CHAPTER 01

SITE INTRODUCTION
I. Internship is a practical experience opportunity and an integral platform offered
by companies to learn practical aspects of professional work life which is very
different from what we learn in the classrooms. Since learning happens through
education, exposure and experience, internship provides us a taste of learning
through practical and logical methods of problem solving.
II. There are many benefits of an internship. When you work, you learn. It can add
remarkable value to the student's career. In an internship, the students are given
the chance to showcase their skills, talents, commitment and value to a
prospective employer. And also understand and overcome obstacles and risks
that take place beyond the textbooks and are seen in the work space. They
develop skills to analyse, interpret and overcome challenges and issues that
solely happen in the work environment.
III. In observing the works done in a construction site and the PWD office, we
were able to see how the workers and the Officials solved the problems of
unforeseen events, economic threats, external competition and take up
strategies that went well with the event at hand. This skill formation can only
happen through thorough observation and practical application of the
theoretical lessons learnt along with an individual’s understanding of the
current situations and proper trapping in of the resources. This managerial skill
is important in handling unforeseen risks and better problem-solving strategies.

1.1 THIS INTERNSHIP HAS HELPED US TO LEARN THE

FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
i. To communicate efficiently in a systematic Organisation.
ii. To acquire exposure in a working environment.
iii. To learn and apply theoretical knowledge practically in the workplace.
iv. To understand the construction and supervision work of concreting, etc.
v. To acquire knowledge about the steps involved in the construction process.
vi. To learn the different materials and mixtures used in Building construction.

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 vii. To learn how to solve the rising problems and unexpected events.
viii. To understand the internal and external factors affecting the operations of an
Organisation.

In this report, we will try to present our 4 weeks practicum experience of the
construction work of the third floor of an Educational Institution.

During our internship period, we were extremely lucky enough to witness more than
one ongoing project. The internship is mainly about the construction of a G+2 floor to
The at Jaganpura, Near Shree Ram School, Patna, 804453, Bihar.

In the G+2 Home Construction site, we were able to understand and analyse different
structures and mixtures used in building construction.

We also observed:
I. Mixing of raw materials for Concrete and Plaster
II. Beaman column construction
III. Steps and Arch construction
IV. Ceiling works
V. Brick masonry
VI. Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintel ling
VII. Plastering (wall and ceiling)
VIII. Waterproofing

1.2 ADDRESS
i. Name of the company: A1 ROCK CONSTRUCTION PRIVATE
LIMITED.
ii. Address: Bailey Road, Abhiyanta Nagar, Sagunamore, Patna.
iii. Phone: 6200770040
iv. Bailey is one of Patna, Bihar leading professional Construction companies
providing Construction service in Real estate projects. A1 rock construction has
mastered the delicate art of concurrent phasing, which calls for overlapping the
design, engineering, and construction processes to accelerate completion. Often
this means preparing construction documents as land acquisition is finalized

2
 and ordering long-lead time materials before the design documents have been
finalized. The result is early delivery and cost savings. The team of experienced
construction profession.

1.3 SPECIFICATION OF THE SITE

i. A 3000 Square feet plot located at Jaganpura, Near Shree Ram School,
Patna, 804453, Bihar.
ii. Plot is 31 KM away from the Patna District (Patna Railway Station).
iii. Plot is 17 km away from the Airport, around 5.9 km away from the railway
station and 6.0 km away from the bus stand.
iv. Plot is 1 Km away from the government primary school 2.8 km away from
the government School & university.
v. Hospital is near 4.0 KM and police station is 4.0 km away.
vi. Site is 5 km away from the superstores & malls.
vii. Plot has South Facing having one side main 12' road while one side 10'
street.

1.4 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE NEARBY:

Patna Airport 25 mins drive

Patna Railway Station. 35 mins drive

XYZ Park 45 mins drive

Decathlon Shop (Lodipur) 25 mins drive

V2 Mall Shop (Faser road) 40 mins drive

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 CHAPTER 2
SITE SAFETY RULES
2.1 SAFETY EHS (ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH & SAFETY)
After a brief introduction to the company, project, and departments, we were assigned
to the EHS (Environment, Health, and Safety) Department. The safety of all personnel
on-site is of utmost importance to Brigade Group; therefore, every individual entering
the site is briefed on safety protocols and preventive measures to ensure safe and
efficient operations.

The EHS Department at the site, headed by the Project Manager (PM), consists of the
following members:
i. EHS Manager
ii. Senior Engineer
iii. Safety Stewards
iv. Workmen

2.2 SAFETY SCOPE

 Safety policy

 Master list of documents

 HIRA

 SOP

 Training

 Incentives and award

 Emergency preparedness

 Continual improvement

2.3 INTRODUCTION PROGRAM.

It’s a preliminary audio, Visual Training Which informs every personnel about the
precautionary measures to be followed, such as, NOT to
 Sleeping at site.

4
  Take shelter below parked vehicles.
 Smoking at zones.
 Jumping directly from higher floors.
 Operating electrical equipment’s without help from Certified ELECTRICIAN.
Etc...

2.4 CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY RULES

 Wear the PPE at all the times.
 Do not start work without an induction.
 Keep a tidy site.
 Do not put yourself or others at risk.
 Follow safety signs and procedure.
 Never work in unsafe areas.
 Report defects.
 Never tamper with equipment.

2.5 DIGITAL AID FOR INDUCTION

They were introduced to various PPE’s and their usage. Few PPE
(Personal protection equipment) ’s are :-
 Helmet
 Safety Shoes.
 Reflective Jackets
 Nose cap
 Gloves
 Glasses.
 Ear plug .

