Devshala/StudyGuide/SCEPB/2025

Strategic Council on Emerging Power Blocs Distr.: Limited

Gitanjali Devshala School
Secunderabad, Hyderabad Original: English

AGENDA:
A Subcontinental Vortex: India’s Multifront Security Crisis

Note: This Background Guide is formulated with the pure intention to

educate the Delegate(s) of the context of the situation at hand. It’s
content(s) do not express/represent the opinion of, in any way shape or
form of the Executive Board, The Gitanjali Devshala School, Secunderabad
and or The Secretariat.

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 Letter From The Executive Board

Greetings Delegates,
At the outset, we would like to inform you that it gives us immense pleasure to
welcome you all to the simulation of a new committee, unconventional that involves
a delicate touch of diplomacy and lots of brainstorming with the ever-evolving
situations in this world we call home.
This is the Strategic Council on Emerging Power Blocs, a committee where multiple
Inter-governmental organizations come to together in a single room to discuss on the
issues surrounding the Indian Front.
Throughout the conference, we will be addressing the Agenda: A Subcontinental
Vortex: India’s Multifront Security Crisis. This simulation shall be adhering to the
UNA-USA Rules of Procedures, with a few necessary amendments which are required
for the easy functioning of the committee. The sole purpose of preparing this
background guide is to deliver an insight into the committee as well as the agenda to
the delegates. To begin with, this guide will serve as the knowledge repository and
will serve as a map for you to navigate through the mass of information which you
may come across in your preparation for the conference.
But the research is far from over with this guide. The Executive Board will be thrilled
to hear from you all, adding a number of new areas to the agenda and presenting
strong arguments. As the term "guide" suggests, it will not give you all the
information on the current agenda; you will need to do more than just read these
documents. Furthermore, it's important to realize that in a setting this competitive,
we don't care about the laws or figures you read throughout your research. Instead,
we advise you to examine these facts and discuss how your nation views the
applicability of these laws.
[Link]
Rishab Rachakonda (Chairperson)
V. Jishnu (Vice-Chairperson)
Haniya (Rapporteur)

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Table of Contents
Letter From The Executive Board ................................................................................................................................. 2
Points To Remember ............................................................................................................................................................4
Foreign Policy: ......................................................................................................................................................................4
Role of the Executive Board: .......................................................................................................................................4
Nature of Source/Evidence: .........................................................................................................................................4
About SCEPB.............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Mandate ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Methods of Work and Organization:................................................................................................................. 5
Blocs In SPECB: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) ............................................................................................................. 6
SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) ...................................................................................................... 7
BRICS ..........................................................................................................................................................................................8
OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) ........................................................................................................ 9
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ..................................................................................................... 10
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) ........................................................................................ 10
G20 (Group of Twenty) ................................................................................................................................................... 11
Exploring the Indian Picture: ......................................................................................................................................... 13
I. India-Pakistan Border Conflict: Kashmir ....................................................................................................... 13
II. India’s Border Disputes with China ................................................................................................................. 14
III. Refugee Flows from Myanmar and Bangladesh .................................................................................. 15
Timeline: ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Rules of Procedure: .............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Sample Directive:.............................................................................................................................................................. 19

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 Points To Remember
Foreign Policy: Following the foreign policy of one’s country is the most important aspect
of a Model UN Conference. This is what essentially differentiates a Model UN from other
debating formats. To violate one’s foreign policy without adequate reason is one of the worst
mistakes a delegate can make, with reference to this, we shall be instituting a bloc policy. A
bloc policy is essentially sticking to the mandate of the delegates respective bloc’s. Mandate’s
of Each bloc have been mentioned in this guide to further ideate delegats.

Role of the Executive Board: The Executive Board is appointed to facilitate debate. The
committee shall decide the direction and flow of debate. The delegates are the ones who
constitute the committee and hence must be uninhibited while presenting their
opinions/stance on any issue. However, the Executive Board may put forward questions
and/or ask for clarifications at all points of time to further debate and test participants.

Nature of Source/Evidence: This Background Guide is meant solely for research

purposes and must not be cited as evidence to substantiate statements made during the
conference. Evidence or proof for substantiating statements made during formal debate is
acceptable from the following sources:

1. Document Types: Documents from international organizations like OIC, NAFTA, SAARC,
BRICS, EU, ASEAN, the International Criminal Court, etc. may also be presented as credible
sources of information.

2. Government Reports: These reports can be used in a similar way as the State Operated
News Agencies reports and can, in all circumstances, be denied by another country.

3. News Sources:
3.1. Reuters: Any Reuters article that clearly makes mention of the fact or is in contradiction
of the fact being stated by a delegate in council.

