Computer Science
Fundamentals
Connecting Systems
Digital Data
How a computer deals with information
What is
Digital
Data?
At rest…. and on the move
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
• Text, email, documents
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
• Text, email, documents
• Images, photos, scans
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
• Text, email, documents
• Images, photos, scans
• Sound, music
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
• Text, email, documents
• Images, photos, scans
• Sound, music
• Video, movies, animations
Digital Data
• Numbers, spreadsheets
• Text, email, documents
• Images, photos, scans
• Sound, music
• Video, movies, animations
• Software, apps
Let’s look at color…
[Link]
What is color?
• Human eye only sees:
• Red
• Green
• Blue
What is color?
• Human eye only sees:
• Red
• Green
• Blue
• How many colors can you
see? American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Each color, at least 100 levels [Link]
• Estimated 1-10 million colors
(combinations)
What is color?
• Monitors only display:
• Red
• Green
• Blue
Do you see yellow?
RGB Color System
• Three colors
• Red
• Green
• Blue
• How much of that color
[Link]
•0 None
• 255 Bright as possible
• 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216
combinations!
What is Digital Data?
• Information
• Can be stored
• Can be moved
• Could include
• Numbers
• Text
• Images
• Sound
• Video
• Software
Binary Basics
How a computer counts numbers
Can you count
to ten?
0
1
10-Base 2
Do you know the 3
next number?
0
1
10-Base 2
Do you know the 3
next number? 4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
10-Base 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10-Base
Do you remember
your grade school
math?
2-Base
(Binary) 1
Computers are
simple.
0
They have only two
numbers.
Counting in 2-base
0 0
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Counting in 2-base
0 0 1
1 1 1
2 + 1
3 -------
4 10
5
6
7
Counting in 2-base
0 0
1 1
2 10
3
4
5
6
7
Counting in 2-base
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4
5
6
7
Counting in 2-base
0 0 11
1 1 11
2 10 + 1
3 11 -------
4 100 100
5
6
7
Counting in 2-base
0 0
1 1
2 10
3 11
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Counting in 2-base
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
Counting in 2-base
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 10 1010
3 0011 11 1011
4 0100 12 1100
5 0101 13 1101
6 0110 14 1110
7 0111 15 1111
What the hex?
hex hex
0 0 0000 8 8 1000
1 1 0001 9 9 1001
2 2 0010 10 A 1010
3 3 0011 11 B 1011
4 4 0100 12 C 1100
5 5 0101 13 D 1101
6 6 0110 14 E 1110
7 7 0111 15 F 1111
RGB Color System
• Three colors
• Red
• Green
• Blue
[Link]
Now you can
count in binary!
Bits & Bytes
From bits to megabytes
Bits & Bytes
• One bit can do something:
• Yes/No
• True/False
• 0/1
GEORGES SEURAT, UN DIMANCHE APRÈS-MIDI À L'ÎLE DE LA GRANDE
• Put them together in groups: JATTE, 1884-86. ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO .
• Byte
• Kilobyte
• Megabyte
• Gigabyte
hex binary
Making a Byte 00 0000 0000
12 0001 0010
• Put 8 bits together F2 1111 0010
• Make a byte 02 0000 0010
F0 1111 0000
hex binary
Making a Byte 00 0000 0000
12 0001 0010
• Put 8 bits together F2 1111 0010
• Make a byte 02 0000 0010
F0 1111 0000
FF 1111 1111
Conversions
• Conversions
• 8 bits = 1 byte
• 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes
• 1 megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes
• 1 gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes
• Why 1024 and not 1000?
Round Numbers
for Humans
• 10’s Tens
• 100’s Hundreds
• 1,000’s Thousands
• 10,000’s Ten Thousand
• 100,000’s Hundred Thousand
• 1,000,000 Millions
Round Numbers
for Computers
•2 • 64
•4 • 128
•8 • 256
• 16 • 512
• 32 • 1,024
1 0 1 2
2 00 11 4
3 000 111 8
4 0000 1111 16
5 00000 … 11111 32
6 000000 111111 64
7 0000000 1111111 128
8 00000000 11111111 256
9 000000000 111111111 512
10 0000000000 1111111111 1024
Conversions
• Conversions
• 8 bits = 1 byte one
• 1 kilobyte = 1024 bytes thousand
• 1 megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes million
• 1 gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes billion
Bits & Bytes
• One bit can do something:
• Yes/No
• True/False
• 0/1
GEORGES SEURAT, UN DIMANCHE APRÈS-MIDI À L'ÎLE DE LA GRANDE
• Put them together in groups: JATTE, 1884-86. ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO .
• Byte
• Kilobyte
• Megabyte
• Gigabyte
Encoding Text - ASCII
How a computer turns numbers into letters.
Encoding Text - ASCII
• How do you convert binary
into text?
By Sandstein - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
[Link]
?curid=16305441
Let’s go back
to the 60’s…
How represent a
letter with a number
• ASCII
• American Standard Code for
Information Interchange Raymangold22, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons
• Grandfather of encoding text
• Now replaced by Unicode
• Original text codes are still
there in current standard
Why
Wall
Street?
• 1916 Redra wing of The Ca stello Pla n, m a p of
1660 New Am sterd a m via Wikimedia Commons
Convert a number into a letter?
• First you give each letter a number…
A B C … Z
1 2 3 26
A B C … Z
65 66 67 90
A B C … Z
65 66 67 90
a b c … z
97 98 99 122
A B C … Z
41 42 43 5A
a b c … z
61 62 63 7A
Encoding Text - ASCII
• Now you know how
binary numbers can be
used to represent
human readable text.