5
 Fig: 2.1. DIGITAL AID FOR INDUCTION (Sources google images)

2.4 EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CONSTRUCION

2.4.1 CONCRETE MIXER
This is a power mechanically operated machine which is used to mix the concrete. It
consists a hollow cylindrical part with inner side wings, in which cement, sand
aggregates and water is mixed properly.

FIG 2.1 CONCRETE MIXER (Site images)

2.4.2 TRNASPORTATION

The process of carrying the concrete mix from the place of its mixing to final position
of deposition is termed as transportation of concrete. There are various methods of
transportation as mentioned below-

 Transport of concrete by pans.

 Transport of concrete by wheel barrows.
 Transport of concrete by tipping Lorries.

6
  Transport of concrete by pumps.
 Transport of concrete by belt conveyers.
 At this site concrete was transported by pans.

FIG 2.2 PAN (Site image)

2.4.3 COMPACTORS
When the concrete has been placed, it shows a very loose structure. Hence, it must be
compacted to remove air bubbles and voids so as to make it dense and solid concrete
to obtain a high strength. There are two types methods of compaction.

 Manual Compaction
 Mechanical Compaction
 There are four types of mechanical vibrators
 Immersion or needle vibratory
 Extended or shutter vibrator
 Surface vibrator
 Vibrating table
 At our construction site needle type of vibrator was used for compaction of
concrete.

7
 FIG 2.3 NEEDLE VIBRATOR(Google image)

FIG 2.4 PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT USED AT SITE ( Google image)

8
FIG 2.5 TOOLS USED AT CONSTRUCTION SITE (Google image)

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 CHAPTER 3

SITE SLECTION AND PLANNING

3.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA FOR THE RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING
Natural defects of a site will involve considerable expenditure on construction and
maintenance of the building. While unsatisfactory conditions in the neighborhood of
locality will cause unhappy living conditions on one hand and possible deterioration
of the value of property on the other.

Therefore, the following general factors should be considered while selecting a site for
building construction.

3.1.1 PURPOSE OF BUILDING

This is the most important factor to consider before purchasing or selecting a site for
residential purpose. The site should be selected keeping in view the general scope or
the purpose of building and on the basis of extent or privacy required.

3.1.2 FRIENDLY NEIGHBORHOOD

The site should be situated in locality which is already fully developed or which is fast
developing. To secure happy living conditions, generally such neighborhood is
preferred where the neighbors belong to an equal status in society and who should be
social and friendly.

3.1.2 AVAILABLE FACILITIES

The plot should be in a locality where the various facilities as mentioned below are
available.

 Community services such as police and fire protection, clearing of waste and
street cleaning
 Utility services such as water supply, gas, electricity, and drainage.
 Amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries, recreation, telephone, etc.
 Shopping and transport facilities.

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3.1.3 SHAPE & SIZE
Area of the plot of land should be such that the house constructed, keeping in view the
restrictions of the local authority, would meet the requirements of the owner,
preferably with possibilities of future extensions. The site should not be irregular in
shape or having any sharp comers.

3.1.4 TERRAIN CONDITION

The site should be situated on an elevated place and also levelled with uniform slopes
from one end to the other so as to provide good and quick drainage of rain water.

3.1.5 TYPE OF GROUND SOIL

i. The ground soil of the site should be good enough to provide economical
foundations for the intended building without causing and problems.
ii. Generally, for most satisfactory constructions, the site should have rock, sand or
dense soil below 60 to 120 cm layer of light soil or even black cotton soil.

3.1.5 NATURAL LIGHT & AIR

The location of the site should be such as to ensure unobstructed natural light and air.
3.1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
i. The site should be available in a locality where natural beauty and man-made
environment create healthy living and working conditions.
ii. Environment also affected by nearest factories, kiln etc.: so, these things also
need to be considered.

3.1.7 Legal & Financial Aspects

The legal and financial aspects, which dictate upon ownership rights and the costs,
should be given due consideration before the purchase of a plot.

3.1.8 Other Factors

A site should be abandoned under adverse circumstances such as unhealthy, noisy or
crowded localities; immediate neighborhood or rivers carrying heavy floods, badly
maintained drains; reclaimed soils or water-logged areas, subject to submergence or
settlement and; industrial vicinity having smoke and obnoxious Oduors.

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3.2 MEASUREMENT OF PLOT
a) 4 Sides of plot
AB: - 67'9''
BC: - 37'8''
CD: - 67'9''
AD: - 37'8''
b) Technology Used
i. Measuring Tape 30 ft.
ii. Pegs

3.3 IMPORTANT POINT WHILE TAKING MEASUREMENT.

i. Measuring tape should not be turned or sagging, it may lead error in the
measurements.
ii. If land is uneven and bushes are present try to clean the vegetation if possible
or take measurement above some height.
iii. Measuring tape should be taken horizontally straight and tape should be tightly
handled if any sagging present try do to straight providing some jerk.
iv. Accurate measurement should be taken.
v. Measurement should be taken vertically upward above the point.
vi. All measurements should be taken in one unit either in feet or inches or in
meter.
vii. Site should be measured in diagonally also that help to make plot straight and
help to decide the offset.
viii. Measurement should be taken keeping some offset like adjacent building,
roads, electric pole, trees etc. that will help while doing layout.

3.4 PREPARATION OF PLAN

i. Like need is the mother of any invention, as a civil engineer making the dream
structure in real world is our duty.
ii. Designing of plan is directly depend up on the need of client.
iii. Client satisfaction is most important thing but taking factor of safety in mind.

