Compuder Orgavzation gDesig
pATE
(Havd ware of the compue
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Compuler Oyganization (Snput ’ cPU-2Qutpyt)
Computer Anehitectue Snstuctions me kept"ie
manigactuin
Computer Desiqn (site1nal átiucuve)
CPU
RAM Cache
>Registex is the fastest memony
Attendan@- s
CA -QS Oigital £letionis?tVey.
MTE-A0 Operating cktleduxe
Computei áyste J pok
ETE-50
CA1- Handutten.
fext Books
1 Compualei áystem architedare ay MoITiS
I | Digital Computeas (o.o11)
dscIele value
Digital - ACinnitedRo of
Bit - Abinany digi. appkcalion sJw
Program - Sequene 8 instuctons Application
otefoe
Applicatian Slu Operatin
Sy[tem
D6Suasd prncessoy, spread shet
withtaduare
to
aystem slw (9% the interfacç
windows Linux} (ompilers, tompaterH)
Ba[ic Or¡anisatian af a Compute eM SM RAHardPn
dis
uttt
fMemeit JOutputnit
LU
arthmetie Logic
Untt
DATE
PAGE
Memory
Ldevicei
Computer Harduaxe
CPU
Memay
ProqramMemoy(RaM)
Data Memoiy (RAm)
os is PLsLcondaus Mermaxy
1-3 Logic qates
ADC( Analag to Digital onversion):
digital
Nanne Funcion Truth table
X-A-B.
AND
(Mtipy
OP
AfB
tatdition)
r9de
Ontythe
stotoge
elert
Act as
mem
DATE
PAGE
Name Function Truth tashe
NANO AX
(AND +NOT) X=(AB)
NOR A A8X|
(OR+NOT)
Bubhled ot
XOR X=A6 A18x
fexclusive OR) X
XNOR X-(AB)ALAlx
(Exclusive NORB X
\or Equivalence X=aB'tAB
Combindional cicuits(cc)
An thé output
Speed is fat
depends only apon prsnt input
deaigntd easy
<his is time îndepende
Thexe ave no clocks Gno triggeling Toreplee
ai Sncodex, DecodeL Full addey te nt
Ip+y
Sequential Cculs tatte Vnet, stade
4n this butput depends upon pesent as uell as
past inpt ,Memerg
elenent
&pee d is slow Comparative to CC
slo compaative
There eiists a fecdaack 6lw Input4 Cutpt
’ This s time dependent 1 Lip-flop's, Counters
DATE
PAGE
hee is cocks Gtriggeling concept
Eip-FLop
a sEquentiae
he st oinge cicut
elements employed in clocked.
Abinary cell capalkale af oing one Git af infanaie
6uilaing pflop
Basil
(NORN
aSR Latch Gutpt (aö+))
HoCd (no change)
Reset
Set
nuatdt trateteminde
SET
cloc R
SR Elip Eops [setReset
SET
aK(3ack king) E;E
3Rtput
K a n t i u o
Hola
Reset
Set
Togge duetofeedbas
Race rMaster lae
slipflop
DATE
PAGE
(Data) F|E
* Combinatiünal cicuts
output0 gate
Asequeniial circuts
K
LR
Ouiput
Nochange
Toggle
Master-save D(Data)£{E
D 9 Masterslave
'Master PlF 1
"alave F/r"
set
þctk
K
Reset K K
At cne
owe can aud race piablem 6y daing edge triggerg
ather than Covel triggering
DATE
PAGE
Sup time (aDns)
Minimunn time that n inpul must Teman at
consianl vaue before the tonsition:
Hald tie (Sns)
Minimum time that ninput must nál change
after the pasttive transition
Pigpogation dlay Gmai 50ns)
Tine blu the clock input 6 the response in Q
any message 4for secuity puupase
Encoder G decoders axe used
|Decader is a conbingtional eicuit which takes
outts
Snpats
ARpications
a f decade
15 f318 Binay to octol
Binay to Hetadecimal
40 > Binary to decimal
44 ninpits then antpits mill be a .
Tuth table of Decoder C³ND &, onautput
MSB ignikiant
Most
LSR Least iqnificant bt
94all Enable
are O.
is h then evexytking (Oudat 9xpulsl
DATE
PAGE
Decoder is sepansible to _pet fo1m the perations
perform
DoAdd D,ub Dg Muti D,Diviáon
Saplanation
38
Decodet
1
Encodex (oRgate)
Reexse of deco deY
Encoder is a combinatiomal ciscuit which takes
8 uputs
a inputs qives n ntputs 3’ Qutpts
Tuth table ofEncodex
4npts Outputs
AA1A,
’0
Ez for decodex EM adio, cable set-top bor etc
incodei GdecoaerS ane used to conveit daa fom-conmuone
fotm to another fotm frequently,
niation in tele etc.
