LECTURE 6.
VECTOR-
TENSOR ANALYSIS PART 4
Transport Phenomena
CHEB417-01
2024 Spring Semester / MW 11:00 ~ 12:15
Outline
• Index notation
• Index notation concept
• Summation convention (Einstein convention)
• Preliminary notions
• Vector operations with index notation
• Proofs for the vector identities (example problems)
• Application to fluid mechanics
(14) Some formulae related to the position vector 𝐱𝐱
• For the position vector 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 , the magnitude is denoted by
𝐱𝐱 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥1 𝐞𝐞1 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝐞𝐞2 + 𝑥𝑥3 𝐞𝐞3
1/2
3
𝑟𝑟 = 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2 1/2
→ � 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2
𝑖𝑖=1
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
(i) = 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
(ii) 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐱𝐱 = 3
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐱𝐱 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 � 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 � = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 � 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 = 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
3
→ � 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
𝑖𝑖=1
(iii) 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐱𝐱 = 0
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐱𝐱 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 = 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘 = 0
𝐱𝐱
(iv) 𝛁𝛁𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟 = 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2 1/2
𝑟𝑟
1/2 1/2
𝜕𝜕 2 1/2 𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 2 𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁𝑟𝑟 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
1 2 −1/2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 2𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
2 𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝐱𝐱
= 1/2
= =
𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 2 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2 1/2 𝑟𝑟
(v) 𝛁𝛁(𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱) = 𝐠𝐠 where 𝐠𝐠 is constant vector such as gravity vector
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁(𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱) = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 � 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞 = 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝐠𝐠
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
Proofs for the vector identities (example problem)
1
𝐮𝐮 × 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁
2
(Proof) 𝜕𝜕
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 × 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑙𝑙
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞 × 𝐞𝐞𝑙𝑙
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜖𝜖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑚𝑚 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 2 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 2 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖
= 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞 − 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞 ( = = 2𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 )
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
1 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 2 𝜕𝜕(𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘 )
= 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 − 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖
2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
1
= 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁
2
𝜕𝜕
• In the above, we used 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 = 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 2 and 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁 = 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
Proofs for the vector identities (example problem 2)
𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮)
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮) = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 × 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 × 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑙𝑙
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜖𝜖𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝜖𝜖𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝜖𝜖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮)
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮) = 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞 − 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑚𝑚
𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘
= 𝐞𝐞 − 𝐞𝐞
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕 2 (𝑢𝑢𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘 )
= 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 ( ) −
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 2
= 𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮
𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮)
Applications to fluid mechanics
• The governing equations for the fluid motion of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid are given by:
(1) The continuity equation
𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 = 0
(2) The Navier-Stokes equation (NSE)
𝜕𝜕𝐮𝐮
𝜌𝜌 + 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = −𝛁𝛁𝑝𝑝 + 𝜇𝜇𝛁𝛁 2 𝐮𝐮 + 𝜌𝜌𝐠𝐠
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
,where 𝐮𝐮 is the velocity vector, 𝐠𝐠 the gravity vector, and 𝜌𝜌 and µ are the density
and viscosity of the fluid and assumed to be constant.
• While there are so many things to say about the continuity equation and
NSE, let’s focus on derivation of the Bernoulli’ theorem for now.
What is Bernoulli’s theorem (베르누이 정리)?
• An equation expressing the relationship between the velocity, pressure, and
potential energy of the fluid in the case when no work is applied to the fluid.
• Expression shows the change in speed when pressure and position changes
along the streamline
As shown in the figure, an ideal fluid flows along a
pipe whose cross-sectional area changes. The
1 1
pressure at point A and B inside the pipe is the same,
and the height difference between A and B is 3 m,
𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌ℎ𝐴𝐴 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 + 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵 2 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌ℎ𝐵𝐵
2
and the cross-sectional areas at A and B are 2 cm2
2 2
and S, respectively, and the speed at A is 8 m/s.