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3.5 PLAN SPECIFICATION
i. Client need shop, parking area, BHK system rooms with attach late-bath and
open space.
ii. Good elevation and natural ventilation system.
iii. Design should follow Vaastu Sastra.
iv. Good savage system.

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3.6 GROUND, 1ST &2ND FLOOR PLAN ARE ATTACHED BELOW.

FIG 3.1 GROUND FLOOR MODEL

14
FIG 3.2 TOP FLOOR MODEL

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 CHAPTER 4
LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING
4.1 WHAT IS BUILDING LAYOUT ?
i. A building layout indicates the foundation plan on a ground surface, as shown
in its drawings so that in order to carry out excavation, the positions, as well as
orientation of the structure, can be precisely defined.
ii. The foundation is set out as per the engineer's or architect's foundation plan
drawings and specifications.
iii. The layout of building plan involves the entire structure, so it must be done
once the conditional survey with desk study is completed.
iv. All garbage, obstacles, and even growing plants should be cleared from the
whole area.
v. Setting out a building is the process of bringing architectural concepts from
drawing to the ground.
vi. It determines the location point of site boundaries, wall center lines,
foundations, column, along with the other structural elements.
vii. It also provides the proper size, angle, as well as level of the building. The
entire structure must be placed and constructed in accordance with the initial
setting out.
viii. This generally includes utilizing stakes, batter board with string lines, drill
holes, cut and-fill notations, and other ways to identify the building comers,
horizontal and vertical location.
ix. The structure and foundation are placed in accordance with measurements as
well as references on the produced drawings. the controlled
x. The total length and breadth of the structure, lengths to road center-line and
some other structures, measurements throughout the structure, and other
assessments about approaches as well as rights-of-way are all included in the
measurements and references.

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4.2 OBJECTIVES OF BUILDING LAYOUT
i. The purposes of surveying for construction works are to set out the planned
structure in accordance with establish designs and indicate the project's
controlling points in the most practical way for the construction forces.
ii. The stakes, drill holes, batter boards mostly with string lines, cut-and-fill
notations, and some other traditional methods are used to indicates the
building's comers as well as other lateral and vertical positions.
iii. Generally, some types of reconnaissance as well as site assessment, precedes
the exact layout of the structure. The procedures listed below are typical of
large construction projects.
a) Conducted reconnaissance (aerial, map, and ground)
b) Choosing a location (paper and instrument)
c) Specifying control (horizontal and vertical)
d) Observing topography (plane table)

FIG 4.1 LAYOUT (Site images)

4.3 PROCESS OF LAYOUT

i. There are number of methods for layout as I mentioned above that depend upon
area of plot, cost of project, equipment availability.

17
 ii. So, here we have adopted traditional method for making layout by According
to the Pythagorean Theorem, the square of the two sides of a triangle that
adjoin the right angle (legs) are equal to the square of the third side
(hypotenuse). This is expressed mathematically as a2 + b2 = c2.
iii. To use, multiply the length of each leg of the triangle by itself then add the two
sums together to find the length of the hypotenuse when the angle is at 90.

4.3.1 THE EASIEST WAY TO ACCOMPLISH THIS IS TO USE THE 3-4-

5 METHOD:
 Measure 3 feet out from the angle you want to make 90 in one direction.
 Measure 4 feet out from the angle you want to make 90 in the other direction.
 Measure across the two points and adjust the angle until the distance on the third
side of the triangle is 5 feet.

Note: - You can also use multiples of 3-4-5 in the same ratio (such as 6, 8, 10) to
form larger or smaller right angles.

4.4 SOME IMPORTANT NOMENCLATURE

4.4.1 LAPPING
Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to up to the design
length.

4.4.2 LAPPING IN COLUMN

The length at which two bars of a column are spliced or overlapped in order to
maintain the continuity of the bars throughout the length of the column.

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 FIG 4.2 LAPPING

4.4.3 LAPPING ZONE

If the length of the column is L, then the length L / 4 from the top and bottom of the
column is classified as tension A-zone and the central length L / 2 of the column (B-
Zone) is considered a safe area for the purpose of lapping.

Note: -All bars that are overlapped should be offset in B-zone as shown in the drawing
above. In any case, no more than 50% of the rebar should be lapped to the same level.
If all bars in the column are overlapped at the same level, it will cause column failure.

4.5 LAPPING IN BEAM

i. Due to this loading, the beam will tend to bend in a way that the maximum
bending moments will be generated at the center of the spans. There will be
positive moments at the center of the spans and negative moments at each
support.
ii. Due to the maximum bending moment, the top fiber of the beam at each end
and the bottom fiber in the mid span will experience maximum tension.
iii. Hence, they can be called tension zones of the beam and we can't overlap the
bars in tension zones because the reinforcement bars would come out of the
concrete due to maximum stress.
iv. For bottom bars, we can't overlap the bars at the mid-span of the beam due to
maximum tension in the bottom fiber of the beam. On the other hand, the top
bars can be overlapped in the mid-span of the beam due to minimum tension in
the top fiber of the mid-span. If we divide the span into three equal parts, the
overlapping of top bars should be done in the intermediate zones and each bar
should be overlapped at alternative levels within the lapping zones.
v. The bottom bars should be overlapped at column junctions up to a distance of
L/4 from each end and each bar should be overlapped at alternative levels
within the lapping zones.