used netw0rkin9
DATE
PAGE
Multiplei (x: television)
4. theie are inputs then oulput is I:
n,n0-of select Ctnes
* Role of Mullipleze is te
Le 4eeive the information
I from different senders E
deiever t to its oput
Sa ndicntes L$B
S, Indicates MsB
D
DeMultinlexeY
Reveise ofMultipleier
| ’ nput
’|Rale of demmtiplexex ks to raeive inkpfmation fiom
Gne ine Anpaif nd deliver it tota many dutput
Cines
Mutipleser demultiple1et deicó ae wscd for
applities
(D+D) AC
AB+
(A)taB[ctc) A'B+ABc't
ABc
(AtB) c(aB+A) A'BC+AC9
soption
g A6
ABt
tSB MSB
rchitecture Compute1 inOut Ean e nFan
Poralel \
1
SL
able 1yuta(B4SR) Regislex Bidirectional
shift
Out) Pavale! (Paralkel
Sn PIPo 4
Qut) erial (Paialel
n PISO 3-
3:
Outast) Parallel (serial
n $IPO a
operatio
nsaitkmetic Vtöpakoim
gn aia Register
Cut eial fip{Lops: hift ofes
collectiom
of Registei
is
consisls
of devices ciícuit
or the Registes:
is t
+B'L
oahon
0tBePB
Booleon'
dwS k
PAGE
ATE
CCBCBt BA
cgeñt ACC hBC+ BtAACt AA
(B+c) +BÃ+BC)
LM$=(AA+AC
(At)CAtc)(8tc)=
+C) (AtB)
(À Theorm
RHS =
AB+AC
AC() AB(1)
+
B(L4c)+Âc(+B)
BCA BCAt ACt AB+
AC
A3t BC= AC+Consenss AB
Law (heoxm1,
ABay
$umAB
AnputsOutputs,
carYy C
Output) anput<a fa
-Adder Half
cany' dierent
n areAddey Half-Addet
full f
0
table Truth A+B'+*(A8c)':
c
e-Morqan'
[Link] s Law,Absorpliom Law,Consensus HWw
PAGE
DATE
ABAbt
NOR NAND
XNÓR AOR’
N0TNOT
AND lawDuality 0R fh
Tuuth,taale
x'+y!
Demogan'
(aw s
0
AB4 A
AtB =G +A
AC+AB+BC
AR4AC+
'B+
6)( BC (Af Rns
PAGE
DATE
DATE
PAGE
- (Õ+ B) + (AtB)
AB+AB
:_ABq+A8C+A8C
-(A+B+C)(ñ+8tc)(A+B+c)
(X+9+2)(+y+2)(+a)=0
$hift Registes
qLSO Setal An seial Out shift Registey
IPA Seial n rallel Out shift fegister
Pr^O: Rayalel gn Seial Out Reaistlr
pIPO: Parallel 4n Pavalel. Qut Kegistez
Bidiectioaal shift Regiser
tniversal qhift RegiAe
hift Register Cauter
Reqigter ianseiu
To staie he data
4
inside the ceU
cc ç sccan he used to create
eLaing ingutions
sime diatal sustem
Khese aie the Los (eel Guilaing hlocks aaital
COmputer
qut einal hgduinye orairation of oa diqilal compue
HSeqnene hf micxnoperalions peomed mbinay
inapimalina
RTL'
sloed in segislens
AcBryeieuge
toc fox desribing the internal
DATE
PAGE
Regiders ae desianated by capital (etters, sometim
foflewed 5y nunbens (ia A;IR_RI3)
offen the Rames indíate" function
MÁR Memaly acdiESS Tcqistez
Sstaes the nddress of iemy opexands of
cuSTenlly 1ecuting instuiois
't is iegister which consisls o addiess of
mezl
ert excaating instructions
gR: nsudien cqister
Luienly eiccating instiuctions ae stered
in this egater
Tcqistor
porton of axeqister
-a ail afa tegister
Common ways aofArauing the block diagram
afa registe
m Registei howing hdäidual bits
R1 +6 S 4 3 2 | 0
94 thexe axe m Variables then g i s numbey
of 6tts.
15 87
Ra PC()PC ()
Numbring of bits Higher byte owe Gye
number system
Range of hcadecimal. is 0 to E
Ahe contents of ane yegistex to anotha
15 a aislex7souIce
tansfexaqister
gn this case the conlents of 1eister R1 arc
destindtion Teqistei
DATE
PAGE
copíed into 1eqister RweoecodenQve
gelect
Tmcugh Multplexer ue ca which is souYce
xcgi ster s dstinaticn 1qiste.
