FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online)

Characterization of Wastewater Produced Concrete using Selected Mix

Ratio of Crushed Waste Glass as Partial Replacement for Sand
Deborah O Adeniran, Ochuko M Ojo
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
ddeborah825@[Link]|omojo@[Link]

Received: 07-AUG-2023; Reviewed: 29-SEPT-2024; Accepted: 30-SEPT-2024

[Link]

RESEARCH

Abstract— Concrete is a fundamental material in construction, but its widespread use raises environmental concerns due to the depletion
of natural resources and high CO2 emissions. This study explores the sustainable integration of waste glass and domestic wastewater as
partial replacements for fine aggregate and potable water in concrete production. The mechanical properties, durability, and workability of
concrete incorporating varying proportions of crushed waste glass and wastewater were investigated. Benchmarking against similar studies
was performed to validate the results. Regression and ANOVA analyses were employed to evaluate the relationships and significance of
various factors affecting concrete performance. The findings indicate potential for using waste glass and domestic wastewater in concrete
production, contributing to sustainable construction practices. This study provides a database on the effects of impurities in wastewater on
concrete properties and promotes eco-friendly building methods, aligning with global sustainability goals. These findings can guide
policymakers and construction professionals in adopting environmentally responsible practices.

Keywords— Concrete, ANOVA, Regression, Waste Glass, Sustainability, Replacement.

—————————— ◆ ——————————
This research seeks to fill these gaps by integrating
1 INTRODUCTION crushed waste glass and domestic wastewater into
concrete production. The study focuses on the mechanical
C oncrete, composed of cement, aggregates, water, and
admixtures, is vital to construction due to its
versatility, low maintenance, and durability (El-
properties and evaluates the sustainability of using waste
materials, contributing to eco-friendly construction and
Nadoury, 2021). It is the second most consumed material waste reduction.
after water (Alqahtani et al., 2021). However, its
increasing demand depletes natural resources, 2 METHODOLOGY
necessitating sustainable practices. Sand, a key
2.1 MATERIALS
component in concrete, faces scrutiny due to
environmental impacts associated with its extraction. As The materials used in this study were selected based on
construction activities surge globally, alternative their relevance to sustainable concrete production. The
materials like recycled waste are crucial to reducing primary materials include crushed waste glass, ordinary
ecological damage (Garcia et al., 2022). Portland cement, river sand, coarse aggregate, and
Several studies have explored the use of solid waste, such laundry wastewater. All materials were evaluated to
as crushed glass, in concrete production. These studies ensure compliance with relevant industry standards. The
show that recycled materials enhance concrete's waste glass was sourced from local recycling facilities,
sustainability, promote efficient waste management, and cleaned, and finely crushed to serve as a partial
reduce energy consumption (Akinwumi et al., 2016). For replacement for sand. Laundry wastewater was collected
example, Ali and Al-Tersawy (2012) reported improved from dry cleaners in the Shagari area, replacing potable
performance using glass in self-compacting concrete. water in some of the mixes. Portland cement of grade
However, limitations in existing studies such as 42.5N from Dangote Industries was used as the binder.
inadequate examination of long-term durability and lack
of focus on integrating wastewater with solid waste Table 1: Physical Properties of Cement
remain unaddressed.
S/N Physical Tests Test Results Test Results

Using Using Laundry

*Corresponding Author: ddeborah825@[Link]
Potable Wastewater
Section E- CIVIL ENGINEERING & RELATED SCIENCES
Can be cited as: Water
Adeniran O. D., Ojo M. O. (2024). Characterization of Wastewater Produced
Concrete using Selected Mix Ratio of Crushed Waste Glass as Partial 1 Consistency 10 minutes 10 minutes
Replacement for Sand. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology
(FUOYEJET), 9(3), 547-552. [Link] Setting Time

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 FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online)