3.2. State operated News Agencies: These reports can be used in the support of or against the
State that owns the News Agency. These reports, if credible or substantial enough, can be
used in support of or against any country as such but in that situation, may be denied by any
other country in the council. Some examples are – RIA Novosti (Russian Federation), Xinhua
News Agency (People’s Republic of China), etc.

Please Note- Reports from NGOs working with UNESCO, UNICEF and other UN bodies will be
accepted. Under no circumstances will sources like Wikipedia, or newspapers like the
Guardian, Times of India, etc. be accepted. However, not withstanding the criteria for
acceptance of sources and evidence, delegates are still free to quote/cite from any source as
they deem fit as a part of their statements.

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 About SCEPB
Mandate
The Strategic Council on Emerging Power Blocs (SCEPB) is a mixed crisis committee intended
to replicate how ascendant power groups manage conflicts and crises internationally,
promoting coalition formation and flexible diplomacy among participants. It functions as an
interactive crisis simulation, where situations progress in real-time according to delegate
actions, mirroring the actual trend of multilateral partnerships.

Essential Functions and Range:

The SCEPB takes into account all geopolitical disputes, economic downturns, humanitarian
crises, and technological issues that require united actions from significant strategic groups.
It covers matters pertaining to:

Global Peace and Security: Tackling dangers to worldwide and regional stability,
encompassing military tensions, territorial disagreements, and averting larger conflicts.

Worldwide Economic Management: Addressing financial emergencies, trade conflicts,

supply chain interruptions, and demands for reform within global economic organizations.

Humanitarian Issues: Organizing assistance, addressing refugee situations, and overseeing

disaster relief in complicated emergencies intensified by conflict or natural events.

Cybersecurity and Information Warfare: Creating approaches for digital fortitude,

combating state-backed cyberattacks, and handling misinformation initiatives.

Strategic Arms Regulation: Examining methods for de-escalation, risk mitigation among
nuclear states, and the future of arms regulation in a multipolar environment.

Resource Security: Tackling rivalries over essential resources, energy distribution, and
ecological issues with geopolitical consequences.

Methods of Operation and Framework:

The SCEPB meetings adopt a crisis committee format, highlighting flexibility and swift
decision-making.

Methods of Work and Organization:

The SCEPB meetings adopt a crisis committee style, prioritizing quick responses and swift
decision-making. Essential elements of its operational approaches comprise:

Ongoing Moderated Caucus: The committee upholds a list of speakers, promoting brief
remarks and discussions, ensuring a swift tempo.

Dynamic Crisis Updates: Unforeseen incidents are periodically announced by the

Chairs/Crisis Staff, compelling delegates to adapt their responses.

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Action-Driven Outcomes: In contrast to conventional MUN, SCEPB does not generate a
solitary resolution. Rather, representatives create various directives (official, action-focused
proposals needing bloc agreement and majority approval), communiqués (official
declarations by a bloc or the full council), and press releases (public statements intended to
sway public perception).

Bloc Representation: Each delegation signifies a complete strategic bloc or alliance (e.g., a
Western Alliance, an Eastern Coalition, a Global South coalition), instead of representing
single nations. Delegates in the same group align their strategies and voting, while rival
blocs might partner on particular matters.

Regulatory and Directional Structure:

Although SCEPB is a tailored simulation rather than a genuine UN committee, delegates

must base their proposals on established principles of international law and precedent. The
committee's authority may overtly or subtly reference principles from the UN Charter (e.g.,
Article 2 on sovereign equality, Article 51 on collective self-defense, Article 41 on sanctions)
and additional international treaties. A "working charter" outlining SCEPB's core principles
could be offered by the Chairs to ground discussions in practical reasoning.

Blocs In SPECB:
QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)
• Members in this Committee: United States, India, Japan, Australia

• Official Mandate: The QUAD functions as an informal strategic forum, uniting four
prominent democracies with a shared commitment to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-
Pacific. Its mandate extends beyond mere dialogue to fostering practical cooperation
on regional security, upholding democratic values, promoting international law, and
reinforcing a rules-based international order, particularly concerning maritime
domains.

• Expanded Role: While initially conceived as a humanitarian response mechanism

following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the QUAD has significantly evolved to
address the contemporary strategic challenges of the Indo-Pacific. Its role now
encompasses robust military cooperation through joint naval exercises (like Malabar),
enhancing interoperability, sharing intelligence on maritime domain awareness, and
coordinating defense strategies. Beyond traditional security, it actively addresses
critical and emerging technologies, cyber threats, infrastructure development, climate
change, and global health initiatives, all with an implicit focus on balancing growing
regional influence.

• Core Purpose: To collectively safeguard peace, stability, and prosperity across the
Indo-Pacific. This involves deterring aggression, ensuring freedom of navigation and
overflight, promoting economic connectivity, and strengthening resilience against
various threats, thereby maintaining a regional balance of power.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Direct Support for India: Given India's central role and membership, QUAD
would be India's primary security partner bloc. The U.S., Japan, and Australia
would likely express strong diplomatic support for India against both Chinese
and Pakistani aggression.