1
𝜌𝜌(𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴 2 − 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵 2 ) = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌(ℎ𝐵𝐵 − ℎ𝐴𝐴 )
2
1 2
(8 − 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵 2 ) = 10 � 3 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵 = 2 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
2
What is the value of S? (Assume gravitational 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴 = 𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵
acceleration as 10 m/s2
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝑣𝐴𝐴
𝑆𝑆𝐵𝐵 = = 8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 물리I 수능특강 문제
𝑣𝑣𝐵𝐵
[Link]
Derivation of the Bernoulli’s theorem
• Assume incompressible potential flow,
• In potential flow: 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁𝜙𝜙 𝛚𝛚 = 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮 = 𝟎𝟎
• Incompressible: 𝜌𝜌 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 = 0
3
𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢1 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢2 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑢3
𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 = →� = + + =0
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥1 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥2 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥3
𝑖𝑖=1
• From the vector identity derived in the last lecture as well as previous slide,
1
𝐮𝐮 × 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 𝛁𝛁 𝛁𝛁 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝛁𝛁 × (𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮)
2
1
𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 − 𝐮𝐮 × 𝛁𝛁 × 𝐮𝐮 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 0
2
1
𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮
2
𝜕𝜕𝐮𝐮
𝜌𝜌 + 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = −𝛁𝛁𝑝𝑝 + 𝜇𝜇𝛁𝛁 2 𝐮𝐮 + 𝜌𝜌𝐠𝐠
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
• The physical meaning of the above equation is that for the incompressible
potential flow the term 𝜇𝜇𝛁𝛁 2 𝐮𝐮 in the Navier-Stokes equation is zero
• Since the viscosity does not have any effect on the fluid motion, the
energy loss due to incompressible potential flow is also zero
→ The potential flow = “Ideal flow”
• In this ideal case (no energy loss), we can easily derive the Bernoulli’s
theorem from the Navier-Stokes equation (NSE)
𝜕𝜕𝐮𝐮
𝜌𝜌 + 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = −𝛁𝛁𝑝𝑝 + 𝜇𝜇𝛁𝛁 2 𝐮𝐮 + 𝜌𝜌𝐠𝐠
𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
𝜕𝜕𝐮𝐮 𝜕𝜕(𝛁𝛁𝜙𝜙 ) 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
(1) = = 𝛁𝛁 (2) 𝐮𝐮 � 𝛁𝛁𝛁𝛁 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 (4) 𝛁𝛁 𝟐𝟐 𝐮𝐮 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
(5) 𝐠𝐠 = 𝛁𝛁 𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱
𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕
(Proof) 𝛁𝛁(𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱) = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞𝑗𝑗 � 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝐞𝐞𝑘𝑘 = 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑘𝑘 𝛿𝛿𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝜕𝜕 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
= 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝐞𝐞 = 𝑔𝑔𝑗𝑗 𝛿𝛿𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖 𝐞𝐞𝑖𝑖 = 𝐠𝐠
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
Therefore we now have,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 Since 𝜌𝜌 is constant for
𝜌𝜌 𝛁𝛁 + 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 = −𝛁𝛁𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌𝛁𝛁 𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 the incompressible fluid,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 Since 𝜌𝜌 is constant for
𝜌𝜌 𝛁𝛁 + 𝛁𝛁 𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 = −𝛁𝛁𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌𝛁𝛁 𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 the incompressible fluid,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
𝛁𝛁 𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 + 𝑝𝑝 − 𝜌𝜌𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱 = 0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
Therefore the quantity within the bracket must be a function of time only and we have,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 + 𝑝𝑝 − 𝜌𝜌𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
Here we should note that 𝐺𝐺(𝑡𝑡) means that the value is the same everywhere for each
time. If the gravity vector is given as 𝐠𝐠 = −𝑔𝑔𝐞𝐞𝑧𝑧 and 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑥𝑥𝐞𝐞𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦𝐞𝐞𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧𝐞𝐞𝑧𝑧
as shown in the figure below, then 𝐠𝐠 � 𝐱𝐱 = −𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 + 𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑡𝑡)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2
• At steady state, we have
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 1
𝜌𝜌 + 𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 � 𝐮𝐮 + 𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 𝐺𝐺(𝑡𝑡) 𝑝𝑝 + 𝜌𝜌 𝐮𝐮 2
+ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = constant
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 2 2
→ Bernoulli’s theorem
→ Bernoulli’s theorem: the pressure energy + kinetic energy + potential
energy = constant if there is no energy loss.
