Solution

1. 2
Sol. The conditions required for the formation of an ionic bond are :
(i) ionization enthalpy [M(g) → M+(g) + e–] of electropositive element must be low.
(ii) negative value of electron gain enthalpy [X (g) + e– → X–(g)] of electronegative
element should be high.

2 Sol. 3
1 1
Lattice energy  LE
size of cation r+ + r−

3 Sol. 2 NaCl is ionic crystal so it is formed by Na+ and Cl– ions.

4 Sol. 1 Electronegativity difference between two combining elements must be greater than
1.7 for ionic compound and it is the essential condition for the formation of ionic compounds. It
is ionic because electronegativity difference between two combining elements is 1.8.

5. Sol. 4
1 1
Lattice energy   LE
(Interionic distance)2 size of anion

6. Sol. 3
A stable molecule has lower potential energy which results from attraction between the mobile
electrons and kernel leading to the liberation of energy.

7 Sol. 2
Due to small size of nitrogen, the lp–lp repulsion is more than that in P. Hence statement B is correct

8 Sol. 2 Resonance is due to delocalization of is electron.

9 Sol. 3 Element X has atomic number 7 so its electronic
••
• X ••
configuration will 2, 5 so it's lewis diagram would be

10. A

S
O O ; All zero
11 Sol. 1

12. A

13 Sol. 3 The correct Lewis diagram is .

14 Sol. 1
7 5
ClO4– Bond order = ; ClO3– Bond order =
4 3

3 1
ClO2– Bond order = ; ClO– Bond order =
2 1

15 Sol. 2
(i) SF4 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair = 1
(ii) [PCl4]+ Steric no. = 4

Lone pair =0
(iii) XeO2F2 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair =1
(iv) ClOF3 Steric no. = 5

Lone pair =1

16 Sol. 3 To have minimum repulsions, the two lone pair occupy the trans positions in octahedral
geometry.
17 Sol. 2

(1)

(2) Number of bond pairs around I = 2. Number of lone pairs around I = 3.

(3) (4)

18 Sol. 1 Atomic size arguments can be used for these species. Larger outer atoms result in larger angles
due to steric repulsion.

19 Sol. 2

(1) (2) (3) (4)

20 Sol. (4) Cl – Be – Cl, O = C = O

21 Sol. 3
22 Sol. 4 As size of terminal atoms increases the bond angle increases
due to steric repulsion

23 Sol. 2
In sp3d hybridisation (triogonal bipyramidal) the axial and equitorial bonds are different.
24 Sol. 4

25 Sol. 4
The maximum covalency of an element is equal to the number of orbitals present in the valence shell.

26 Sol. 4

27 Sol. 4
In BCl3 and PCl5, B and P contain 6 and 10 electrons respectively in their valence shell. Therefore they
violate octet rule.
28 D

29 Sol. 2
The species in which central atoms has higher valencies than their normal valencies are called as
hypervalent species.

30 Sol. 3
31 Sol. 3
It has 5 electrons in valence shall and further it can not exceed covalency
beyound five due to absence of d-orbitals in nitrogen.

32 Sol. D In N2 molecule each nitrogen atom contributes three electrons so total number of
electrons are 6.
33 Sol. 4 In SF6, PCl5 and IF7 the valence shell has 12, 10 and 14 electrons. As all contain more than 8
electrons in their valence shell they are example of super octet molecules.
34 Sol. 4 Covalent bond is formed when electronegativity difference of two atom is equal to 1.7 or less
than 1.7.
35 Sol. 3

; N – H bond is formed by sharing of one electron each by H and N.

36 Hint : 1 It is fact.

37 Sol. 2 CaC2 exists as Ca2+ and C22–

38 Sol. 1

39 Sol. 4 s-character increases of hybrid orbital than bond angle also increases.

40 Sol. 4

+ –
41 Sol. 3 CH3 — CH3 ⎯⎯→ CH3 + CH3

42 Sol. 1 Steric number = 3 + 1 = 4 ; so the hybridization is sp3 .

43 Sol. 1 Diamond sp3; graphite = sp2 ; Acetylene = sp

44 Sol. 4 Steric number = 2 + 2 = 4 ; so sp3 hybridisation

45 Sol. 3
(1) both are sp3d (2) both are sp3d
(3) [ClF2O]+ is sp3 but [ClF4O]– is sp3d2

(4) both are sp3d2

46 Sol. 1
(1) Tetrahedral and see-saw shaped.

(2) Both are sp3 hybridised and trigonal pyramid.