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 o Maritime Security & China: With China's involvement, the QUAD's focus on
Indo-Pacific maritime security becomes paramount. It would likely coordinate
naval patrols, intelligence sharing, and potentially joint exercises in the Indian
Ocean to deter Chinese naval expansion or blockade attempts, thereby
ensuring critical sea lanes remain open.

o Cyber & Tech Cooperation: The QUAD's established channels for cyber
security cooperation would be activated to assist India in defending against
and attributing cyberattacks from China and Pakistan, potentially sharing
threat intelligence and defensive capabilities.

o Economic Impact Mitigation: While not its primary mandate, QUAD members
would coordinate efforts to mitigate the economic fallout of the crisis,
particularly concerning disrupted supply chains that flow through the Indo-
Pacific, potentially seeking alternative routes or stockpiling critical goods.

o Humanitarian Assistance: Leveraging its origins, QUAD could coordinate

humanitarian and disaster relief efforts for Bangladesh and Eastern India,
offering logistical support, medical aid, and financial assistance, particularly
from its members' robust disaster response agencies.

o Diplomatic Pressure: Individually and collectively, QUAD members would

exert significant diplomatic pressure on China and Pakistan through
multilateral forums (UN, G7, etc.) to de-escalate the conflict, condemn
aggression, and uphold international law.

SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)

• Members in this Committee: China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan

• Official Mandate: The SCO is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organization
with a broad mandate focused on regional security, counter-terrorism, combating
separatism and extremism ("the three evils"), and fostering economic cooperation
among its member states. It champions the principle of non-interference in internal
affairs and promotes a multipolar world order.

• Expanded Role: The SCO regularly organizes joint military drills (e.g., "Peace Mission"),
shares intelligence on security threats, and provides a framework for diplomatic and
economic dialogue. It serves as a platform for member states to address regional
challenges, including Afghanistan's stability, and to coordinate policies on global
issues, often offering an alternative perspective to Western-led initiatives. Its
economic dimension aims to enhance trade, investment, and infrastructure
connectivity across Eurasia.

• Core Purpose: To promote and maintain regional peace, stability, and security across
the vast Eurasian landmass, while fostering deeper political, economic, and cultural
ties that contribute to a more balanced and multipolar international system.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Internal Conflict & Neutrality Challenge: The most significant challenge is the
direct conflict between three of its key members: India, China, and Pakistan.
The SCO's mandate of "regional peace and stability" would be severely tested.
The bloc itself might become paralyzed by its members' warring interests, or
it could serve as a highly contentious platform for internal negotiations, where
non-belligerent members (Russia, Kazakhstan) try to mediate.

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 o China-Pakistan Coordination: Within the SCO framework, China and Pakistan
would likely try to leverage their shared membership to coordinate strategies,
justify their actions, and potentially seek support from Russia or Kazakhstan
against India.

o Russia's Pivotal Role: Russia, a key member of SCO (and BRICS), would find
itself in a delicate position. As a major arms supplier to both India and China,
and with strategic interests in Central Asia and a desire to counter Western
influence, Russia might try to mediate or at least avoid taking a definitive side,
pushing for an SCO-led de-escalation framework.

o Alternative Peacekeeping: If it can overcome internal divisions, SCO could

theoretically propose its own peacekeeping or monitoring mechanisms for the
India-Pakistan border, or offer security guarantees for humanitarian aid to
Bangladesh, as an alternative to UN or Western-led interventions.

o Countering Western Intervention: SCO, particularly driven by China and

Russia, would strongly push back against any Western-led sanctions, military
interventions, or attempts to impose solutions on the subcontinent,
emphasizing non-interference and regional solutions.

BRICS
• Members in this Committee: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

• Official Mandate: BRICS operates as a forum for economic cooperation and aims to
reform the global financial architecture to provide a stronger voice and fairer
representation for emerging economies and the Global South. Its mandate extends to
promoting sustainable development and fostering mutually beneficial partnerships.

• Expanded Role: BRICS actively promotes South-South cooperation, facilitating trade

in local currencies to reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar, and implementing joint
investment projects. A key achievement is the establishment of the New Development
Bank (NDB), which provides significant infrastructure and sustainable development
funding to member and non-member developing countries. It also has a Contingent
Reserve Arrangement (CRA) to provide financial support during times of crisis. BRICS
champions a multipolar world order and often takes unified stances on global
governance issues.