|Mu Muz Mulo
3210
Data is tiansfet
Htthttt aTOndingto thet
pin number
¢ Noof multiplexesNo of bcts
IMu 3
in a register
k*Kanee state ouffeY gate *&ie of each mutiplerA:k
k data inesin each
9pericut
Disabe
state
enço
bHih tmaped
Memo Aiansfer
DRE-M[ARJ DR-’ M[AR
Read1pata out
freRead/ahite Cineepyesents
RAN
SiZe
DatatnData ut
Readuit
contrel
ine
Kines
MiciogiocessOLS WR
t i v e
lo
p i n
RAM CPU
DATE
PAGE
AD,ADa
enl 1educe hardul are cost
Huw
AL GDL is uniditectional| bidixetänale
cl is unidisectional / bidiyectiona,
n 8985 MicoprOCeSS0y:
Addsess Cines 16. ADo Ag-is
Data Gines 8
Addess Cines &0
Data Cines il6
KALE, DL 4n mictoprocessors ike the intel B085 ¬ 80S6
are typicoally unídiectiomal: rhis means that dota
flos in one diection alon. these Cines:
Address Cines
These are used ta specify the menoy addes of the
data to be aceSsed..
Data Cines:
Hpata Cines are used to tansmit data Glw the
miciOproce S50Y Qnd memony oÝ sthe deyices:
Contaa Cines in a micopíocesSo1 system can be aoth
unidiredtisnal and bidiectional
dapanding on theiy
specifit fncions theldesiqn of tae syiemon
are ised to sendcnntxot signals fiom ane
Companenl to anothty in asgle diectn:
Are usal for communicaticin 6lw Comp0nents
that need to erchange control infotmation in
6oth diections
completely connect n egisters -’ nn) Cines
DAI
PAGE
Coonecting
Bus
Registes -Bus rontey
Select W Do D, Da Dy E(enalle)
acade
Memasy
Read
fsanger
Write Operations
MRMemons aword specified oy 1eg R.
MMEquivalent to maR
Mictaapeiotions (MO)
Computer sysem micnopetations ae af four types:
Register tianster MD
Athmetic MO.
3 Logic MO
3+
4 e t miciogpexations
a's complement e-ve of a umoer
Adding al to
LSB O1o als Complemert of 1o1
Ba's complement <
'Bo-B'
ye's a's -8
ptus
Contents of R Qnd Ra taneeedto R3
R3< Ri-R Contents of RI mins Ra tamsfened
to R3
Rat-Ral of Ra
Complement the colentstransferred
Complement of R to
Tao's
DATE
PAGE
Ainay Adder
4-aits Ainay Adder
1Full adder -hts sum + p1eYious caTTY
finay adder the nithmete Sum oftsn binaiy
FA FAkFA FAkCo
FA; Ful addet
Bock diagam af u-Bit Binay Adder
Ainiy addei -auotaatox: (Hexe we take xOR gate)
the opvation
Made input Mcontols A+0+8
M=0---addey S&M-B AB AddeY
Mzl"-subtact 6@M:B
6inaly GmciementeL
HA HA
C
53
tntoLL00 (AS coaplemtnl)
olo100L
O10100 10
a's camplemeni S in g Gits
M`B= -1a8 +(2): -1S
I:-128+1S
= 13
1 1
64+32+164
s complement af -15 is 11110001
DATE
PAGE
Cl Gas GatesiAND,0R,NOT
DLsal gales NAND, AND:OR
liadsie Gates xOR and MOR
Gitwisenon sirae
Logic Micxogpesatims (alauays bilaise)
togic o conder each bit of the 1aqister sepatately
teat them as Ginaly variables
PL:RLe-RLORA
1O10 Conternt of Ri
|o0 Content of R2
al l0 Content of RI ofter P
PtoR RatR3
Mogisgl aitanetic
Add
tse)
cleai nhen all bts aie set to o
Treset:tlhen all aits ate set to
ingbk
21clock
Logic 1)
Any pin akich is having ba on it unks on Caqic a.
Hardware mplementation
B}
DATE
PAGE
function tble
ss, 0utput -apealion
oFAnAND
XOR
Camplement
We use multiplees for pexfpsning apcialion Cike
addition, suatacion etc
i-2iimum nu
numt
DATE
Civcul hift
dn cculav shift the serial input is the oit that
is shifted out of the other end of the segislel.
cli ciCular shift ight
ell scincular chift et
Atkngticahift
A1igit arhmdtic shif bpexation aign ilnevex
Rf R(n-2)
diqnoit
+Ve
-Ve
Dating gignt shift data is diided 6ya
Duxing left shift dota is diided mutiplicd 6y Q
Overflw always acuY at eft shift Geause
Duiing Cet säit sign it chanqe
[R(n-1 Rn-) Qutput
Overflos
L xORgate
R(n-)R(n-a)-I Oveflow
overflou
4f there is overflauflag!
df theie is no overflaw Vg}=flag o
ashl for an arithinetic shift t
ash
for an aithmetic shift right
DATE
PAGE
ota is
movire
serial gnput (IR) (Right) sz0 sufl igt sdouna.
ahift eft data s
Haidujae Graplementation af lpujaras
Axatametic Ccut G,Logic Cicit
S3 |Output
A1tametid
Lagie
shY
Harduare gonplemeniation (shifteY)
function Table
Select Output
S H H3
IR AL A2