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 FIG 4.3 LAPPING IN BEAM (Google image)

4.7 CHAIR
i. Chair reinforcement or simply chair rods are small structural elements that are
used to place the reinforcement bars in the correct position and maintains the
correct space between the top and bottom reinforcements.
ii. Chair bars are used primarily on the slab and flooring. The diameter of the
chair bar should not be less than 12 mm.
iii. Why Chair Bars Are Used in Reinforcement?
iv. Maintain the required spacing between the top and bottom reinforcement cage
in footings, slabs, raft foundations, etc.
v. Maintaining a clear cover for reinforcement during concrete vibration.
vi. To protect the upper and lower cages from displacement and sagging during
concreting due to movement of trolleys, walking of workers, dead load of new
concrete etc.
vii. Provide additional support for reinforcement bars.
viii. To increase the tension property of concrete. This helps to prevent structural
collapse due to failure in the tension zone.

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 FIG 4.5 CHAIR

4.8 FOOTING
i. The footing is a structural member that safely transmits the load of the upper
building to the ground, and is the first construction member of the building.
ii. The basic method of footing design is to distribute the load so that the size per
area of the load transmitted from the upper part of the building is less than the
strength that the ground can support, that is, the bearing capacity.
iii. With this function, the footing is a structure installed between the ground and
the column or wall immediately above it, and the important point in the basic
design is to reduce the total amount of settlement and prevent the occurrence of
immobile settlement.

21
 FIG 4.6 FOOTING LAYOUT PLAN

Depending on the depth of the soil in which the foundation is made, there are two
types of foundation used in constructing buildings:

4.8.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION

These are used for small and light buildings. They are commonly referred to as spread
footings or open footings.
There are four types of shallow foundation:
 Individual footing or isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strip foundation
 Raft or mat foundation
4.8.2 DEEP FOUNDATION
These are used for large structures. There are two main types of deep foundation:
 Pile foundation
 Drilled Shafts or caissons
i. The foundation used should be sturdy enough to bear the load of the structure.
ii. Therefore, large-area footings are needed to spread the vertical load, improving
the stability of the building.
iii. Different kinds of footings are designed based on the soil type, the type of
structure, the site topography, and other local requirements arising during the
design process.

4.8.3 INDIVIDUAL FOOTING OR ISOLATED FOOTING

A footing that supports an individual column is known as an isolated footing

22
 FIG 4.7 TYPES OF FOOTING (Google image)

4.8.4 COMBINED FOUNDATION

i. A footing that supports two or more columns is known as a combined footing.
ii. It is used when two or more columns are close to each other or two or more
individual footings of a could would.
iii. Footing that supports two or more columns is known as combined footing.
iv. When one column is closed to property line the centre of gravity of column will
not coincide with footing in such cases it is necessary to provide combined
footing with that of internal column, the ultimate aim is to get uniform pressure
distribution under entire area of footing Combined footings are further
classified into following types based on their shapes:
 Rectangular Combined footing
 Trapezoidal combined footing
 Strap beam combined footing

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 FIG 4.8 COMBINED FOOTING (Google image)

4.8.5 RAFT FOOTING

i. If loads transmitted by the columns in a structure are heavy and the allowable
soil pressure is small then footing requires more area.
ii. In such a case, it may be better to provide continuous footing under all
columns and walls. Such kind of footing is called a Raft Footing.

FIG 4.9 RAFT FOOTING (Google image)

4.8.6 PILE FOOTING

When the soil has a low bearing capacity or the ground water level is high, pile
footings are applied. Piles are common while building foundation for bridges, dam
etc. in walls.

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 FIG 4.10 PILE FOOTING

4.9 FOOTING ADOPTED AT SITE

i. Since soil was good and hard strata was found below the 5’, we have adopted
Isolated footing.
ii. Dimension of footing was 4'x4'.
iii. Double layer of mesh was provide having 6'' center to center spacing.
iv. Extra small 2 piece of L section bars was provided on adjacent side of column.

4.10 DEPTH OF FOUNDATION

Depth of foundation depends on following factors:
i. Availability of adequate bearing capacity.
ii. Depth of shrinkage and swelling in case of clayey soils due to seasonal
changes, which may cause considerable movements.
iii. Depth of frost penetration in case of fine sand and silt.
iv. Possibility of excavation nearby
v. Depth of groundwater table
vi. The minimum practical depth of foundation should not be less than 50 cm. To
allow removal of topsoil and variations in ground level.

Hence the best-recommended depth of foundation is from 1.00 meter to 1.5 meter
from the original ground level.

4.11 WIDTH OF FOUNDATION / FOOTINGS

The width of footings should be laid according to structural design. For light loaded
buildings such as houses, flats, school buildings, etc., have not more than two storeys,
the width of the foundation is given below:

 The width of the footing should not be less than 75 cm for one brick thick wall.
 The width of the footing should not be less than 1 meter for one and a half
brick wall.

25
 4.12 FOUNDATION EXCAVATION PRECAUTIONS
i. The depth and width of the foundation should be according to structural design.
ii. The minimum depth of the foundation is 1 meter in case the design is not
available.
iii. Check the length, width, and depth of excavation with the help of centerline
and level marked on the marking pillars.
iv. Dump the excavated material/ earth at a distance of 1 meter from the edges.
v. Start excavation work when the soil is dry.
vi. Arrange a water pump to pump out rainwater.
vii. Compact the bottom layer of the foundation.
viii. There should be no soft places in the foundation due to roots etc.
ix. Dugout any soft/ defective spots, and fill the excavated area with concrete/ hard
material

NOTE :- Depth and Width of foundation may vary according to the design and soil
bearing capacity. Depth of foundation may vary until hard strata comes.

4.13 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

i. S.B.C for foundation is 1.6 T/SQM @ 2.00m.
ii. Foundation should be laid at the depth as recommended in the soil test report.
iii. The foundation of the building is designed for GROUND FLOOR + 4 FLOORS.
iv. PCC-M10 grade Concrete, 150mm thick.
v. Footing clear cover 50mm.
vi. Footing concrete M25. 7.
vii. Type of Footing: Combined, Individual.

