LECTURE 10.

KINEMATICS PART 1

Transport Phenomena
CHEB417-01
2024 Spring Semester / MW 11:00 ~ 12:15
Outline
• Kinematics - Introduction

• Material and Spatial Coordinates

• Time Derivatives

• Example of the three types of derivatives

• Sky diver example

Please refer to Whitaker
Chapter 3 if to study separately
• The velocity field

• Lagrangian description

• Eulerian description
 Kinematics - Introduction
• We previously analyzed the problem of determining the pressure field and
surface forces for static fluids
• Linear momentum principle was applied to a differential volume element to derive the
appropriate differential equations

→ Special forms of the more general differential equations of motion

→ Derivations were possible only because the acceleration term in the linear momentum
equation was zero

• To analyze complex flows commonly encountered in practice, we need to

describe the fluid motion in more precise manner
• Kinematics: description of motion per se
 Material and Spatial Coordinates
• Let’s understand the relationship between material coordinates to spatial
coordinates
→ Allows adequately describing the motion of a fluid

• Spatial coordinate: a fixed rectangular coordinate system in which all points may be located

• How do you locate or identify a “particle” of fluid?

• “particle” of fluid = a differential material volume element, 𝑑𝑑𝒱𝒱𝑚𝑚(𝑡𝑡)

= a vanishingly small volume of fluid which contains the same material at

all times

• At some time 𝑡𝑡, we may designate the position of a fluid particle in terms of its spatial
coordinates- 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and 𝑧𝑧

→ All fluid particles may be located in terms of spatial coordinates and time
 • At some reference time, chosen as 𝑡𝑡 = 0, the position of any fluid particle can be specified as,

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑋𝑋, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑌𝑌, 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑍𝑍, at 𝑡𝑡 = 0

• At some other time, 𝑡𝑡 > 0, the position of this particle may be expressed as,
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑋𝑋 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑌𝑌 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑍𝑍 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Putting this result in more compact vector form,

Material position vector
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝐫𝐫 : represents the coordinates
𝐫𝐫 = 𝐑𝐑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 used to tag or identify a given
Spatial position vector 0
particle
: locates the fluid particle in space
,where 𝐫𝐫 = 𝐢𝐢𝑥𝑥 + 𝐣𝐣𝑦𝑦 + 𝐤𝐤𝑧𝑧

𝐑𝐑 = 𝐢𝐢𝑋𝑋 + 𝐣𝐣𝑌𝑌 + 𝐤𝐤𝑍𝑍

 Material position vector
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝐫𝐫
Spatial position vector 𝐫𝐫 = 𝐑𝐑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• The material coordinates do not represent a coordinate system which moves and deforms with
the fluid
→ They represent a specific set of spatial coordinates, which the fluid particle occupy at the
reference time, 𝑡𝑡 = 0
• Since no two fluid particles can occupy the same spatial position at the same time, the material
position vector uniquely defines a fluid particle

• The above equation may be written as, 𝐫𝐫 = 𝐫𝐫(𝐑𝐑, 𝑡𝑡)

→ The spatial coordinates of a fluid particle are a function of time and the material coordinate

• The time rate of change of the spatial position vector for a particular fluid particle is the velocity
of that particle
→ Since this time derivative is evaluated with the material coordinates held constant, it is called
a material derivative

𝑑𝑑𝐫𝐫 𝐷𝐷𝐫𝐫
= = 𝐯𝐯
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
 Time Derivatives
• The time derivative of an arbitrary scalar function, 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧, 𝑡𝑡), is given
by

𝑑𝑑𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑆𝑆(𝑡𝑡)

= lim
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡

,where the spatial dependence of 𝑆𝑆 is understood

• For a special case, where 𝑆𝑆 is a function of time only, this definition is clear

• However, if 𝑆𝑆 is a function of the spatial coordinates, the derivative is not well defined until
some statement is made about the point in space at which 𝑆𝑆 is measured for the two times, 𝑡𝑡
and 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡
• For example, consider a system of particle moving through space, letting
𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 represent the 𝑥𝑥 −coordinate of the 𝑝𝑝th particle, as shown below
• According to the previous equation, we write

𝑑𝑑𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑆𝑆(𝑡𝑡)

= lim
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 (𝑡𝑡)
= lim
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡
= 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 : the velocity of the 𝑝𝑝th
particle in the 𝑥𝑥-direction
• The derivative given above is the time rate of
change of a scalar, which is measured as we
move with the particle
→ Imagine an observer riding on the particle and continuously observing his position along the
x-coordinate
→ This type of derivative is called a material derivative and denoted by,

𝐷𝐷𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝 (𝑡𝑡)

= = lim
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡
𝐑𝐑 Material coordinates held constant
• The time derivative of any quantity associated with a particle is necessarily
a material derivative, since the quantity can only be measured by an
observer or a device which moves with the particle
• For example, if we evaluate the time rate of change of the temperature of the 𝑝𝑝th particle,

𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝

= lim = =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
material derivative