• Core Purpose: To enhance the collective influence of major emerging economies on

the global stage, challenge existing hegemonies, reduce systemic risks, and foster
inclusive economic growth and development for the Global South.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Economic Fallout Mitigation: BRICS would be crucial in addressing the

economic ramifications of the crisis. It could offer financial aid packages
through the NDB to countries affected by the conflict or the cyclone (like
Bangladesh), support trade finance, and discuss mechanisms to stabilize
commodity markets impacted by the crisis.

o Sanctions Resistance: As a bloc that often pushes back against Western-

imposed sanctions, BRICS would likely condemn any sanctions placed on China
or Pakistan by Western blocs. Members might explore alternative trade routes
or financial mechanisms to circumvent such sanctions.

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 o "De-dollarization" Push: The crisis could be used by some BRICS members
(especially China and Russia) to accelerate calls for de-dollarization, promoting
trade in local currencies or strengthening the NDB as an alternative to
IMF/World Bank.

o Internal Divisions (India, China, Russia): Similar to SCO, BRICS would face
significant internal tensions due to the direct conflict involving India and
China. Brazil and South Africa would likely push for de-escalation and
humanitarian aid, potentially mediating or leveraging the NDB for
reconstruction efforts. Russia's position would be complex, balancing its ties
with both India and China.

o Development of Defense Technologies: BRICS could collectively defend the

right of its members to develop and acquire their own defense technologies,
potentially pushing back against arms embargoes or technology transfer
restrictions imposed by other blocs.

OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)

• Members in this Committee: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia

• Official Mandate: The OIC is the second-largest inter-governmental organization after

the United Nations, mandated to protect and promote the interests of Muslim-majority
nations and communities worldwide. It seeks to foster Islamic solidarity and enhance
cooperation in political, economic, social, cultural, and scientific fields.

• Expanded Role: The OIC plays a significant role in addressing humanitarian crises
affecting Muslim populations globally, advocating for Muslim communities facing
discrimination or conflict, and calling for international solidarity on refugee and
conflict issues. It also engages in economic cooperation, cultural exchange, and
promoting interfaith dialogue. Its resolutions and statements often carry significant
weight among its 57 member states.

• Core Purpose: To safeguard and protect the vital interests of the Muslim world,
support international peace and security, and contribute to justice and harmony
among various peoples.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Humanitarian Response: With the Bangladesh cyclone and potential migration

to India, OIC would be a crucial actor in coordinating humanitarian aid efforts,
advocating for refugee rights, and calling for safe passage for displaced
populations, particularly Muslim migrants. Pakistan's role as a direct party in
the conflict (and an OIC member) complicates this.

o Advocacy for Muslim Populations: OIC would likely raise concerns about the
safety and well-being of Muslim communities in Kashmir and other affected
areas due to the conflict with India, potentially calling for independent
investigations or access for international observers.

o Mediation and Ceasefire Calls: The OIC could play a diplomatic role, calling
for immediate ceasefires between India and Pakistan, and offering its good
offices for mediation. Key members like Saudi Arabia and Turkey might lead
these efforts.

o Internal Dynamics: Pakistan's direct involvement in the conflict creates a

significant challenge for the OIC. Other members (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt,

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 Indonesia) would have to navigate between supporting Pakistan as a fellow OIC
member and advocating for broader de-escalation and humanitarian
principles. This could lead to internal bloc divisions.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

• Members in this Committee: United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Turkey

• Official Mandate: NATO's fundamental mandate is collective defense, enshrined in

Article 5 of its founding treaty, which states that an attack against one member is an
attack against all. Beyond collective defense, its mandate includes crisis management
and cooperative security through political and military means, promoting democratic
values, and deterring threats.

• Expanded Role: NATO engages in joint defense planning, regular military exercises to
enhance interoperability, intelligence-sharing, and operations ranging from
peacekeeping and disaster relief to counter-terrorism. Its role extends to projecting
stability beyond its immediate borders and adapting to new threats like cyber warfare
and hybrid tactics.

• Core Purpose: To protect the freedom and security of its member nations through
political and military means, ensuring a stable and secure Euro-Atlantic area.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Global Stability Concerns: As the world's most powerful military alliance,

NATO would be deeply concerned about a major military conflict involving
nuclear powers in Asia. Its primary interest would be global stability, ensuring
open trade routes, and preventing escalation.

o Sanctions and Diplomatic Pressure: NATO members would be key players in

coordinating and implementing international sanctions against any perceived
aggressor (e.g., China or Pakistan) and exerting strong diplomatic pressure for
de-escalation.

o Intelligence Sharing: NATO members, particularly the U.S. and UK, would
likely share intelligence with India or other allies regarding Chinese and
Pakistani military movements and cyber threats.

o Humanitarian Aid Coordination: Individual NATO members, with strong

logistical capabilities, would contribute significantly to humanitarian aid and
disaster relief efforts in Bangladesh and affected Indian regions.

o Cyber Defense Cooperation: NATO has robust cyber defense capabilities and
would likely offer technical assistance or intelligence to India to counter
cyberattacks.

o Turkey's Dual Role: Turkey's membership in both NATO and OIC presents a
unique dynamic. It might try to balance its commitments to collective defense
with its solidarity with Islamic nations, potentially playing a mediating role or
advocating for specific humanitarian outcomes.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

• Members in this Committee: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Philippines

• Official Mandate: ASEAN promotes regional stability, economic growth, social

progress, and cultural development in Southeast Asia. Its mandate emphasizes

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 diplomacy, dialogue, and consensus to resolve regional disputes peacefully and
maintain the region's neutrality and resilience amidst great power competition.