26
27
 FIG 4.3 FOOTING DETAILS

CHAPTER 5

PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE

5 .1 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
Before placing the reinforcement bars or mesh for footing we have to make surface
hard by tampering stones or bricks pieces on the surface and after that a 3''-4'' layer of
PCC is provided, when PCC work settled down then we cast footing.

Reinforcement is provided is called Plain Cement Concrete (PCC). PCC Full Form in
Civil Engineering is Plain Cement Concrete.

 It is simply a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate containing a suitable

proportion of water.
 It is sometimes called mass cement concrete or cement concrete.
 It is considerably stronger in compression but weak in tension and shear.
 Grading used 1:1.5:3.

5.2 INGREDIENTS OF PCC

i. Cement
ii. Sand (Fine Aggregates)
iii. Coarse Aggregates
iv. Water

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 FIG 5.1 PCC FOUNDATION WORK (Site image)

5.3 USES OF PCC

i. Some of the uses of plain cement concrete are:
ii. It is commonly used in the construction of the column foundation, massive
gravity dams, flooring, etc.
iii. It is used in rigid pavement construction (reinforcement-less rigid pavement).
iv. In small-scale canal construction; PCC is used.
v. It is also used in some stone masonry works.

5.4 PROPERTIES OF PCC

Some of the properties of plain cement concrete are:
5.4.1 STRENGTH
i. The PCC should have high compressive strength.
ii. The tensile strength should be 8-12% of compressive strength and shear
strength should be 8-10% of compressive strength.
iii. The compressive strength of the PCC depends upon the following:
 Cement Content
 Water Cement Ratio
 Method of mixing, placing, compacting, and curing.
 Quality of materials used
 Age of the concrete.

5.4.2 DURABILITY
PCC should be able to resist climate as well as chemical actions to be durable.
5.4.3 WORKABILITY

i. PCC should be highly workable.

ii. It should be easy to mix, manage and transport.
iii. It should be free from bleeding and segregation.
iv. Workability can be tested with a slump test.

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5.4.4 FIRE RESISTANCE
PCC should be highly resistive towards the fire to prevent problems like firing,
spalling of concrete, etc.

5.5 REINFORCEMT BARS

5.5.1 DIAMETER OF BARS
In India, there are different size/diameter of Steel bar used in construction are 6mm,
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm and so,
higher diameter/size of steel bar like 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 100mm are customize
according to requirement by various Steel Company and are available for sale.

FIG 5.2 DIAMETER OF BARS

5.5.2 GRADES OF BARS

TMT bar manufacturers in India manufacture four different grades ofTMT bars - Fe-
415, Fe- 500, Fe-550, and Fe-600.The numbers indicate the level of stress that must be
applied to deform it and higher the grade, the stronger and superior the bar is. The
grades are given according to their strength and rigidity.

Bars Used at Construction Sites

We have used Fe-500 grades bars having diameter 8MM for Stirrup and 16 MM beam
and column.

30
5.6 STIRRUP
A stirrup refers to a closed loop of reinforcement bar. Its main purpose is to hold the
reinforcement bars together in an RCC structure. When used in a column, they provide
lateral support to the main reinforcement bars to prevent buckling.

FIG 5.3 STIRRUP (Google image)

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5.7 Types of Stirrup

FIG 5.4 TPYES OF STIRRUP (Google image )

5.7.1 CUTTING LENGTH OF STIRRUP

Cutting Length of Stirrups= Perimeter of Shape+ Total hook length - Total Bend
Length Important Basic formulas:

a) Perimeter of Rectangle= 2 (length+ breadth)

b) Perimeter of Square = 4 x side length

Perimeter of circle or Circumference of Circle = 2nr = Nd (r= radius, d= Diameter of

Circle)

The below standards are most important in calculating the hook length and bend
lengths at comers while finding cutting length of stirrups.

32
 a) 1 Hook length= 9d or 75mm
b) 45 Bend length= ld.
c) 90 Bend length = 2d
d) 135 Bend length= 3d

Stirrup Adopted at Site

a) 8MM bars are used for stirrup making.
b) Four-legged stirrup is used.
c) Spacing between successive stirrup are 6'' center to center.

NOTE :- Minimum spacing between two successive stirrup is 100 mm or 4 inches

while maximum spacing is 300 mm or 11 inches.

5.8 COLUMN
i. Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial
compressive loads chiefly.
ii. This structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to the
foundation.

5.8.1 MINIMUM SIZE OF RCC COLUMN

Minimum size of an RCC column should not be less than 9''x 9'' (225mm x 225mm)
with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of
T8@6''C/C.

5.8.2 STANDARD SIZE OF COLUMN

Standard size of an RCC column should not be less than 9''x 9'' (225mm x 225mm)
with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of
T8@6''C/C. I will be recommended 9'' x 12'' (230mm x 300mm) standard size of RCC
column for ground floor residential building.

5.9 COLUMN SIZE FOR GROUND FLOOR/1ST FLOOR BUILDING

For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of ground/1st floor residential
building, using standard 5'' walls, size of an RCC column should be 9''x 9'' (230mm x
230mm) with 4 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of
T8@6''C/C.

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5.10 COLUMN SIZE FOR 2 STOREY (G+1) BUILDING
For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+1 (2 storey) residential
building, using standard 5'' walls, size of an RCC column should be 9''x 12'' (230mm x
300mm) with 6 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups of
T8@6''C/C.