2 Initial Setting 35 minutes 45 minutes 5% 20.0 38. 2.00 80.00 9.00 11.00
0 00
Time 10% 20.0 36. 4.00 80.00 11.0 12.00
3 Final Setting Time 630 minutes 660 minutes 0 00 0
15% 20.0 34. 6.00 80.00 11.0 13.00
4 Soundness Test 3.55 minutes 3.22 minutes 0 00 0
20% 20.0 32. 8.00 80.00 12.0 13.00
5 Finest Test 2.0 minutes 1.67 minutes
0 00 0
25% 20.0 30. 10.00 80.00 12.0 13.00
The coarse aggregate used had a maximum particle size 0 00 0
of 20 mm and was tested for specific gravity and water 30% 20.0 28. 12.00 80.00 12.0 15.00
0 00 0
absorption. The sand was sourced from riverbeds and
processed to a fine aggregate size.
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Table 2: Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Batching and Mixing: Concrete batches were mixed by
Physical Test Result Range (test volume, with 182 cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm) and 182
property result cylinders (100 x 200 mm) cast for the experiment. The
comment) control mix used potable water, while the experimental
Specific 2.89 2.5 – 3.0 mix incorporated laundry wastewater. Each mix was
Gravity Value (Excellent) carefully batched to ensure consistency in proportions.
Aggregate 20.03 20% - 30% Curing Process: After casting, the concrete specimens
Impact Value (Satisfactory) were demolded after 24 hours and cured in potable water
for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. After curing, they were tested
Aggregate 27.97 < 30%
for mechanical properties such as compressive and split
Crushing (Excellent)
tensile strengths.
Value

Table 3: Physical Properties of Sand

TEST Result

Specific Gravity 2.79

Bulk Density 1,620 kg/m3

Slit/Clay test 5%
Figure 1: Curing Tank
Moisture Content 3.87

2.4 TEST METHODS

Compressive Strength: Compressive strength tests were
2.2 MIX PROPORTION conducted using a compression testing machine on the
In this study, concrete mixes were designed based on a cube samples at 7, 14, and 28 days of curing.
consistent total volume of fine aggregate. Crushed glass
was used as a partial replacement for river sand at Split Tensile Strength: Split tensile strength tests were
percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The performed on cylindrical specimens at the same intervals.
mix design ratio of [Link] was maintained for all batches.
2.5 ANALYSIS
Table 4: Mix Proportion of Materials Regression Analysis: A regression analysis was
conducted to model the relationship between the
% Ce Sa Crus Coars Pota Laund percentage of waste glass used and the compressive
Replac men nd hed e ble ry strength of concrete. This analysis helped identify any
ement t (k Glas Aggr Wat Waste significant trends in the data.
(kg) g) s egate er water
(kg) (kg) (kg) (kg) ANOVA Analysis: A one-way ANOVA was employed to
0% 20.0 40. 0.00 80.00 9.00 11.00 determine if the variations in compressive strength across
0 00 different mixes were statistically significant. This analysis

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FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online)

the percentage of waste glass replacement did not

compared the means across various replacement levels
substantially impact the compressive strength.
and water types.
Table 5: ANOVA Analysis Table
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ANOVA
3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Figure 2 and 3 illustrates the compressive strength of Compressive Strength
concrete mixtures at various curing ages (7, 14, 21, and 28 Sum of Mean
days) with different percentages of potable water (PW) Squares df Square F Sig.
and Laundry Wastewater (LW) and replacement of Fine Between 0.315 6 0.052 0.904 0.500
aggregate with Waste Glass(0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, Groups
and 30%). Within 2.845 49 0.058
Groups
Total 3.160 55

3.1.2 ANOVA ANALYSIS The ANOVA results suggest that the observed differences
A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the mean in compressive strength among groups were likely due to
compressive strength across various glass replacement random variability rather than the impact of the crushed
levels and water types. The ANOVA table below shows glass or the type of water used. Thus, the inclusion of
that there were no statistically significant differences (p = crushed glass and wastewater does not significantly affect
0.500) between the groups, indicating that variations in the compressive strength under the conditions examined.

