficiency is small, Hence itis used nly for low omer appl current telephony or for measurement and control Suppressed Carrier Balanced Modulator modulated amplifier in which the modulating. voltage. is appli transistors and the carrier voltage is applied in parallel to the two transistors, extensively used in telephony and point-to-point radio communication. Instead of two transis- {ors, four diodes in lattice configuration may be used It makes use of a tuned pushpull ‘in pusbpull 10 the two The method is REFERENCES 41. Seeley, S. + ‘Electron Tube Circuits’, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1958. 42. Terman, FE, : “Electronic and Radio Engincering’, McGraw Hill Book Com- pany, New York, 1955. 43. Kennedy, G. : ‘Electronic Communication Systems’, Second edition, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo, 1977. 44. Ryder, J.D. : ‘Electronic Fundamentals and Applications’, Sth edition, Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd., New Delhi, 1978. REVIEW QUESTIONS Draw the circuit diagram and explain the working of Anode choke modolation, “1 ‘modulation obtained in this system 42. (a) Draw the basic circuit of linar series plate modulated anyplifer and explain its working (8) Obsain expressions forthe A.C output power, plate circuit eflcieney and plate dissipation, (c) What ace the merits and limitations of this system? 43, (@) Draw the cirout of linear series plate modulated amples with class A modulating ampliis (8 Obisnvatucs of overall fcincy of these two sags for modulation ind qual to 44. Draw the citcuit of high power linear series plate modolated amplifier and also class B pushpull ‘modulating amplifier and expla its working. (a, Explain the principle of grid bias modulation, (8) Draw the basic cicuit of grid bias modulated amplifier and explain its working. {o Obtaia. expressions for D.C. input power, A.C. output power, plate ciccut efiiency and cus ibe lave peformanes of lina ere pate modlaton and gd Bas modulation re sce irent of cathode. modulation and explain its working. Comment on the ee ket et atta late deletion end grid bas modulation, S Fe the basic evcut of suporesor arid modslated amplier. Describe the principle 48 Draw the base ea eae he mete an ations of ths cu? 49, Ghe the chess of eolecior modulation. Describe the picipe of working of ths cteit 450. (2) Give the principle of square law modulator. (0) Draw the base circuit of square aw modulator {) Describe the working of this cru. (a) Give the principle of Van der Bijt Modulator. {Hoe the base circuit ofthis modulator {0 what are the principal applications of this modulator? 42 (0) Give the principe of suppresed carter balanced modulator (by Drow the banc civcut of suppressed carver balanced modulator using (ransstrs ‘output A.C. voltage ‘late dissipation. (©) Obtain expression for 0 (d) What are its merits he circuit of suppressed catrer balanced modulator using diode, 413, (a) Draw tb0 NN 2 42. ta) 43. “4 as ven modulation and (hs S600 1200 ty 0) wats, 033480 wats, 90 wat 625% 525% 25% 5 any APPLIED ELEC ng NUMERICAL QUESTIONS Mnpty voltage 10 volts_-D.C. late current vader modulated co 2’, oh, eds ehetenny (Ul) Hate daspation under Uaiiodulated ys, Odyt A linear series plate modulated amoliier uses plate supply, voltage of $00 volts. te ay aaa aoa inthe pat al of modulated emplfer has tyne | ‘Sonditions and (9 danse ue ay San and tp pe lag athe Senet, (0 dating power) madion tae, "ahr "pout vee alieceniee (uate atts deaf todaling noi” Be" eh ee oe ee Sere hd tea ipa sad tit te prodocs 100% eas oa ‘(vttt) overall efficiency of modulated and modulating amplifier with zero modulation ang’ in Se seid a elie RC hres Yash Ce si i eb sie el of ae 2) ee, 0 cng it ahem judd amperes. 01 unpication of sinusoidal feaiog ge Bin per cent Cacaate Uf pet power fom pa eecig wihtion inde seta rete eet ul eaatikiet ier pope fi mouiaes aes Re eo te irent ite no secultion, i) ampiace of odalsingvolages (oi seme WUE Trom ih odlog sie i nd oho aan = hms (33.200) 2499) 400 wali) 10400 wat (106 a . (v1) HO volts 5 (il) 1650 watts; (rill) 7425 watts and 66 O watts) p ‘ ‘Atioear sree plate modulated class Camplier has plate suply voltage V29=800 volts, Dc ‘Avent ffom the pie source under urmodulated condition 's 10_aperes and unmodolis, ttre: powe! i$ kilowats. "The carrier modulated by sinutoidal voltage of amplitude soy | Sitvtel fom a clan B modslateg ampiier which ass pat crcl eeteney proportional ac output slag Under te given modulation condition, this modulating arith {current from sopiy source Of amperes und the plate supp voliae ts 600 volts "Calcul (aie nom ites nen nate appr i plate ct hx luted uni, 1) motion index (0) power from modulating. sunplifer oder somodulated" dnd. modulated condition, (7 overall efleiency of both modulated sal ‘Sofutaing empliets opeer under unmodulated and modulated coodions. Ane, (1) 8 RW 5) 70% 5 (i) O60; (1) 144 BW 524 AW 5 2832 WW 56) 70 ca OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS linear series pate modolaed ample, pate circuit fisiency i ‘edocs (2) TRUE) FALSE” < id bins modulated amplifier, the output A.C, power is indereadent of degree of sioduation (orave Os FALSE bias modulation, the plate circuit lsiency (a) increases (6) desceases(e)temain coast ssibncrease of depth of modolaton re o a 4 ei bias modulation, the pate dissipation () increases (8) decreases («)remaios constaot {he dpi modoaion isrenen en Moser Suppressor grid moculaton maintains nearity of modulation upto 103, depth of mods Grtace raise a een om Jn suppressor rid modulation, neurlistion snot required (a) TRUE (2) FALSE Jn savare lav. iode modulator there get 4 texm in freuen twice she Aegoeny (e) TRUE (FAURE: PEt igi in iireeteer artiee balanced modulator results in reduction ia extrier power reairemt! (GIPRUE (TALS. os se fpendent of the degre of ANSWERS 13 (0) 44 (B); 4S (B); 46 (0) 34°7 (0): 48 (0). 