5.11 COLUMN SIZE FOR 3 STOREY (G+2) BUILDING

For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+2(3 storey) residential
building, using standard 5'' walls, size of an RCC column should be 12''x 12'' (300mm
x 300mm) with 6 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m20 grade of concrete and stirrups
of T8@6''C/C.

5.12 COLUMN SIZE FOR 4 STOREY (G+3) BUILDING

For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+3/4 storey residential
building, using standard 5'' walls, size of an RCC column should be 12''x 15'' (300mm
x 380mm) with 4 bars of 16mm and 2 bars of 12mm Fe500 Steel with m25 grade of
concrete and stirrups of Tl 0@6''C/C.

NOTE: - This is only a thumb rule it may vary according to design and structure of
building.

FIG 5.5 COLUMN

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5.13 CONCRETE GRADING USES FOR COLUMN CASTING

5.14 COLUMN USED AT SITE

a) Dimension of column adopted 9''x12''
b) 6 Numbers of bars was taken having 16 MM diameter
c) 8 MM dia bars was taken for stirrup making having 6'' center to center spacing.
d) 20 MM covering was taken from each sides
e) M20 grade of concrete was used for casting the column.

CHAPTER 6

MASONRY
6.1 STONE MASONRY
The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry
where the stones are available in an abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to
the proper shape, the provide an economical material for the construction of various
building components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc.

6.2 SELECTION OF STONE FOR STONE MASONRY

i. Availability
ii. Ease of working

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iii. Appearance
iv. Strength and stability
v. Polishing characteristics
vi. Economy
vii. Durability

6.3 TYPES OF STONE MASONRY

Based on the arrangement of the stone in the construction and degree of refinement in
the surface finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly in the following two
categories:

 Rubble masonry
 Ashlar masonry

6.3.1 RUBBLE MASONRY

 Coursed rubble masonry

 Un-coursed rubble masonry

 Random rubble masonry

 Polygonal rubble masonry

 Flint rubble masonry

 Dry rubble masonry

6.3.2 ASHLAR MASONRY

 Ashlar fine masonry

 Ashlar rough tooled

 Rock (or) Quarry faced
 Ashlar chamfered masonry
 Ashlar block in course
6.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
i. The stones to be used for stone masonry should be hard, tough and durable.

ii. The pressure acting on stones should be vertical.

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iii. The stones should be perfectly dressed as per the requirements.

iv. The stone masonry section should always be designed to take compression
and not the tensile stresses.
v. The masonry work should be properly cured after the completion of work,
for a period of 2 to 3 weeks.
vi. The mortar to be used should be good quality and in the specified faces.

vii. The construction work of stone masonry should be raised uniformly.

6.5 TEST FOR BRICKS

Various types of tests on bricks are conducted to check the qualities of bricks for
construction purposes. Tests on bricks are conducted at construction site as well as
in laboratory. Bricks are oldest and important construction materials because of
their durability, reliability, strength and low cost. Types of Tests On Bricks for
Construction Purpose Following tests are conducted on bricks to determine its
suitability for construction work.

 Absorption test
 Crushing strength test
 Hardness test
 Shape and size
 Color test
 Soundness test
 Structure of brick
 Presence of soluble salts (Efflorescence Test)

6.5.1 Crushing Strength or Compressive Strength Test on Bricks

Crushing strength of bricks is determined by placing brick in compression testing
machine. After placing the brick in compression testing machine, apply load on it
until brick breaks. Note down the value of failure load and find out the crushing
strength value of brick. Minimum crushing strength of brick is 3.50N/mm2.if it is
less than 3.50 N/mm2, then it is not useful for construction purpose.

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The minimum crushing / compressive strengths of burnt bricks tested flat wise
prescribed are:

 Common building bricks—35 kg/sq. cm,

 Second class bricks—70 kg/sq. cm,-
 First class bricks— 105 kg/sq. cm.

CHAPTER 7

SOIL FILLING
7.1 SOIL FILLING
A filling refers to a quantity of earthen material such as murrum, soil, rock, aggregate,
shingle, and sand that is placed and compacted in trenches, foundation, and under
floors for the purpose of filling in a hole or depression.

7.2 TYPES OF FILLING MATERIALS

 Soil or earth
 Murrum

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  Sand.
 Shingle

7.3 SOIL OR EARTH AS A FILLING MATERIAL

The soil used for the filling in a different type of works shall be free from salts,
organic, or other harmful matter. Black cotton soil is not recommended for use unless
so specified due to its property of high expansion and this is the material used for
filling in this constructional soil filling.

FIG 7.1 SAND OR EARTH USED IN FILLING WORKS (Site image)

7.4 FILLING IN FOUNDATION

i Once the work in the foundation has been completed the space around the
foundation masonry in trenches shall be cleared of all debris, brickbats, etc.,
ii The cleaned foundation trenches shall be filled with earth in layers not
exceeding 250 mm, each layer being watered, rammed, and compacted before
the succeeding one is laid.

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 iii Earth shall be rammer with iron rammer where feasible and with the butt ends
of crowbar where rammer cannot be used.