Figure 2: Compressive Strength Using Potable Water

Figure 3: Compressive Strength Using Laundry Wastewater

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FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online)

3.1.2 REGRESION ANALYSIS 3.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

A regression analysis was performed to explore the The results of the split tensile strength tests are shown in
relationship between compressive strength, glass Figure 4 and Figure 5, which illustrate the performance of
percentage, curing time, and water type. The analysis concrete with different glass percentages and water types.
revealed a weak correlation between these variables, as The control mix again demonstrated the highest tensile

evidenced by
a low R-square Figure 4: Split Tensile Strength using Potable Water
value of 0.015.
Table 6: Regression ANOVA Analysis Table strength, but the mixes with crushed glass showed only
marginal reductions in strength, which is in line with
ANOVA expectations from previous studies.
Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig. 3.2.2 ANOVA Analysis
1 Regressi 135.765 3 45.255 0.267 0.849b Similar to the compressive strength, a one-way ANOVA
on was conducted to evaluate the split tensile strength
Residual 8813.952 52 169.499 results across different levels of glass replacement.
Total 8949.717 55
a. Dependent Variable: Compressive_Strength Table 8: ANOVA Analysis for Split Tensile Strength

b. Predictors: (Constant), Water_Type_Num, ANOVA

Curing_Time, Glass_Percentage Split_Tensile_Strength
Sum of Mean
Table 7: Regression Coefficient Table Squares df Square F Sig.
Between .315 6 .052 .904 .500
Coefficientsa
Groups
Standar
Within 2.845 49 .058
dized
Groups
Unstandardized Coefficie
Coefficients nts Total 3.160 55
Std.
Model B Error Beta t Sig. The ANOVA results confirmed that there were no
significant differences (p = 0.500) between the groups for
1 (Constant) 12.530 7.226 1.734 0.089
split tensile strength, supporting the feasibility of using
Glass_Perc 0.073 0.174 0.058 0.422 0.674
crushed glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate.
entage
Curing_Ti -0.151 0.222 -0.093 -0.678 0.501
3.2.3 Regression Analysis
me
Table 9: Regression Analysis of Split Tensile Strength
Water_Typ 1.407 3.480 0.056 0.404 0.688
e_Num Coefficientsa
a. Dependent Variable: Compressive_Strength Standar
dized
Unstandardized Coefficie
Model Coefficients nts t Sig.
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FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online)

Std. without drastically compromising concrete’s structural

B Error Beta properties.
1 (Constant) 0.219 0.209 1.049 0.300 However, future studies should focus on long-term
Glass_Percenta 0.000 0.001 0.010 0.194 0.847 durability and environmental impact assessments to
ge further validate the use of crushed glass and wastewater
Water_Type_N 0.009 0.027 0.018 0.320 0.750 in sustainable concrete production. Incorporating these
um materials could significantly reduce the environmental
burden of construction by lowering the demand for
Percentage_of_ -0.002 0.004 -0.024 -0.527 0.601
natural resources and minimizing waste disposal.
water_absorpti
on
Curing_Time 0.001 0.001 0.021 0.425 0.672 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Density -2.664E- 0.000 -0.017 -0.290 0.773 This study demonstrates that the inclusion of crushed
5 glass and wastewater in concrete does not significantly
Slump -.001 0.001 -0.035 -0.682 0.499 affect its mechanical properties, validating findings from
previous studies. The regression and ANOVA analyses
Load 2.974E-5 0.000 0.950 18.049 0.000
confirmed the robustness of the results, with no major
a. Dependent Variable: Split_Tensile_Strength deviations in compressive and tensile strength across
different mixes. Future research should focus on long-
The regression analysis showed no significant influence term durability tests and environmental impact
of glass percentage, curing time, or water type on split assessments to further validate the use of waste materials
tensile strength. These findings are consistent with the in concrete.
results from the compressive strength analysis, It is recommended that policymakers and construction
suggesting that the inclusion of crushed glass and professionals adopt these sustainable practices, given
laundry wastewater does not drastically affect concrete their environmental benefits and minimal impact on
performance under these conditions. concrete properties. Expanding the use of waste glass and
wastewater could substantially reduce resource depletion

in
Figure 5: Split Tensile Strength Using Laundry Wastewater

construction.
3.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS .Acknowledgment
The results of this study indicate that concrete The authors wish to thank Pst (Surv.) A.O Adeniran
incorporating crushed waste glass and laundry
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