• Expanded Role: ASEAN actively engages in economic integration (e.g., ASEAN Free
Trade Area), cultural exchange, and fostering regional security dialogues (e.g., ASEAN
Regional Forum, East Asia Summit). It plays a central role in shaping the regional
architecture, mediating disputes among its members, and maintaining a delicate
balance in relations with major external powers. Its "ASEAN Way" emphasizes non-
interference and consensus-based decision-making.

• Core Purpose: To maintain peace, security, and shared prosperity in the Southeast
Asian region, fostering a sense of community and ensuring the region remains free
from external domination.

• Relevance to the Agenda:

o Regional Stability & Trade: ASEAN members are highly dependent on stable
trade routes through the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Any conflict
involving India and China would directly threaten their economic prosperity
and regional stability. They would be vocal advocates for de-escalation and
peaceful resolution.

o Mediation Efforts: ASEAN's established role as a neutral mediator in regional

disputes could see them offering to facilitate dialogue between the warring
parties, potentially leveraging their relationships with both India and China.

o Humanitarian Concerns: Given their proximity to Bangladesh and Eastern

India, ASEAN members would be directly concerned about any refugee flows
or humanitarian crises, likely offering assistance and coordinating with
international bodies.

o "Neutrality" vs. Alignment: While generally neutral, individual ASEAN

members may lean towards one side or the other based on their own strategic
interests (e.g., Vietnam's stance on China). The bloc would strive for a unified,
non-aligned position, but internal debates could occur.

G20 (Group of Twenty)

• Members in this Committee: United States, Germany, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Brazil,
South Africa, Mexico

• Official Mandate: The G20 is the premier forum for international economic
cooperation. Its mandate is to discuss and coordinate policies on critical global
economic issues, including financial stability, climate change, sustainable
development, and trade.

• Expanded Role: The G20 brings together the world's major advanced and emerging
economies to address global challenges that go beyond the mandate of any one
organization. It produces communiqués and action plans on a wide range of economic,
financial, social, and environmental issues, aiming to achieve strong, sustainable,
balanced, and inclusive global growth. While not a military or security bloc, its
members represent a significant portion of global GDP and population, giving its
economic pronouncements significant weight.

• Core Purpose: To foster robust global economic growth and stability through policy
coordination, addressing challenges that impact the global economy and beyond.

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 • Relevance to the Agenda:

o Economic Impact Assessment: The G20 would be the primary forum for
assessing the global economic fallout from the multi-front crisis, including
impacts on commodity prices (oil, food), trade disruptions, and potential for
recession.

o Financial Stability Measures: G20 members would coordinate financial

responses, such as currency stabilization, liquidity support, and potentially
discussing debt relief for countries severely impacted by the crisis and its
economic consequences (like Bangladesh if its economy collapses).

o Humanitarian Funding: While not a direct aid provider, the G20 could be
instrumental in mobilizing financial resources for humanitarian efforts and
reconstruction in affected areas, leveraging the economic power of its
members.

o Trade Route Safeguarding: Although not a military actor, the G20 would
emphasize the importance of maintaining open trade routes and could discuss
economic measures to ensure supply chain resilience.

o Diplomatic Pressure (Economic Leverage): G20 members would use their

collective economic leverage to pressure belligerent parties (India, China,
Pakistan) towards de-escalation, potentially hinting at economic consequences
for continued conflict.

o Internal Divisions: The G20, being a forum of individual states rather than a
strategic bloc, would experience significant internal divisions on the crisis,
with members like the U.S., Germany, and Japan likely condemning aggression,
while Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and South Africa might take more neutral or
economically pragmatic stances.

Additional Key States:

• Ukraine: While not a bloc, Ukraine's experience with territorial conflict and external
aggression would make its statements and calls for international support highly
poignant. It would likely advocate strongly for international law, sovereignty, and
robust responses to aggression, drawing parallels to its own situation.

• Nigeria: As a major African power and significant oil producer, Nigeria would be
concerned about the global economic impact, particularly on energy prices. It would
likely align with the Global South in calling for peace, humanitarian aid, and adherence
to non-interference principles.