FIG 7.2 FILLING IN FOUNDATION.(Site image)

7.5 BACKFILLING`
The entire space between the substructure i.e., foundation and side of excavation shall
be filled back to the original surface level in layer not exceeding 250 mm in
thickness.It shall be watered and well compacted by means the rammers to achieve
maximum consolidation. For Plinth filling it shall start from the lowest level in the
horizontal layer not exceeding 250 mm in depth. Each layer should be compacted by
ramming with rammer of 7-10 Kg weight. Filling shall be adequately watered and
ramped for achieving maximum compaction.

i. Backfilling work shall not start until Site Engineer gives his approval to do so.
Material used for backfilling shall be any one or combination of soil types
mentioned
ii. Back filling shall be done in layers of thickness not exceeding 30 to 45cm
depending on compaction equipment and method (loose soil before
compaction). The soil layer shall then be watered adequately and compacted to
minimum 90% to 95% of Standard Proctor Density for soil Dept. of Civil
engineering 25 Construction of Urban Development Office Internship report
2021-22 other than sand and 85% in case of sand. Compaction shall be carried

40
 out at optimum moisture content (OMC). Soil after compaction shall be free
from pockets underneath.
iii. After the compaction of final layer of soil, at least 3 cores shall be taken from
the areas directed by Site Engineer and the soil shall be tested in laboratory for
the degree of compaction achieved. Results shall be matched above (NOT
CARRIED OUT)
iv. If the soil is excessively wet, it shall be allowed to dry sufficiently before
compaction. (Approximately OMC should be maintained)
v. Hand compaction shall be resorted to as directed by the Site Engineer. Overall
compacted thickness of soil shall be as per drawing.
vi. Over the compacted ground, rubble soling shall be done. Stones shall be hand
packed as close as possible and bedded firmly on broadest base. Void shall be
filled with chips and small stones.

FIG 7.3 RUBBLE SOLING FIG (Site image)

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 FIG:7.4 BACK FILLING.(Site image)

7.6 PLINTH BEAM

STEEL BARS USED FOR PLINTH BEAM
The two bars with a minimum diameter of 12mm at the bottom of the beam should be
provided and at the top of these beams two bars with a minimum diameter of 10mm
shall be provided. By 25mm concrete cover reinforcement bars should be protected
and stirrups of 6mm and 15cm of spacing are connected.

7.7 DETAILING OF PLINTH BEAM

Plinth beam: 230 * 300mm

Grade of concrete: M25 Grade

Steel bars: 12mm diameter

Bottom rods: 3 no. of rods

Top rods: 3 no. of rods

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Filling depth from foundation level to plinth level: 275 mm (250-300mm standard)

FIG 7.5 STEEL BARS IN PLINTH BEAM (Site image)

7.8 FILLING IN PLINTH

i. The filling in plinth shall be started from the lowest level in regular horizontal
layers, each not exceeding 250 mm in depth.
ii. Each layer of the filling shall be compacted by ramming with rammers of 7 to
10 kg weight.
iii. The filling shall be adequately watered for achieving maximum compaction.
Dept. of Civil engineering 27 Construction of Urban Development Office
Internship report 2021 -22
iv. The top surface of the filling shall be neatly dressed level or to a slope or grade
as desired.

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 FIG 7.6 FILLING IN PLINTH BEAM (Site image)

7.9 FILLING IN FLOORING AND CONSOLIDATION

Generally, for filling in large floors, like factory floors, hangars, etc. compaction is
carried out by mechanical means such as sheep-foot roller or by hand roller or by
power roller to 90 to 95 per cent of standard Proctor’s density under optimum
moisture conditions. Here water consolidation method is used with hand ramming
procedure.

FIG 7.7 FILLING IN FLOORING (Site image)

7.10 CONSOLIDATION
Soil mass is formed of tiny loose particles in which lots of voids are created in
between. In such voids either air or water gets occupied unless external pressure or
load for compaction is applied to it.

7.11 CONSOLIDATION TYPES

i. Primary consolidation
ii. Secondary consolidation

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  Primary consolidation occurs after initial consolidation, leading to further
volume reduction due to water expulsion from voids.
 This process is more complex and faster than the initial stage.
 After full saturation, static load is supported by pore water pressure because
water is nearly incompressible compared to soil particles.
 Excess water pressure creates a hydraulic gradient, causing water to flow, form
capillaries, and release water.

Pressure transfer to soil closes capillary voids, increasing effective stress and
decreasing volume; rate depends on soil permeability, with fine soils like clay taking
longer and coarse soils like sandy loam taking shorter.

FIG 7.8 CONSOLIDATION AFTER FILLIN(Site image)

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 CHAPTER 8

FORMWORK

8.1 FORMWORK
Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into
which concrete is poured and formed. A formwork that supports surface of fresh
concrete until it attains structural shape and required strength is called Shuttering.
Formwork should be strong enough to hold the concrete and live loads during
pouring and compacting and should be light weight, easy to transport and to place.

Fig.8.1 Placing of frame work(Site image) Fig.8.2 Formwork materials(Site image)

8.2 REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FORMWORK

i. Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.

ii. Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced
horizontally and vertically.

iii. Joints should prevent leakage of cement grout.

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 iv. Should be capable of being removed in various parts without damaging the
concrete.

v. Material used be suitable for reuse.

vi. Should be set accurately to the desired li

8.3 TOTAL STATION

A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical
instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit
theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both
vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a
particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation
calculations.
Function:

Angle measurement, Distance measurement, Coordinate measurement,

Dataprocessing. Applications:

Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to
record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads,
houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations
and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionist and
insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.

Fig.8.3 Total station at site (Site image)

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8.4 COLUMNS REINFORCEMENT
i. A column is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the
weight of the structure above to other structural element below.
ii. In other words it is a compression member.
iii. In the erection of the reinforcement of columns, it is the first we make sure
that the starter bars are in correct position with correct cover spacing.
iv. Then required amount of shear links were placed on the columns.
v. After that vertical bars attached to the starter bars and bind with correct
spacing.
vi. Checking of the reinforcement is done as per the structural drawing wherein
we check.