1420):ma~ Peak value of modulation frequency output voltage DC output voltage (519) (5°20) and Ris the diode output circuit DC resistance. ‘To avoid negative peak clipping, the maximum value (ms)ne of modulation index is such that Im just equals 1 Hence substituting, Za-Lue in Eq. (5°10), we get, (S21) [Zn (rn) ‘The component values are go chosen that at the modulation frequency, resistances of and C, are. large and the reactance of coupling capacitor (sis small. Hence impedance of the outpat circuit of detector at modulation frequency is given by, oH (522) ‘The resistance Re is usually a variable resistance and is used to adjust the value of detected output voltage. ‘This provides the manual volume control in a radio receiver using a linear diode detector. SUMMARY in recovering the original Detection. The process of detection or demodulation con ‘modulating voltage from the modulated carrier voltage. Square Law Diode Detector. It utilizes the nonlinear position of the dynamic current voltage characteristic a diode, In this case, the applied input carrier voltage is of small Imuntude and hence is restricted to the’ excessively nonlinear portion of the dynamic characteristic, Linear Diode Detector, {utilize the rectification characte voltage is maintained at large magnitude so that the operation takes linea? region of the dynamic current-voltage characteristic of the dick ic of a diode. Applied ‘essentially over thechoice of Time Constant i Linear Diode Detector. If the time conta sous angie of Time Con he mon-codactiogptiod i almost vertical feating worn ee anc output voliage Ifthe time constant is very large, the discharge © os Ih oat Jove peas clipping takes place. Hence the time constant" snogh® out « ow Neon a ted seme pk hppng, Mathemately, oe i? "Timnd Distort meear Diode Detector, There are two sources of distortion j se are Lm it ine Comtant Ca) cave ty io characteristics Linear Diode Detector with + Filter voltage fron the ovtpat seilter results in better eliminatio of Rp REFERPNCES Si, ease, @,:"Blestonie Communication Systems’ 2nd edition MeCra Koqukusha Lid, 1977 Hy se Hie, 4-0, "Blstonic Fundamentals aad Appoation' th edition, p, at of India Prt Lad, New Dali 1978. Preatie see payer, PAP <"Modolation’, Philips Teehniel Review, 36, pp. 3053 1996, No. 1WA2 4 . REVIEW QUESTIONS SA. fe Deine te proces of dtetion. {oy Describe he base principe of detection (meee the base piecile of quae law diode detection Se accra fogs de dettr adder bo deteton takes pas Pe wots meant by ear od detection? ( 7 eMac sa dnde det tag simplecaracioe Geant diedbs era (9 teas peiored bs this ait ene cae ened) linear diode detestor cannot be kee eteccoe 2 ay heme enna C of ad st seoter rie bP sat eee ak cid? 0 man ae a ine cti!R aa te toro sede pet soni Ci rt cl sce of rion ine etre ho an ron ; ven eae hcl nd capa be woking imac ik ter wig we, Fe os atone inion oes sleet The cpt oto eden cou Su meiner mim vse of monn ie eran ian nee OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS spew econ ros ings of bmi of mafation eens orn inralse ait ST sor deals pero ast ode dtr (9 TRUE i) FALSE Fe ee tonne a tay gap of the ani iif od son ant i Sa a a cpg de dct? elt valu oft ere nersraaent fh tact sine soo win capita athe mount nde ren, hi esl oa RE nee (i eee a ina ANSWERS 5109; 5200; S84; $44; 550)- un sancx of bridge arms containing Cy: rey the ead inductane wnere Ly. Ln and Co es Fig. 641, Coil neutatisay cat f poshpal! amber Big, $40. BESS Meosencutaliation uiraisation need be achieved p) Coil Nes jon, When _neutralisat Seu seven Sitneraation B00 ET hg sate conveniently used. The newiWe Smear a so chosen 8 ‘shown in FiE egrdtoplate capseltince Oy at the frag 88h ant anon dred TH Pa PUT offers extremely large i ctegy Se aca a OO ae vedéced almost to zero ape 0a a pacnanee Co eet TU NOT as far as its input admittance effects gry Bt tae ene capacitor Oi paced i, rs with the neutralising coil Ly in grec saeco 0% Pa supply. Coil seuralation 1s poputny ey 1 uied f frequencies. prevent this coil SUMMARY ELeretaa eranemitters operating at fixe “of Radio Transmitters according to the type of Modu tation Cresent “ cg ans esniten (8) Freqwens) modlaions Wvnemites ise modolation transmitters and (ii die on of Rao Teanemiters according t0 «ype of Service Bal Trane ae tector, waarmee (2) Rede #0) Radar seat a onal anaes eng cathe Cevier Frequency. (0) Long wave vith fetes below 300 Ke 169) Median rave wagsmitcrs350—1650 kei Gage ih Seas a Mitz Ge VHF and UHF transmitters () Micros (861) Short EE I peyone 100 MH 5 ve tana ennuet Sages of AM Ra baker. nopiier 0 ransmitter. (ij) Master oscillato eat stages sate ean, Ba sale eens oreo tactcase the cari. foqueney (i) cl (6 ere ier power) Medulted ample i wich Mratttos often tmp ree ample whch feeds modulating power ato the modulated ammpliier ampliiee Cee Frequency Requirements Fe cea iy aise See Gi) Carrier frequeney should be readily. adjustable Gi) Frequency drift and frequency scintillation should be extremely swath Master Oscillators. It is the oscil Bie", pars ie oscillator stage which generates a highly stable Harmonic Generators. Master oscll ‘1 . oscillator f watt lator frequen centres mur Mats zl egy is alton tout loublers and triples,n NSMITTERS ‘RADIO TRAY igs, Jarmonic generator is basically a class C amplifier in which the ted Meme ee ae gee © empties. eds im tbe curr Bele he Radio Telephone Transmitters, These are wed for poi Sean sfonge gk Nin adi ean ened kt Been radio telephony. igh freq. xd for short dist ‘Volume Compre: or. It compresses or reduces the range of singal volume to seizes Vor posbly'cf over naduation to Volane compensa proprio! he red modulating voltage is supplied to an audio ampliier so. that low umpliude signals are i2eStenuated while igh amplitude signals are more attenuated. Peak Clippers. Peak clippers prevent overmodulation at modulation peaks 6} clipping off the signal when it reaches a certain predetermined high level te ois Pre emphasis. This consists in boosting up the high frequency term in audio signal tefore modulation takes place. The high frequenty. terms earry very soul power and there for iy poor signal/noise ratio in the receiver output. "Henee ‘pre-emphasis is needed VODAS. This suppresses singing in radio telephone system and makes use of the speech or voice frequency signal itself to suppress the: singing. Privacy Device in Radio Telephone System. It is needed to make the speech unintelligible to an unauthorized person. Split Band Privacy System. Iti an ideal privacy device. Here the entte speech und is it into say 4 equal bende and cach is deplaced from ts onginal postion in frequency icant Jew position with the help of a modulator and a demodulator. Further each such apcqm 0 Ailser erect or inverted. ‘The code of displacement and inversion iy changed from fine to time provide privacy. Single Sideband Transminsion (SSH) This consists in tramvmiting only one sidebar sent Skeusion ofthe otner sideband andthe carer. Tt utilizes the fact that ceca an ee escvesinge is contaired in each sideband. ‘The carts rénsrted inthe sie imeligence oF, esse ES gency and amplitude Ht is; used only. in radio telephony and receiver 19 POPS Passe tne veeenver ts quite, complicated. S3B system has the following Bol a roe onpronsment (9 S(N radio (i Half bondwigth per sbagne (i) elimina ae ene dee? aiecuve: fading. (i) reduction in interference. with other stations fon of distortion du natctly, provided. and (et redoction in operation cost. Drawhack is {Gace receiver gets complicates rasuency Synchtoniaation in SSB System.’ Thi is donc by the following ‘wo seinod TEA oer nchod in whic’ a plow signal at Tow voltage level at a frequency ets Fi a ejoulaton frequene) added 6 the modulation voltage i the SSB gual othe gent ed aurier method i whi carit at ighly reduced Tevel is trans tried alvog wah one sideband Son teanemtteer, In this transmitter, the output of a cist ésilator is amplitude ed ears tes auadulator to produce two. sidebands only. A band pass filter modulate i a olapeed evemraining. seband is amplified in_an RF ampli and the FN aac a diminished magnitode. The resulting skleband_ is then amplied cari i rete ot ody into frequency Mixers to raise the frequency level of the sideband —_—APrLiey, Pe Radi yh Transmitters. Thee ae sl 10 radio teleptig,, A Mogg cacept that ap modulator it used in place of 8 iclephone’ mods hee anys tea dove at a owe eri power evel aa Wt) ca GSERORe, ee a Ot, Sea, Sean, Toy tate ade of earanh modulations ther modulation of the carrier (8) frequency modulation of the carrier. ce bal Amplitude Modulation Tel a) Interrupted Continvous Wave (ICW MCW) ype ' We in Thc ON OFF Keriog. 10 thie method, the caret vote is interupy (oF a8 per some standard telegraph code, ee ie rene mnt, Gr woduaion an avdio tone interupted ‘the telegraph signal amplitude modulates the carrie. Sordig Frequency Shift Keying Transmitter. In this transmitter, sets shifted to a slightly diferent value during marking interval, Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave. In this system, ted according to the telegraph signal frequency modulates the carta Types of ON-OFF Keying. (i) Centre tap keying (i serber tube Keying. Back Wave. Thi ithe radiation from the stages preceding the ey picked up by the stages following the keyed stage 1B the Keyed stay Koy dike. Thee ar th skin the dio sine io the vcnny ime Pot stands reli om warp cles oP A, em oer oe Ee panies, Thete key licks may be avoided. by Gots at! daa Sckeesenane renee ow! ta tah hig ode Se fed to the transmitting antenna, © being + the carrier Freaacng 9 aUdIO. tone inter hp. Mal surly kevin i Be ang Xeiey Peete thy, ten. Th us ces applied and the other occurs when the load is suddenly removed iddenty FSK Tramsenitter This uses one carter ea aries frequency forthe space interval, The d.c. telegraph Bee Sioderesling a two di f capacitance ofcred ae space intervals. This varactor diode is placed in shunt. wi a Ssreitten Meme Radiation from Radio Tesaumter, The sey dopted io reduce harmonic radiation ts cyan | (0 me of high Q task scuiinte last RF. power ample, CO zntable method of coupling tank creitof ast R.F, power amplicr to feedee (Gid) by use of low pass Giters, (Ge) by se of wave traps, and () by use of stubs, Neutralization, {wm the wrdtoplate capacitance Ory may be done by the following eat @) Hazehtine system, (i) Rice system, (69 Crowe neutralistion, and (4) Coit neutralisationasi TRANSMITTERS Me REFFRENGES Py Make: “Bletrons ‘York, 1958 lectron-tube circuits", McGraw Hill Book Company, New 67, Terman, FR. : company, New Vor, 1988, | THetonie and Radio Engineering”, MeOraw Hill Book 63. Ryder J.D. “Electron ait of India Private Ltd iene Fundamentals and Applications”, Sth Edition, Prentice Wa: Kasmely, 6. “Tectroelo Go sa Koka, letronic Communication System, Sezond Eatin, MoGiaw- REVIEW QUESTIONS 61. Give the classification of Radio transmitters according (0 the type of service involved. 62. Give the classfcation of Radio transmit ewes tre amaton of Raa tranumter according o the carter froqmney. Gielen 163. Name the constituent stages of A.M. radio transmitter and briefly give the function of each seoee of tare she main reavirements of a radio tranemiter paring the carr feqency? Briey nent a fnumerate de precautions necessary inthe design and operation of an Z-Cosilator for we as 66. Give the principle of operation of a harmonic generator. 167. Give the basic circuit of class C harmonic eenerator and describe its working 68. Draw the basic circuit of class C harmonic generator using a transister. 69 Distinguish between radio broadcast transmitters and redio telephone transmitters. 610. With the help ofa block diagram, describe the working of a volume compressor. 611. (@) What isthe basic function of a peak clipper in a {@) In what respect does a peak clipper difer from a volume compeetors ? (6) Draw the circuit ofa diode peak elipper and explain its working. 612 (2) What ts meant by pre-emphasis? (8) Why is pre-emphasis needed in a radio transmitter ? With the help of a block diagram, explain the working of VODAS. oss 618 Mh hep ats lcckdingrarm, explain the wrkig of relay operated YODAS in radio ser eSuaneaon wright are the main requirements of deal privacy device? ony in bof block dupa, deere the working of «4p band pricy deviesin radio a, ibe the principle of SSB syste 1 Describe he principle of S8B system, eas f SSB system in radio telephony. () Discuss the advantages o (0 what are the disadvantages of SSH system ? gan, Bese he method frequency synchronization In SSB sytem oie ay Describe the fier method of sksband suporesion in SSB orem see na merin ad liao? an ee eS met ond een a 388 en (0 st ts miro lions? ot fet dam, Soin Waves mid tsb meen mes i eri md imton on ee eam tasorniitor wig Seo stuns treo nd ee ta wongom os 6x ransien'ube hep tow > on om ox om om 9 exceymere © Power o “s TRUE wo raise « FALSE i) a earie power APPLIED Rune utter sing ono keying, ‘Give the Nock dara of ra tetera ie Daa the peincipl methods oF -of koay ‘Ove te ren fr keys aFdio RED AMADIS WO OM Keying, Give the reaton foe