• Consider now the difficulties encountered in specifying the time rate of

change of the temperature of a fluid
• The derivative

𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇(𝑡𝑡) meaningless until we specify where, in space, 𝑇𝑇 is

= lim
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡 measured

• In the previous example, we measured the temperature while moving with a particle
• On the other hand, the temperature of a fluid may also be measured at a point fixed in space
by a thermocouple or some other device

• If the spatial coordinates are held constant, we write

𝜕𝜕𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 𝑡𝑡 + ∆𝑡𝑡 − 𝑇𝑇(𝑡𝑡)

= = lim
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡
𝐫𝐫 Spatial coordinates held constant
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
,where is called the partial derivative
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
• Let’s summarize what we just discussed,

• If we were to measure the temperature of a fluid with some device which moves with the fluid

→ material coordinate would be held constant

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇𝑝𝑝
• If 𝐑𝐑 is held constant, the temperature of a single fluid particle is measured =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• If 𝐫𝐫 is held constant, the temperature of a succession of fluid particles is measured =
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐫𝐫

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The time rate of change of a scalar function (e.g. takes on special )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
meaning when either the spatial or material coordinates are held constant

• If neither is held constant, the time derivative is meaningful only if,

(1) The scalar function depends only on time

(2) The velocity of the point at which the scalar function is measured is specified
 Example of the three types of derivatives
• Consider a case where a skin diver is measuring the water temperature in
the Hyeongsan River

• The temperature may be a function of the spatial coordinates, 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, and 𝑧𝑧, and time 𝑡𝑡
(1) If the diver anchors himself at some point in the river, the time rate of change of temperature
that he measures is given by,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐫𝐫
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(2) If the diver allows himself to drift with the current while he measures the time rate of change
of temperature,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡
(3) If the diver is energetic and moves about with a velocity 𝐰𝐰 while he measures the time rate of
change of temperature,
, which depends on the spatial
𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇
variation of 𝑇𝑇, the velocity 𝐰𝐰, and the
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 partial derivative with respect to time
• Let’s formulate these in mathematical terms

• The temperature is a function of the spatial coordinates and time,

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇(𝐫𝐫, 𝑡𝑡)
• If the material coordinates are held constant, we express spatial coordinates in 𝐑𝐑 and 𝑡𝑡,

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇(𝐫𝐫, 𝑡𝑡) = 𝑇𝑇[𝐫𝐫(𝐑𝐑, 𝑡𝑡), 𝑡𝑡]

= 𝑇𝑇[𝑥𝑥(𝐑𝐑, 𝑡𝑡), 𝑦𝑦(𝐑𝐑, 𝑡𝑡), 𝑧𝑧(𝐑𝐑, 𝑡𝑡), 𝑡𝑡]

• Holding 𝐑𝐑 constant, and differentiating with respect to time gives,

𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇 𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑇𝑇

= = + + +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑 𝐑𝐑 𝐫𝐫

, where the chain rule has been used to obtain the first three terms
 • Let’s consider a more familiar example in thermodynamics
• Consider the Gibbs free energy, which may be expressed as a function of temperature,
volume, and number of moles
𝐺𝐺 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑇𝑇, 𝑉𝑉, 𝑛𝑛)
• The total derivative is,

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 + 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 𝑇𝑇,𝑛𝑛
𝜕𝜕𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇,𝑉𝑉

, the subscripts are used to indicate which variables are being held constant

*In fact, unnecessary, as partial derivative implies that all other independent variables are held
constant during the limiting process
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑛𝑛
• Dividing by 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 gives, = + +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑉𝑉,𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑉𝑉 𝑇𝑇,𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇,𝑉𝑉
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• Under these conditions, the functional dependence of 𝐺𝐺 can be expressed as,

𝐺𝐺 = 𝐺𝐺[𝑇𝑇(𝑡𝑡), 𝑉𝑉(𝑡𝑡), 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡)]

, which is similar to the functional dependence of 𝑇𝑇 described previously when 𝐑𝐑 is held constant

*The only difference is that the temperature, 𝑇𝑇, depends explicitly upon time
• Returning back to previous case with temperature,

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= = + + +
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐫𝐫

(1) (1) (1) (2)

(1) the derivatives of the spatial coordinates holding 𝐑𝐑 constant are the components of the fluid
velocity vector 𝐯𝐯
(2) the derivative of the temperature holding 𝐫𝐫 constant is the partial derivative

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

= + 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

• Using vector notation,

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝑇𝑇
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
• Using index notation and the summation convention,

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

= + 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
 • If the location of the point at which the temperature is measured varies with time owing to the
motion of the skin diver (𝐰𝐰), the material coordinates are no longer held constant

• In such case, we may write,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= + + +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑧𝑧
,where , and are the components of the velocity vector 𝐰𝐰, which describes the diver’s motion
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= + 𝐰𝐰 � 𝛁𝛁𝑇𝑇 The most general type of time derivative we will encounter
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

• Special cases:

𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(1) 𝐰𝐰 = 𝐯𝐯 = + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝑇𝑇
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(2) 𝐰𝐰 = 𝟎𝟎 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
 Sky diver example
• Consider a case a sky diver who has mistakenly strapped a dial
thermometer instead of his altimeter onto his wrist
• Assume the air temperature is independent of time and decreases linearly between ground
level and an altitude of 10,000 ft
• In such case, temperature can be represented as,

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 − 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 ,where 𝛼𝛼 = 5 × 10−3 ℉/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

• The previous equation can be reduced from,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= + 𝐰𝐰 � 𝛁𝛁𝑇𝑇 = −𝑤𝑤𝑧𝑧 𝛼𝛼
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• In the free-fall stage, the sky diver’s velocity is about 200 mph, thus,

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 −200 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 5280 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 5 × 10−3 ℉ ℎ𝑟𝑟

=− = +1.47℉/sec
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3600 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

∴ the sky diver experiences a rapid increase in temperature

 The velocity field
• In the study of fluid motion, we will be concerned with fluid acceleration and
the forces which gives rise to it

• The time rate of change velocity of a fluid particle is the acceleration 𝐚𝐚,
given by,
𝑑𝑑𝐯𝐯 𝐷𝐷𝐯𝐯
𝐚𝐚 = = Material derivative
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

• The idea of acceleration is most easily understood if we picture ourselves

as moving with a system and continuously noting the rate at which our
velocity is changing

• If we consider a person fixed in space observing this, it is much more

difficult to get the feel of acceleration, as the observer can only note the
velocity and the rate at which the velocity is changing with distance
• In describing fluid acceleration from the point of view of a fixed observer,

→ the acceleration is not expressed as “the time rate of change of the

velocity”

• In describing the fluid motion, we either use,

- Lagrangian description: in terms of the material coordinates and time

→ Tracks a specific fluid particle and express this fluid particle’s position with respect to time

→ Uses R and 𝑡𝑡 as the independent variable

𝐷𝐷
→ Time derivative is
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷

- Eulerian description: in terms of the spatial coordinates and time

→ Express all fluid particles passing through a specific point with respect to time
→ Uses r and 𝑡𝑡 as the independent variable
𝜕𝜕
→ Time derivative is
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡

∴ Lagrangian is more effective in understanding the phenomenon, but it is easier to use Eulerian
• To have a better understanding of this, let us expand the RHS of the
previous equation used to express the acceleration,
𝑑𝑑𝐯𝐯 𝐷𝐷𝐯𝐯 𝜕𝜕𝐯𝐯
𝐚𝐚 = = = + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝐯𝐯
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐑𝐑
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

local acceleration convective acceleration

• The acceleration consist of two terms:

(1) Local acceleration : The rate of change of velocity at a fixed point in space

(2) Convective acceleration : Depends on both the magnitude of the velocity and the velocity
gradient

• An observer riding with a fluid particle would describe his acceleration in terms of a single
vector 𝐚𝐚

• The fixed observer would note the velocity, the local time rate change of velocity, and the
velocity gradients, and from these quantities the observer would deduce the acceleration
 • Note that if the flow is steady (i.e., 𝐯𝐯 is not a function of time), the equation
described previously indicates that the acceleration is not necessarily zero
𝜕𝜕𝐯𝐯
𝐚𝐚 = + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝐯𝐯
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

• As an example of a steady, accelerating flow, let us consider the flow in the

entrance region of the Reynolds apparatus discussed previously

• As a fluid particle moves from 𝑧𝑧 to 𝑧𝑧 + ∆𝑧𝑧 along the centerline, the velocity changes from,

𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧 to 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧+∆𝑧𝑧

• The time required for the particle to move this distance may be denoted by ∆𝑡𝑡 and expressed as
∆𝑧𝑧
∆𝑡𝑡 =
𝑣𝑣�𝑧𝑧
,where 𝑣𝑣�𝑧𝑧 represents some average value of 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
• The acceleration in the 𝑧𝑧-direction is the rate at which 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 changes with time and is given by,

𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧+∆𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣�𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧+∆𝑧𝑧 − 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 |𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = lim = lim = 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
∆𝑡𝑡→0 ∆𝑡𝑡 ∆𝑧𝑧→0 ∆𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

• Now let us compare this result with that given by previous equation
𝜕𝜕𝐯𝐯
𝐚𝐚 = + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝐯𝐯
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
• Forming the scalar product with 𝐤𝐤, we have

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝐚𝐚 � 𝐤𝐤 = 𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = + 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
• Using the expression for 𝐯𝐯 � 𝛁𝛁 in cylindrical coordinates,

𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧

𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = + 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 𝜕𝜕𝜃𝜃 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
• For steady ( = 0), axisymmetric (𝑣𝑣𝜃𝜃 = 0 and 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧 independent of 𝜃𝜃) flow along the centerline
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
(𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟 = 0),
𝜕𝜕𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑣𝑣𝑧𝑧
𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧

,which is the previously derived expression for the acceleration along the centerline