(3) Both are sp3 hybridised and tetrahedral.
(4) Both are sp3d2 hybridised and octahedral.

47 Sol. 3

48 Sol. 1 One bonding molecular orbital and one antibinding molecular orbital is formed as a result of
linear combination of atomic orbitals.

1
49 Sol. 4 He2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 ; bond order = (2 – 2) = 0, He2 molecule is, therefore, unstable and does
2
not exists.

50 Sol. 4
51 Sol. 1
10 − 5 10 − 5 9−4 9−4
O2+ : B.O.= = 2.5 ; NO : B.O.= = 2.5 ; NO2+ : B.O.= =2.5 ; CN : B.O.= = 2.5.
2 2 2 2

52 Sol. 3 The electron density is zero in the nodal plane during the formation of a molecular orbital from
atomic orbitals of the same atom.

53 Sol. 2
B2 bond order = 1 ; C2 bond order = 2 ; F2 bond order = 1 ; O2– bond order = 1.5

bond order 1/bond length.

54 Sol. 3

N2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2p2x = 2p2y ) (2pz)2

The bond order of N2 is 1/2(10 – 4) = 3.

N2+ : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2p2x = 2p2y ) (2pz)1

The bond order of N2+ is 1/2(9 – 4) = 2.5.

O2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2p2x = 2p2y ) (*2px1 = *2p1y)

The bond order of O2 1/2(10 – 6) = 2.

O2– : (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2p2x = 2p2y ) (*2px2 = *2p1y)

The bond order of O2 1/2(10 – 7) = 1.5.

NO+ derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O22+ ; so (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2p2x
= 2p2y )
The bond order of NO+ 1/2(10 – 4) = 3.
NO derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O2+ ; (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2p2x =
2p2y ), (*2px)1
The bond order of NO is 1/2(10 – 5) = 2.5.
bond order 1/bond length  bond dissociation energy.

55 Sol. 2 OF is derivative of O2 and isoelectronic with O2–.

So (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2p2x = 2p2y ) (*2px2 = *2p1y)

The bond order of OF 1/2(10 – 7) = 1.5.

56 Sol. 1 O2 O2– O22– O2+

Bond Order 2 1.5 1 2.5

57 Sol. 1 Molecule is unstable if number of bonding molecular orbital electrons (Nb) is less than the
number of antibonding molecular orbital electrons (Na). i.e., molecule has negative bond order.
58 Sol. 2 According to Fajan's rule :
Covalent character in ionic compound is directly proportional to polararibility of anion and
polarising power of cation.
59 Sol. 3 According to Fajan's rule as the size of cation increases their polarising power decreases and
thus the covalent character decreases.
60 Sol. 2 Sn4+ has highest polarising power amongst Na+, Pb2+ and Al3+ because of smaller size and higher
charge.
So SnCl4 is most covalent and thus have least melting point.

61 Sol. 1 As F– has lowest polarisability on account of smallest size among O2–, N3– and C4–, it causes less
polarisation and, therefore, has lowest covalent character. Hence AlF3 is the most ionic.

62 Sol. 4 Factual according to Fajan's Rule.

63 Sol. 2 K on account of lower IE1st can easily form K+ ion losing one electron.
64 Sol. 2 The ease of formation of ionic compounds i.e. stability to form ionic compounds increases as
net ionization energy of electropositive element decreases. Hence, the correct order is Na+ > Mg2+
> Al3+.
65 Sol. 3 On account of higher electronegativity of fluorine.

66 Sol. 3   0 ; SiF4 , BF3 and PF5 are symmetrical molecules thus  = 0.

67 Sol. 4 ; Hence hybridisation of Cl is sp3 and molecule is polar.