Aevingtansenis dus Co amplitate on-f keyng How can thee ‘Give the block diacra and deve the working of FSK transite sy Dep he pin eto suppressing harmonks radio {019 Fado transnie, [Describe the Morelos sytem of netralistion fn a tao tragintet [Describe the crovs wew'eaiamhn meyhou What are its merits and limitations 2 Deri the method of col neutralization Give is merits and Heations 7 OMJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Long wave broadoast ransmitsrs are uted in: Wop counties, i) temperate coy Lao nane A.M brow! tansmiters need (0) ery AHS CASE DOMET CH) ota cy Mesum wave Broads ne for (reponse i) YONA VEE (interna ona SShog wave AM. broadcast transmission igused for both national and overseas ser ae vce (y F-Mwrondestnlone ny short waverangs i) VIF and UHL rane (1H) microyy ome Mose AM. bones anomie we Heh Powe level modulation system) TRUE ‘Vole compressor is viys used ina radio Broadcast ansntter () TRUE i) FALSE, Ave compressor ps the lana wien It rates a predetermine valve (1) TRUB, yp A peak lippe clipe the signal at a spcied value (0) TRUE (if) FALSE, re-nphasie sgnies boosting up the high fesqueney termsin the modulation signal bere cvodolaion (iy TRUE (i) FALSE- on 2 \VODAS is sein all radio broadcast systems (1) TRUE (Ui) FALSE, ‘S50 fansmision neds half the frequency bandwidth per channel compared to DSB aysiu, e TRUE in FALSE, on. ‘a keying is basically « method involving () amplitude modulation (i) frequency oad) pase modlaion us 568 (0; 64. in eR os 6B un ANSWERS OF 6S; 66D; 67,005 68 UY 69.0; onpeeQUINCY MODULATION TRANSMITTERS 9 fo oa suppressed cartier balanced modulator to which * med actier ba nodulator to which is also fed the pre-emphasies pecdisorted and ampliied modulating signal. "The modulating. voltage amptiude 7s then ope Sa eieiilies wacko the original modulating voltage amplitude and fa is its heaseess ig sideband components are shifted in phase by 90° and are then svined with the amplified carrier voltag bi -< cnc} ‘age in a combining amplifier, the output of which the desired frequency modulated voltage. Relative. amplitud evof the modulating voltage fod the earrir voltage are so adjusted “that the "maximum phase. deviation is small. This | Soeceasaryin order to avoid excesive distortion. “Ay a tes the frequency. deviation fe Ba nt apo Fig P14, fete 123 atthe att othe moder Th frequency modulated voltage is fed to"6 frequency doublets to get carrer frequency of [SE MU2 and f4—078 KHs. At this stage, the carrier Irequcncy 6 sulle ently high but the frequency deviation is low, only 0°78 kHz). To increase frequency deviation further, the Retieery modelated voltage (s fed io a fetuency congener aay down to. low value (993 kHz in this case). However, the frequency deviation remains Setiteed.- Subsequent frequency muliplrs raise the eater feguoncy to dented vale of $85'Mite and fequency donation fo the stndard value of 75 kiss Ake. power amples S52 fw sages rating the’ powcr level tote desied value, the ont fade the onen. suMMARY Resctance Tube Modulation. This mefod of fequcacy modulation makes we etacaance ak, / ta cleston take which ofem tween and cathode ean cfecGance varing in accordance withthe modusting,voltgs Spritedbstweca i contol ‘and cathode. This reactance tube is placed in shunt with the tuned circuit of an SSuator Capacitive Renctance Tale, ‘The tube offer capacive ceacanc between fs te and cats terminals. "This may’ bo Tealaad bys penile wilh «capucktor€ cones: | WiSeiscc'snodeand coutol grid tndtrenstt A fetween Smt gry sod cathode Be eile ten ieactnccs tobe boheves nes capacitance of alee OR. Miiips Renctnnce Tobe, Tie tbe ofr en insucve fqethace ene ta pects orci, Me icay- wo sosizca tye panuas Vid ceperact Coomoned I geil est geticte sla piicr 8 Saevenspasoend conto pl." Purdor Me ane ies tabs Sckavcn es inductor cf ae Chtews Te Undtlattin: sting: Svencten Dede... Prosmnay Ricltoanas ie sieved tang the’ uncon capuchanes ofa revere based vrnctt lode paced actos erect ne cccttator. Memetrong, Method of Frequency Modulation, This method of fequency mods sion mS ah prcdisortng’ the modulating’ vltage in au invgrator to make amp lao con et equency: and (i) making ns modied modulating Yolags 10 Be tadate te cari. trees, it consis 10 smbisking, Se: provididy MBM guts 1 tich (que St tttin the Modulation signal prot to modulations fypial pre-emphasis Iga oe creapuctr od shun reat” Typical ime content i 5p ancy, Dests in Resctance Tube YM. Transmitter. The cartier frequency : ee roe tube F.M. transmitter may drift due to (i) variations in supply voltage, Fe oe mem omy and Gi) aging of tubes Drift due 0 varios, 0 xa Te igimized Dy) wat of sebined power Supply and (0) use oF Pay scactatce abe modulator. Mant prequency Secbilizetion, fo cactance tube FM. transmitter, sabilza ton of ze of Ereaueney Siamese (i RCA method of fequeney sabilton Of By Fae ce aeney anon Laboratory meio of frequency stablizaio. REFERENCES TA Seley, 6. :"Blectron Tube Circus, MeGraw Hil Book Company, New York, 1958, 72, Terman FE, : “Electronic od York, 1955. ind Radio Engineering’, McGraw Hill Book Company,TR. Kennedy, G,: ‘Ble Hill Kogakusha Ltd,, Tokyo, 1977 4. Ryder J.D. :“Pleetonie Fundamentals and Applications’, Hall of India Lid., New Delhi, 1978. f 5th Edition REVIEW QUESTIONS 74, (a) Draw the circuit ofa capacitive reactance tube wing A-C and network benaven tea Caructance . Cok wor eae ty thy Prone hatte apacv esac be wine ACsork On acannon 72. Draw the iret ofa capaclive reactance tube modulator and derive epreton oy "3, () Draw the circuit of an indoctive reactance tbe using R-C network and a betaven aes indocanee “ePID boy {@ Whot i the exqression for effective inductance ofered by tis reactance tube 7 a 7:4, Desiveexpression for the modulation index of Inductive reactive tube mod ppnateshifting network al 47'S. What ate the reasons for distortion in reactance tube modulator ? What mean ep thin distortion tow ® 16 atop, ° =. to ag te 746. Draw the ici and explain the working of frequency modulator Using a varactor dig, 37. ce) Give the principle of Armstrong method of frequency modulation ‘ qos ihe are the soares of distortion inthis method and how ean the distortion be kept +74, (a) What it meant by pre-emphasis and why i it necessary ? Go Dew an RC preemphasis and obtain expression for ratio of output voltage © ty vohaes 49, Draw the block diagram ofa typical reactance tube modulator and describe its working, ‘What are the principal causes for froquency drift in reactance tube F.M. tsnsmit, 4712, Draw the block diagram of Armstrong F.M., transmitter and describe its working ‘OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 14, Capachive reactance tube using RC network behaves a8 a capacitance of vase (0) CR i) gage Bw = 4 0 ame aR 77. Ta capacitive reactance tube using RC etwork itis $0 accunged that Reds mde Re 1 RC eiwork it 0 arange that 78, ta inductive reactance abe Ore ed, I> Je tin Re 47-4 Indvetive reactance tube using RC network behaves as an inductance of value (7) CR (i rc on ie kept low 7 hoy ‘711. Desctbe any typical method of frequency stabilization in reactance tube F.M, transmit, wn Bm Ze ae sath" 1 civcut jo. FoM, tranamitter emphasises the (i) low frequency terms (i) mie Arequency terms i) high frequency ters.P oy scervens iD wore other fact tobe appreciated is that nol introduced in the frst few. stages are santa Theft sage shoul, therefore produce migimum nose and should have ea Me Seppo atopet oe eer cones min aan ouscan RP amplifer stage preceding the miter Ths RF, amplifier raver ieee pone signal voltage fcaved from tht antenna, and also the nose as fput bicolor rom te antenna or gensratd in the apa cent ‘Dost ths ampieaion ioe 2M apiier, the addtond oise conibuted bY the miacr becomes relate sae RE fee signiiove rao thar remit sot walled the mise mad may Be Prpation facts, Vibritlon of creat componeats of receivers patties ote erro vibration is also produced’ when loudspeaker is ‘mounted close to. recerver Nose. find in extremely troublesome case, this may result in audio frequency ‘aul “due 10 an cos feedback from ts loudapeaer is crcatvom odes ‘All these vibration effects can be kept low by (i) using rubber mounting rovide a or artsy coals as 20s be meno pais gid cons particularly in the case of receiver mounted in automobiles and aeroplanes and Sieesg componcas of cater iow power tage of eect on le a UB othe ma remaining his oag abe tpn SUMMARY Beceendlon sf Rao Recetrce. ) AM briadsus seccivers Gh Pil bd gases i Tocvonrecives i) Conmaneston ies @) Cole cece eisseecaners Dap Fastest Rote cavers (Spicy of er esis Garten ati Sa on Basic Functions of AM Receivers. (i) Reception (ii) Selection (ji/) Detection or gemodslation (1) Reproduction. I stenses Tiet reeieeide ot me enn soared. De tpme Racever Yn tis oon, hn reccivdmotalate x oteomed ee i aloes cvcliatceiyl-ponto peodcce u;otmsiard requney eter Resear cinges ti ietreadinc roistoy te tyisaly 436 00) a Lees ence Ftitseat stages f a Sapacket’ Raccivec (i) Avtenas (10) RPUAmpliiec uy Faoney converter 9 1F ampli () Second Getsior ) "Auto. frequency amplifier ei iredtpater. Betas of Ideal Receiving Acrials ea signal sino warctund viching Sree teradcast socptlon, thas omoldrectional character. | (ti) Small variations in the terminal impedance with change of signal frequency. (iv) Minimizes fading. 2 (it) Good lity to different types of () Minimizes interference from house wiring ete (i) Resistant to corrosion or damage by weather. (rl) Should be cheap and good looking. ‘Antenna Analysis (A) Neglecting the radiaion resistance ee JE +0. |=194 (B) Considering the radiation resistance Zou Rov jon sink 24 sin 2B “cosh 2A—cos 2B! cos 24—cos 2B Inverted-L Antenna Xoo cot (Bh) ‘The Dipole Antenna “as Zo=120 [le —1) Zu=Z: cath [ht jes 2. £] Fe dct Wag aetna WA Rae itr dnc ar anys : lie, na Image Signal. 42fi It is rejected by use of one or more stages of R.F. amplifier Image signal setectvity -[ %— 2 Tove Frequency Mixer, Mixes the incoming signal voltage of frequency f. with PSldencies. The difference frequency (fof) is picked up with the help of parallel tect circuit fife Frequency Converter. Uses only one transistor both as feequency mixer aad a local oscillator. ‘Tracking Error. It is deviation ofthe diference frequency (Jif) Irom thes value (Intermediate frequency). Ms rental Tracking Error Gurve, This the curve plotting the tacking. error again spal frequency. LF. Amplifier, Typically wo or more tuncd stages are used, cach tuned 1 te intermediate frequency. 1.P. Amplifier () improves the sensitivity (I) provides mos of he adjacent channel selectivity. ‘Adjacent Channel Selectivity. It is the ability of a receiver to select the died channel ant exclude (give no response) the channel ndjasent to i in the frequency spetan. Detector stage. Uses.alinear diode detector. The diode rectiies the moda carrier and recovers the original modulation signal from the rested output. An R-C Set Samoves the RF. component and permite further transmission of modulation feguets component only. ‘AVG. The AVC maintains the level of the output audio signal almost conta (within 3 or 4 dB) inspite of large. variation (30.40 dB) of input carrier strength. The AVC (eeration consists in i) deriving from the detector output, « dc. voltage proportional Ghrier amplitude and (i) applying this dc, voltage. as'a reverse bias at the input of ae RF Giplifi Frequency mixcr and the IP amplifier ‘Simple AVG, In this case, the AVC action begins with the weakest carrie TH output then sais falling below its normal value a8 300n as the ‘detector diode starts devel fngthe output. This is undesirable. Delayed AVG. In this ease, the AVC action begins only when the output has rash! a certain reasonably large predetermined value ‘Tone Compensated Volume Control. As tho level of the progvamme repre by loudspeaker is luce, the snsiivty ofthe ear becomes relatively ess for low and Mf frequencies in the audio frequency range, This tendency is compensated for to make ‘programme sound natural.= ws og atest te sore width of the acceptable band and enabling the operator to. reject signals departing Feeney from the accepted band of the desired signal by very small amount. Noise Limiter. It removes from the output of a receiver any voltage in excess of ® certain predetermined level. Automatic Frequency Control. This system automatically shifts the frequency of Gatenl celery 00h an amount at to coutinuouly keep the tung, Of Mis Tee produces an intermediate frequency signal at exactly the correct frequency secs that rough tuning has already been one, . ‘g on Interchannel Noise Suppressor, While tuning from one station to another, the ‘avC increases the ‘noise present in the receiver to disagreeable proportion. The circuit Hpeessing this interchannel noise is called interchannel noise suppressor. esr Gode Reception. By code reception is meant reception of radio telegraph signals or CW, sismls.