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 Exploring the Indian Picture:
I. India-Pakistan Border Conflict: Kashmir
The India-Pakistan border conflict is fundamentally centered on the region of Jammu and
Kashmir, a territory both nations have claimed since their independence from British rule in
1947. The roots of this conflict lie in the political and religious complexities that accompanied
the partition of the subcontinent.
Historical Genesis
When British India was partitioned in August 1947, princely states were given the choice to
join either India or Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir, with a predominantly Muslim population
but a Hindu ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, initially chose to remain independent. This precarious
neutrality was shattered in October 1947 when Pakistani tribesmen, supported by Pakistan,
invaded Kashmir. Facing this incursion, the Maharaja sought military assistance from India
and agreed to sign the Instrument of Accession, formally acceding Kashmir to India. India
interpreted this as a final and legal integration of Kashmir, while Pakistan disputed the
legitimacy of the accession.
The First War and the Line of Control
The accession led to the First Indo-Pakistani War (1947–48). The conflict ended with a United
Nations-mediated ceasefire in 1949, which established a temporary border—later known as
the Line of Control (LoC). This line partitioned the region, with India controlling about two-
thirds (including Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, most of Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier), and
Pakistan controlling the remainder (Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan). Both countries,
however, continued to claim the entire region as their own.
International Involvement and Unresolved Status
The United Nations Security Council, in Resolution 47, called for a referendum to determine
Kashmir’s future, but the conditions for such a plebiscite were never met, and the referendum
was never held. The ceasefire left Kashmir effectively partitioned but its status unresolved,
setting the stage for decades of tension and conflict.
Subsequent Wars and Escalations
The Kashmir dispute has led to multiple wars and skirmishes:

• 1965 War: Pakistan attempted to infiltrate Indian-administered Kashmir, leading to

another full-scale war. The conflict ended with the Tashkent Declaration but did not
resolve the underlying dispute.

• 1971 War: While primarily centered on Bangladesh’s independence, the war further
entrenched the division of Kashmir, with the Simla Agreement formally establishing
the LoC as the de facto border.

• 1999 Kargil Conflict: Armed intruders crossed the LoC into Indian territory, leading
to a limited but intense conflict. The status quo was restored, but the underlying issues
remained unresolved.

Ongoing Tensions and Recent Developments

Kashmir remains one of the world’s most militarized and volatile regions. The area has seen
persistent insurgency, cross-border terrorism, and frequent exchanges of fire. In recent years,

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escalations have included missile strikes, air battles, and deadly terrorist attacks, often
resulting in civilian and military casualties. The conflict has drawn international concern due
to the nuclear capabilities of both India and Pakistan.
Geopolitical and Human Impact
The dispute over Kashmir has not only shaped India-Pakistan relations but has also drawn in
international actors and affected millions of lives. The region’s population has endured
decades of violence, displacement, and uncertainty. The conflict has also complicated India’s
relations with China, which controls parts of the former princely state (notably Aksai Chin),
adding another layer to the territorial dispute.
In summary: The India-Pakistan border conflict over Kashmir is a legacy of partition, marked
by wars, failed diplomatic efforts, and ongoing violence. The region remains divided and
heavily militarized, with both countries maintaining maximalist claims and the local
population caught in the crossfire.

II. India’s Border Disputes with China

Historical and Strategic Context
The Sino-Indian border dispute stems from ambiguous colonial-era agreements, especially the
McMahon Line in the east and the Johnson Line in the west. China’s occupation of Tibet in
the 1950s brought Chinese forces to India’s doorstep, creating one of the world’s longest
undemarcated borders.
Key Disputed Areas

• Aksai Chin (Western Sector): Claimed by India as part of Ladakh, but controlled by
China. China built a strategic road through Aksai Chin in the 1950s, which India
discovered only in 1957. The dispute over Aksai Chin was a major cause of the 1962
Sino-Indian War.

• Arunachal Pradesh (Eastern Sector): Administered by India but claimed by China as

“South Tibet.” The border here, known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC), is
frequently contested.

• Trans-Karakoram Tract: In 1963, Pakistan ceded this territory to China, but India
claims it as part of Jammu and Kashmir.

Evolution of the Dispute

Initially, both India and China avoided pressing the border issue, focusing on diplomatic
engagement. However, China’s construction of the Aksai Chin road and India’s assertion of
the McMahon Line hardened positions. The 1962 war resulted in China consolidating control
over Aksai Chin, while India retained Arunachal Pradesh. Since then, both sides have built up
military infrastructure, leading to periodic standoffs, most recently in Ladakh in 2020–21.
The border remains undemarcated, and both countries frequently accuse each other of
incursions.
The China-India-Pakistan Triangle
The unresolved border disputes have fostered a complex triangular relationship among India,
China, and Pakistan. China’s growing military and economic ties with Pakistan, including
infrastructure projects in disputed areas, add pressure on India’s northern and western
borders. The region is thus marked by overlapping claims, military build-ups, and shifting
alliances, making it a persistent flashpoint.