Fig.8.4 Column Reinforcement (Site image)

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 CHAPTER 9

PLINTH BEAM
9.1 PLINTH BEAM
i. The plinth beam is meant to join all the columns reducing the effective
length in a frame structure and plinth beam in a framed structure provided at
or above ground level that takes the load of a wall that is built on it.
ii. Between the wall and its foundation plinth beams are constructed and these
are reinforced concrete beams, to prevent the extension or propagation of
cracks from the foundation into the wall when the foundation suffers from
settlement these beams are provided and these beams over the foundation
distributes the load of a wall.
iii. PURPOSES OF PLINTH BEAM: There are following purposes of these
beams such as;

iv. In structures this beam prevents differential settlement and because to the
foundation all the load on the plinth beam is uniformly transferred.
v. These beams prevent dampness to enter the building from the foundation.

vi. These beams tie all the columns.

vii. From the foundation to reach the wall it prevents cracks.

viii. To collapse during an earthquake, it prevents the building.

ix. These beams uniformly distribute the load.

Fig 9.1 Plinth Beam construction. (Site image)

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9.2 CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse Aggregate bonded together
with fluid cement which hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based
concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic
cements, such as cement fond. How ever, asphalt concrete which is very frequently
used for road surface is also a type of concrete, where the cement material is
bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material
is a polymer.

Fig 9.2 Slump Cone Test (Site image)

9.3 CURING OF CONCRETE

i. There are various methods of curing. The adoption of a particular method
will depend upon the nature of work and the climate conditions. The
following methods of curing of concrete are generally adopted.
ii. Covering concrete surface with gunny bags.

iii. Sprinkling of water. o Ponding method. o Membrane curing. o Steam

curing.

9.4 COVERING CONCRETE SURFACE WITH GUNNY BAGS:

i. This a widely used method of curing, particularly for structural concrete.
ii. Thus exposed surface of concrete is prevented from drying out by covering it
with gunny bags, canvas or empty cement bags.
iii. The covering over vertical and sloping surfaces should be securing properly.
These are periodically wetted.

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iv. The interval of wetting will depend upon the rate of evaporation of water.
v. It should be ensured that the surface of concrete is not allowed to dry even for a
short time during the curing period.
vi. Special arrangement for keeping the surface wet must be made at nights and on
holidays.

Fig 9.3 Curing with Gunny Bags (Site image)

9.5 SPRINKLING OF WATER:

i. Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surface provides an
efficient curing.
ii. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed to
set sufficiently before sprinkling is started.
iii. The spray can be obtained from a perforated plastic box. On small jobs
sprinkling of water may be done by hand.
iv. Vertical and sloping surfaces can be kept continuously wet by sprinkling
water on top surfaces and allowing it to run down between the forms and the
concrete.For this method of curing the water requirement is higher.

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 CHAPTER 10

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

RESULT
Practical Exposure to Construction Activities:

 We directly observed and participated in critical site operations such as layout

setting, excavation, PCC work, reinforcement placement, column casting,
masonry, plinth beam construction, and soil filling.
 We witnessed the preparation and use of different construction materials such as
cement, sand, aggregates, and reinforcement bars, and learned how their
proportions are controlled for quality.

1. Application of Theoretical Knowledge:

 Concepts learned in classrooms, such as site planning, types of footing, lapping of
bars, and compaction methods, were applied practically on site.
 We understood how design drawings are converted into actual layout markings
using traditional methods (like the 3-4-5 method) and modern instruments such as
total stations.

2. Site Safety Awareness:

 We learned the importance of EHS (Environmental Health and Safety) rules. The
strict use of personal protective equipment (PPE)—helmets, safety shoes, gloves,
reflective jackets, and safety glasses—was observed throughout.
 Safety inductions were carried out for every worker, and digital aids were used to
make safety procedures clear.

3. Understanding of Structural Components:

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 We gained clarity on the execution of isolated footings, plinth beams, columns
with stirrups and lapping, and stone masonry.
 The detailing of reinforcement, proper cover to reinforcement, and methods of
curing concrete (such as sprinkling water and using gunny bags) were practically
demonstrated.
4. Skill Development:

 Improved communication skills while coordinating with engineers and labour

teams.
 Learned to observe and document the daily activities, ensuring measurements and
materials were according to standards.
 Developed problem-solving skills by understanding how on-site challenges (like
soil issues or space constraints) were managed.

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 CONCLUSION
 This internship proved to be an invaluable opportunity to bridge the gap between
theory and practice. The knowledge gained is not just limited to textbook concepts
but is enriched by real-life observations and hands-on experiences on a live
construction site.
 Integration of Knowledge:
We learned how structural drawings, specifications, and measurements are
implemented practically. From setting out foundations to finishing masonry works,
every step requires coordination, accuracy, and adherence to safety and quality
standards.
 Awareness of Standards and Safety:
Exposure to EHS practices has instilled in us the importance of maintaining a safe
work environment. Wearing PPE, following induction programs, and ensuring safe
operation of equipment are habits that we will carry into our professional careers.
 Professional Growth:
Working with experienced site engineers and supervisors helped us understand the
chain of command, teamwork, and time management required in the construction
industry. It gave us confidence in handling construction activities and interpreting
site conditions.
 Overall Impact:
This internship has significantly improved our technical competence, enhanced our
understanding of construction materials and methods, and given us a clear vision
of how a project progresses from planning to execution. The learning experience
will undoubtedly help us become better professionals in the field of civil
engineering.
 In conclusion, the internship at A1 Rock Construction Pvt. Ltd. was not just a
training program but a strong foundation for our future career. It provided us with
the necessary practical skills, industry exposure, and confidence to face challenges
in the dynamic construction industry.

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