‘Thit i generally achieved by adding to a superhet receiver another oscillator GR, Heats with the TF amplifier output voltage so as to produce an audio Frequency bea ‘Single Sideband Receiver, Iti usually a double superheterodyne receiver in which ibe carrer i Feinseried at proper amplitude and frequency before detection take place. Volume expander. Ifa volume compressor has been used in the radio transmitter, sponding volume expander has to be used in the radio receiver, in order to restore the GReatito emormal volume range after detection, This. is done by using in the receiver, srerotio amplifier whose gain is made proportional to the input amplitude. Diversity Reception. Diversity reception system ensures a reasonably high signal evel at all times in-spite of fading. Space Diversity Reception, tulle th fat sha he volngs induced is antennas gaceda few wavelength apart do ot fade simultaneously, Thus 5 or more spaced antennas $R%fed and outputs of corresponding receivers are added after detection. Then at least fe afthe receivers provides reasonably large signal in the output, Frequency Diversity Reception. It utilizes fact that the signals from the distant zansmiter received at any reveiving point at different frequencies tend to fade independently Frguney ners is widely used for reception of asi, eeraph sna, AC he resting several separate receivers are used for different frequencies and the outputs of the feceivers are combined together, ‘Malei-unit Steerable Antenna System. It is basically a diversity reception system ‘which utilizes the facts: (1) shortwave signals reach a certain receiver at certain preferred Aerial angles depending on the eatrier frequency, distance involved, height of reflecting layer and fonic density of the reflecting layer (i) the angles of arrival remain apprecia a reasonably large period of time (ii) shortwave signals. at any angle of arrival tude but there is no quality deterioration and (ir) envelope delay of these short- ave signals is greater, higher the angle of arrival. ‘Spurious Response in Radio Receivers (A) Spurious responses peculiar to superheterodyne receivers Amage frequency signals meee frequency signals, =APPLIED ELECIROMIGy (i) Harmonies of intermediate frequency generated by the second detector (i) Strong signals twice the intermediate frequency. (B) General Spurious Responses () Cross-tatk and cross-modulation (ii) External cross-modulation (ii) Noises: (i) Vibration effects, REFERENCES 9'1, Terman, F.E.: “Bleettonies and Radio Engineering”, 4th ed., MoGraw Hi Company, New York, 1958, ey i Book 92, Parsons, J.D., M. Henze, P.A. Ratliff and M.J. Withers : “ VETS teh for mobite radio reception, The Radio and Electronic Engigeers, Joly 4942 9°3. Seeley, Samuel : “Radio Electronics", McGraw Hill Book Company, New See pany, New Yor 914. Pappenfus, EW, W.B. Bruene and E.0. Schoenike : “Single Sidebaa. and Cireuts®, MeGraw Thil Book Company, New York, 1964, 9°5. Kennedy, G.: “Electronic Communication Systems”, Sccond edition, Meo, Hill Kogakusha Ltd, Tokyo, 1977, McGraw 96. Ryder, J.D. + “Electronic Fundamentals and Applications”, Sth edi Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1978 REVIEW QUESTIONS $7 Ye ews sata wed for Wend Brecon peeereratias eetetaant anwice, Muses tie cutonenicar ss 9 St 99. Fedanee Zan Wl he curves fer Re Zr and Kolo asin ogvan aH ae Srl, Por diolenteoe, tan extedon fr sh entel impedence, See ritictenetces ernst ke SSS eee Tei 933.) What inant by thee nage sign"? etal clei op tes vans /7 Di eree cs crests ely ela vod xsir ct ibis woe 945, Draw the cirult of @ frequency converter using only one transistor working bot! Dpscr av feet! oseilator and describe its working ot 16. (0) Ineo bythe tern “tacking 996. 6) Durie the mecedurefor Ri algnvent {8} Bestiv tke losaurs for ven tater circu alignment Draw atypical tr0ehng error cre. Draw the cieuit ofan LE. ampifr and cxolin its working. 39. Wat are the mala fonctions served by LF. Ampliier? a ts choteo of \ntecmodiate frequcacy id Principles tion, Prentice nd describe ts frequencyw ih Set at i eit an ny? eg and bb woh Distinguish between simple AVC and delayed AVC. = Draw thecal fs heat decor ath alped AVE na eb ik aed AVC perations ay he cictit of linear diode decor wth ample and layed AVC and detroit ‘With the help of circuit diagram, desctibe the working of tone compensated manval votome Sao! Drew the circuit of «typical tone control and describe it working. es themed of crn ane tring by stchinin au Give the salient features of «communication receiver. Draw the circuit which enables the radio receiver fo Basti ia working Draw the creut of «simple noise limiter and describe ite working aw, the block dlatram of « superbeterodyne recive wi stem and deserbe Be eciberse SSE | {With the Hep of eck diagram, exolan how a ntrchansel nose soppremor works Draw a Block diagram and describe the working of simple squelch system. Gin the principle of code reception ving conventional sere receiver. Draw the block diagram of an SSB rece ver and describe its working. 5 - with the help ofa cteut diagram, explain the working ofa volume expander {a)_Give the brisciple of apace diversity reception A Sis Ue ice daghas of space ‘veratyradid telephone receiver and describe is working. Diiaw the Block diagram of space diversity radio telegraph receiver and describe is working What isthe principle of frequency diversity reeept on ? Demribe the method of frequency diversity reception for reeiving radio telegraph signals ‘Give the basic principle utilized by Malti-unit Sterable Antenna System of reseption With the elp of eiruit disgram, describe the MUSA eyster of reception of short wave signals What are the various sources of unwanted and spurious responses in radio receiver 7 Describe WeMtaars Siopted to reduce these responses. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Pickup the correct choice: Ope OL Image signal frequency in # superbe receiver i given by (@) +/+ (42h. Te ajfwave receiver, tbe intermediate frequency f+is given by (0) forfo ()fo—fe(0)fe—2fe OH sree Mage in radio receiver which provides the maximum adjacent channel selectivity fs () R-. Pessinte (OT Atmpliser(c) Audio Amplier (2) Frequency mixer: Thestage in radio receiver which provides the maximum image goal selectivity i () R-P- Pee tiaes (6) Tie ampliter(e) Audio Amplifier (2) Frequency Mixer. fc outputs of several receivers atthe output resetance into the sve high and contrellable selectivity. Im apace diversity reception system. we combine To apace diversity reception 2 pliner 0) LE. Ampliber () Detector (d) Audio Frequency ‘amotio ANSWERS 9146); 9240); 9340); HAL: OSU., 389 PRINCIPLES OF TRLEVISION and at the same clipper as shown in Fig. 15°25. ‘Thus a reference black level i enablshed time, any noive present during the blanking period i clipped off Adder, This follows the black clipper. Thus ater the picture signal has been Sym Banked and clipped by black clipper, the syne pulses are added to the combined signal in as yne mixer circuit REVIEW QUESTIONS rs ea Describe or COIR. {eleviion, sketch the horlontal anc and blanking pulses. function of front and back pores 182, Sketch for CCIR System clevsion, the eld sync. equalising and Blanking pulses for odd and even elds wig Ret ibte Higa eat, Bae rere eaves rer epulepinpimlare te gi, perme emtmeyesere et ma etiaecs i cree sd alee alam el nltop D re atgebeae Darter RE RET Ree sia erence ene eres samen stare sats easiest 2h cae eaene man Bea yess ote met. Wiser tages Berar uoen oracttnntan on ar cae ee eee, coiae BaDT Ait gan santo pov Iam ey, A548. Give the construction of vidicon camera tube and desribe ts ope 4599. Boumerate the principal meri and limitation of vidicon camera tabe 4520. Draw the discus the liht trancer characteristic of vidcon tube. 1521. What is meot by resolving power ofa camera tube ? How i it specified? $522, Define the term exmma of a sigoal chain andthe plture ube see mene’ 1523. Explain the following phenomen (2) 10. ahost, (6) Mato eect, () photo-conductive ag, () beat AS24. What are the main limitations of vidieon ? How are they eabsed ? Explain ihow thes limita- tions are removed In siombion 1525, Enumerate the principal merits of modern plumbicon camera tube 1526. Give the construction of plumbicon camera tube and. describe its working. Explain why phota- conductive lag ir bent in plombions 15:27. What causes speckting in plumbleon ? How can speckling be eliminated ? LEH, Exolsln how coms tail ie formed in plambicon, Explain how this comet tails ‘eliminated in sprcial plambicons using anti comst tall cleat on ga OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS IS. Choose the correct answer To COIR system-R standard (0 the Nine frequency is (2) 18525 Tineslsee_ (H) 18780 Hineslaee_(e) 15780 ines se (d) None of {Ad horizontal syne pave duration i: (a) 08 H.(B) 0-078 He) 009 HE (A) none of thew. {U0 horizontal nye pase front porch width is: (a) 0-08 (6) OO1SH. (c) 0025 H. (a) none ofAPPLIED HL He rng (09 horizontal ove ue Dak porch wish GON OM WON yyy (9) lige Sianking period it: (@) 0.2 H (6) O19 HL (@) 022M, " (et) peak white level fn the video signal I limited to: (a) 3% (0) 10% (€) 15%, 152 ICR System: (the Bald Blanking petiod VB ia: (2) 16H (b) 2011 (€) 24 (A) D006 of the 0) the number of active lines (a) S88 (6) 628 () (4) none of thee Gi) the complete Bed ayne pulse extends for: (a) 3H (6) 4H0(@) 29 Ha) 2.75 4 (ir) the womber of serrations in eld aye pulse 8: (a) $ (6) (0) 4 (a) 3 (0) thee ech seration a Bld wae pate W: (45908) 47 98 6) 5246 4 ‘the precqualsing plies extend fr duration of (2) 25H 0)3'5H (0) 4H a) 45 Ard) the pontequalising patos extend for duration of (4) 3H. (6) 25 H (e) 241 (a) baih (it) doraton ofeach equalising pulse is: (a) 2°3 us) 3us (€) 33 48d) none of head 183, The TY plctore tobe is made in operative during horizontal and vert eLECe interval yy, 154, The CCIR B-System utilizes negative modulation for video signal (e) Yes (b) No. ISS. The bandwidth of composite video signal in CCIR BSysiom is limited 10 (a) 4 Mite (@) 928Miie U) 635 Ma 50 18.6, Standard TV channel in CCIR System-B extends from —125 MILs 10 45°75 Mile relat petare carrier (2) Yes (6) No. 117 10 the 357. In CCIR SyetemB, the sound carter is above the picture carrier by («) 5 (©) 625 Miz (d) 7 MHz (55 MZ 66) 60 May 158. In CCIR System-B, the channel bandwidth is (0) 6 MHz (6) 7 MHz (6) 75 Miz 775M, 159. Carrier deviation in sound modulation in CIR Syatem-B television is (a) 475 , (© £90 Kir. (©) £78 KHZ) 60 Katy 15:10, Pre-emphasis used in sound channel In television uses time constant of (a ak 780 0) ty ato of radiated vision power to sound power in CCIR Sem terion it (0) 1:1 3, 15°12. Vigicon camera tube utilizes the principle of: (a) photo-emission (8) phot photo-alatic (d) none of these. 18:1, Vidicon camera tube is most popularly used in CTY applications (a) Yes (b) No. ANSWERS: 151. (@ a (4) BCU € () 2.) 5 ( € (ot) 152. ()b (a ud) € Co) 2.9) B(W) a (ol) B (rt) a. 153. Yes. 184. Yes. 155. b a 158. 6 159, 112. 1513. Yes W-conductiviy ()ELEVIBION BROADCAST STUDIO 395 s repeated in the two fields only displaced vertically by 2 the interlaced picture frame. . Thus the same information i halfline on the roster for providing t Halographic Recording System. By halogram is meant a recorded interference light from an object and reference beam, both drived from the same laser source (a epherent light source). Different types of halograms are obtained depending upon the type of recording medium and the relative convergence of the object beam and the reference beam. In phase halograms recorded on transparent photoresist or thermoplastic, there results simply a change in the phase of the reconstructed light wave bya variation in the referactive index of the halogram medium or by a variation of the halogram thickness. There result: thus a surface relief halogram. These halogrames are used for video recording since they can be embossed on inexpensive plastic PVC films, On interposing a lens between the object and the halogram and keeping the object in the focal plane of the lens, = ae ing the halogram so obtained is called Fraunhofer A sequence of such Fraunhéfer halograms corresponding to successive TV frames are recorded ‘on the photoresist-coated PVC film tape. This exposed PVC halogram tape is developed and from this is formed the Matter PVC tape with nickel coating done by a metal plating process. Now the PVC itself is removed leaving behind the metallic master tape. production of halogram tape for playback is done by pressing together a thin inexpensive plastic tape and the Master tape through a pair of rollers. Thus permenant video recording is obtained. The principal merits of halographic recording are the low cost of recorded tapes and the simplicity of playback. In halographic playback, low power laser beam similar to the reference beam is shot on the halogram tape resulting in formation of the image on a vidicon camera ‘The image so formed is picke 1 up by the vidicon scanning system, ‘The resulting video. signal mer modulated and is then fed to the conventional TV receiver. REVIEW QUESTIONS 161. What acoustic treatment is generally provided in TV studio ? 