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III. Refugee Flows from Myanmar and Bangladesh
Eastern Borders: Geography and Ethnic Ties
India’s eastern frontier is characterized by porous borders, ethnic diversity, and challenging
terrain. The 1,643 km border with Myanmar and the 4,096 km border with Bangladesh cut
across hills, forests, and rivers, making surveillance and management difficult.
Refugees from Myanmar

• Causes: Political instability, especially after the 2021 military coup, has led to
widespread violence and persecution in Myanmar. Ethnic minorities, particularly the
Chin and Mizo, have strong cultural and familial ties with communities in India’s
northeast.

• Impact: Over 40,000 refugees from Myanmar have sought shelter in Mizoram and
Manipur. Local support for these refugees is strong due to shared ethnicity, but the
influx strains local resources and complicates security management.

Migration from Bangladesh

• Historical Migration: The India-Bangladesh border has seen decades of migration,

driven by economic hardship, environmental disasters, and communal tensions. The
1971 Bangladesh Liberation War resulted in millions of refugees entering India,
particularly Assam and West Bengal.

• Ongoing Flows: Migration continues due to poverty, climate change, and demographic
pressures in Bangladesh. This has led to demographic shifts, resource competition,
and social tensions in India’s northeast.
Challenges

• Border Management: The difficult terrain and cross-border ethnic ties make fencing
and surveillance challenging.

• Social and Political Impact: Large-scale migration has led to debates over
citizenship, identity, and resource allocation. Periodic violence and political
movements in Assam and other northeastern states reflect these tensions.

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Timeline:
1st May 2025: Reports emerge of increased military patrols and minor skirmishes along the
Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir/Ladakh between India and Pakistan. Both sides accuse the
other of violating ceasefire agreements, escalating diplomatic rhetoric.

15th May 2025: India announces the completion of a strategic all-weather road and a new
high-altitude airbase in a disputed area of Aksai Chin, drawing sharp condemnation from
China. China responds by initiating unprecedented large-scale military exercises in its western
provinces, close to the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

10th June 2025: A highly coordinated cross-border attack by a new, aggressive non-state actor
group targets a major Indian military installation in Jammu and Kashmir. The attack, resulting
in significant casualties, prompts India to vow a "proportionate and decisive response."

15th June 2025: India launches a massive counter-offensive across the LoC against Pakistan,
employing heavy artillery and drone strikes, explicitly targeting alleged militant launch pads
deep within Pakistani-administered territory. Pakistan retaliates with a full-scale
bombardment, launching a surprise armored thrust towards key Indian positions. The conflict
escalates into high-intensity warfare, tying down a significant portion of India's military
might. This immediately strains India (Indo-Pacific Security Alliance), while Pakistan (Sino-
Pakistani Strategic Axis) seeks urgent Chinese backing, publicly accusing India of
orchestrating regional instability.

25th June 2025: A devastating, sophisticated zero-day cyberattack simultaneously cripples

critical financial and essential services infrastructure in the United States, Japan, Germany,
and the UK. Global markets plunge, and major systems are halted. While initial attribution
remains elusive, the attack's complexity and global reach send shivers down the spines of
financial capitals. This immediately impacts Indo-Pacific Security Alliance and NATO/The
Western Alliance directly, and raises concerns within BRICS and Eurasian Strategic Council.

5th July 2025: Taking full advantage of India's forces being heavily committed on the Western
Front and global attention diverted by the cyber crisis, China launches a swift ground and air
offensive directly into Aksai Chin, aiming to solidify its territorial claims. This is preceded by
an unprecedented kinetic anti-satellite (ASAT) test that obliterates an aging weather satellite
over the Indian Ocean, and simultaneously deploys covert, localized satellite jamming
capabilities that temporarily blind India's and its QUAD partners' high-resolution
reconnaissance satellites over the entire Eastern Sector. China (Sino-Pakistani Strategic Axis)
consolidates gains while India (Indo-Pacific Security Alliance) now faces a devastating two-
front war and a new dimension of space warfare. ASEAN expresses extreme alarm, fearing
regional instability and disruptions to vital trade routes.

22nd July 2025: A catastrophic Category 5 Super Cyclone Shakti makes landfall in the Bay of
Bengal, utterly devastating coastal Bangladesh and Eastern India. Widespread flooding,
infrastructure collapse, and mass displacement on an unimaginable scale quickly lead to a
severe refugee crisis as millions seek refuge in India. Amidst the humanitarian disaster and
overwhelmed authorities, armed elements seize control of vulnerable border crossings,
leading to skirmishes and uncontrolled movements. The combined impact of the cyclone and
the ongoing conflicts leads to major disruptions in key maritime trade routes through the Bay
of Bengal. Shipping is halted, ports are crippled, and critical supply chains break, triggering a

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16
global market freefall. Investors in US, UK, and Australia are in absolute panic as stock
markets plummet, facing unprecedented economic uncertainty. This creates a new, chaotic
security and economic front for India (Indo-Pacific Security Alliance), and triggers desperate
pleas for aid from the Humanitarian & Global South Front and OIC Coalition.

25th July 2025: An emergency UN Security Council session on the multifaceted

"Subcontinental Vortex" crisis ends in complete deadlock, with China (Sino-Pakistani Strategic
Axis) and Russia (Eurasian Strategic Council) vetoing any resolution condemning their actions,
calling for external intervention, or mandating a binding biological investigation. Faced with
an unprecedented global leadership vacuum and the world spiraling into chaos, key
international stakeholders propose the immediate convening of the Strategic Council on
Emerging Power Blocs (SCEPB) as an emergency ad-hoc forum.

Rules of Procedure:
Delegates must remember that real time incidents that have taken place till the 25th of July
2025 are valid and will be taken into consideration by the Executive Board.

From the date mentioned above, delegates must consider the timeline that is being given by
the Executive Board. The Executive Board will be providing regular updates to the Committee
regarding events as they would take place post the commencement of this timeline, hence the
committee would function as a crisis committee with only significant events of futuristic
history mentioned in the timeline.

Lines of Communication:

A delegate must have a clear line of communication, both with the Members of the Board and
to their fellow delegates. As such we are expecting delegates of adhere to the following lines
of communication:

1. Front Room Sessions

● General Speakers list
● Round Robin Sessions
● Unmoderated/Lobbying Sessions

2. Back Room Sessions

● Directives
● Collaborations - Joint Directives/MoUs/Treaties/Agreements
● Press Releases
Delegates must work together discussing through these channels to keep all the stakeholders
of this committee apprised of crucial matters pertaining to issues at hand.

Front Room Sessions:

General Speakers List: A delegate must express their general sentiments about the agenda
through a formal speech, time which shall be decided by the delegates in the committee

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through a voting process. (If not decided, we assume it to be 90 seconds) This debate will be
a part of the formal session of proceedings and delegates must construct their opinions
adhering to the allotted time. Yields are taken in such speeches. There are only two types of
Yields: a) To Questions or, b) To Another Delegate

Moderated Caucus: This form of debate is a part of a formal session in which delegates must
discuss their views about specific issues. Delegates must collectively choose their own topics
and these topics will be put for a vote, of which the topic will the majority will be discussed
in the committee.

Unmoderated Caucus:
This form of debate is not set as part of the formal debate, rather, shall be discussed by the
delegates in an informal setting which maintains the integrity and decorum of the committee.
In this form of debate, delegates can discuss their next steps, Lobby, consult with fellow
delegates, construct their material and also discuss possible agreements with fellow
delegates, all within the mandate of this crisis committee.

Directives:
You can issue a directive to the EB as a state representative outlining the subsequent actions
you want your country to take in light of the circumstances and recent developments. You
can send this with a chit. A Joint Directive may also be submitted by representatives of two
or more nations. This is usually used to demonstrate agreement with a delegate's course of
action. The decision to approve or reject the instruction will be entirely up to the EB. If the
committee will vote on it, that decision can also be made by the EB. The best directives are
those that not just get the majority of support from fellow delegates but also those that help
the EB understand the level of research that the delegate has done.

Covert Directive:
These are directives that delegates pass without the knowledge of the committee. This would
mean that these directives will not be discussed by the committee in a formal session.

Covert Communiqués:
It is similar to Communiqués as mentioned above but these are done covertly, which would
mean that the Communiqués are kept in private between the author(s) and the recipient of
said document.

Press Releases:
Usually, the delegate issues this declaration after using directives to justify specific actions.
Communiqués and press releases are issued by the committee collectively; the distinction is
that a press release is directed at the general public. A press release cannot be used to make
a remark unless it is preceded contextually by a related instruction or [Link] to
those that the Executive Board considered to have been authorized.

Declarations:
Declarations are documents which a delegate or a group of delegates release to inform the
Committee of any action that will be taken based on previous releases, directives and in
regards to the ongoing timeline.

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Sample Directive:
This is a sample directive, format of which the delegate must strictly adhere to,

Covert/Overt Directive/Communique/Press Release: Name/Number From:

The representative of Republic/Portfolio

To: The Committee/ The Executive Board Primary

Objective:

Secondary Objectives:

Ministries/Personnel Involved: Expected

Outcome:

Mission Brief: (Rough Outline)

Plan of Action: (As intricate and crisp as possible.)

Additional Information:

Any additional information if needed. (Maps, Brief on technology/Personnel)

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