1672. What are the principal constituents of camera units in TV studio ? 163. Explain the principle of optical multiplexing in telecine, 164. Describe the method of halographic recording and replay. 165. Describe in the brief the method of video disk recording and slow motion replay.~ Armin, snag tnt, thin se il ec, cnrm, ere Seer a eenate tetas Fare anct pameiy, soeaneeddenire recut Reerene eee, ne Seer Negative Ghost, Sometimes the ghost picture is negative due to the rey, of the reflected signal, ‘eraal of a ne men on ase tnd pe wen ast na tty of input cireuit, the antenina feeder or power supply, lead produces a leading git th rea image teeth nin peare Such eng hn maybe linge ft she Feeiver 0am pick wi Habe Eater inthe ‘Power ma) wit paming the power supply les Up, using balanced input circuit w2 i Rei nal Nees ait ata lente Pe are REVIEW QUESTIONS te feet X74, Define the grade 4 and B television services. tall buitg tall bude, a Pha, TV, the yetFng, 17-2. What advantages rma rom placing the television tranamiting antenn at high 173. Discuss the merits i tetevisnltSe 2 37-4. Give the Block diagram of TV transmitter Jacluding both. Plctre nears ‘ing high evel ovulation, DeseriSee sorting PetOFe aN 0nd any, fon in television? What are the merits of iy 8 moda, of transmitter uslog LF, modulation includin " Sf working cndlog Both bictng 177, Give block diagram of CIN diplexer. What are the propertcs of a 3-4n. = working of CIN Sipierer es SF Fcc ey Oe 17, Explain how reception beyond horizon a posible by diferastion of TV signals “ 179. Describe the phenomenon of duct propagation 1740. Fxplaio how TY reception in shadow zone i achieved, YP, What are the causes of formation of how nage? What are the remedial mesures a * Sop OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS tan apse epehcae ees tal ane EO aw op hu where fy s the height ofthe ansting anieuna, Tne NMSHEY MIN CO MY GD Uh Ct independ op enedecied’™® Batson of TY nano topentere cases to ang to (Increase (0) deen (ayo 174, Field strength of TV signal i proportional to ependent of h, where hy is the height of the rocsiving anteaos, VIED Ake Gy by ey i, Field strength of tropospheric TV is proportional to (D d (tt) d¥ (it) 1/4¥ (in the distance from the tranumitcrs EEO ME 0 wre dy Field strength of tropospheric TV signa is proportional t (0) 12 (WX (4) %* (6), ANSWERS IP, WD, 372. i), 173. (0, APA. (Oy ATS. (i), 176. (), 177. ajiaton receiver, 407 array, 2 ‘Chaser rand in radar, 353 ‘Code eters, 8h eoaiclent of, 26 weney Of Ionosphere, modulation, 19)! 261 In frequency modula. Bue oy EMT sytem, 3 ‘or ion, 46 INDEX Detectors of amplitude moduates ao euate law, 73,46 Blchrome itor stem, Diode detectors, 73,15 Dipieser 00 icrimianor 312 Bier rection en, 17 pple elect in rade 36 et antena, 194, Duct propasatlon of plone fr radar, 31 Dynamic convergence, 439 Bhayeri 285, 273 Sooradié, 261, 273, Earth reflection by, 257 Earth constants 297 Earth curvature, effect of, 255 EBlectronte vided recorder (EVR) "36 antenna, 243 nt input noise resistor, sion a ame, 6 Extraordinary ray, 268 FF, layers, 261, Fadconste; radio, 273 "ding of broadcast singals, 16 Select, 285 St space wave signals 277 Fetd-mesh image o Hiei! blanking period, Feld sync pulses, 358 Flickers 340,393 Flicker, 1 equene, elial in ionosphere 1 ae, 388 Frequency modulation rade ' si Feequency modulation transi, Froqucney shift keying, 108 ihr dugetive of antennas, 233 Ground clutee ta radar, 354 Ground constant, 33) Ground reflection? ‘Ground wave, 254 Gyrotrequency 267 Halographic recording system, 298 Hardteave pulser 3 Hetght efetive, of antenna, 2 Heterodyne eetion, 186 ee —- eae fetraction 25 ‘hip distance, 268 Sat i ped wo 55 sporadic Byer 21 Sonne: 2 de dtrbace, 273 eight, 261 Intec ted ote, 29 Inter in radar switches, 458 Key clots, 113 ing. enya, 3 Kiptron onto maine, 318 Kbstron ont, rele, Ma etc 373 Unters a1 1s poe modtion 179 In frequency medslion reeenas ac) Loop antennas 247 Cominaace sina, 442 M ‘he — Magtetron ccitor ‘as onl rue AC, aa Master oscar 1 Maximum wable frequency, 268 Miners, 13.198 Mode fa magnetron, 310 Modaid anit 4,48, 33 Cin © an dad 86 odgton moti, 22.20" jc sing la one phase, 2 fe adeband, 102HD ny orl 9” ia o ee i Stywareedtlation, be cy ot fe Brera gus, Seas 65.07, Franny modlgion 3 Bosataters, 7 a 8 2 it indicators (MTL, sees AMTD fer Minstrel indicators (MT! Preipitatg uti cone TEEN, 439 nee Rechaesit ers Hennas, 216,217 Subirnctis 0s 43 Radiation oianee 7 Soperbetcrsga iets rae 81, 138, Telewraph sheng, 8 sg > Television 10 Teceivery ‘camera, 373, 7 Lubes S74 1 Signals, 40 stigior 39 Recording system, Aransmitters, 394° 24 ame ih pe cat Y ssmodulated signals Television omens: 393 iorfeaben 1B Fone compere acon, Tove conto : t Be { Sched eanformer, punsesgs 1 seecith ystent, 183 effect, 295, 296 1 OMAVetance Bperiecryee, 196 ‘Transmitter, amplitude mog Ting, aa {tiple detection, 166 frcqueney moduta s fo ie, 188 uring FS, TISs 1 nennnimcocmcient ofesctb, 29 for radar. 20” eae single sideband, 102, 105 . eens None aicensieepBh sta ty rriebsot wr, mosses, Tne Scents Peet AReffactive ind B81 Trophosphere, 275 ane" 12 gee eae ame 98 Woche pis Sou, in edition ct epignna, 224 sonceplcre cot radi fatia\ eselinien, 360 Vestigial side band signal, 367 Video detector, 418 8° bandwidth, 360, tape recording, disc revording, Vidicon, 379 Virtual height of ionospber Volume control sutomat ‘one compensated, 178 Volume compression, 94 Volume expansion, 16 ‘Wave, ground, 254 radio, propagation of, ‘White clipper, 388 Zoom lenses, 373 —