1. A PMMC instrument with a 400-turn coil has a magnetic flux density in its air gaps of 250 mT.

The coil diameter is 2.5 cm and length is 2 cm. Calculate the torque produced on the coil for a
current of 1 mA, and determine the controlling torque constant if the 1 mA current produces 50
degree deflection. Calculate the sensitivity of the meter.
2. A PMMC meter has FSD = 10mA and coil resistance = 900 Ω. Design a multirange (two-range)
ammeter with this meter and an Ayrton shunt arrangement with ranges 0-100 mA and 0-1 A.
3. A PMMC meter with 990Ω coil resistance and 10mA FSD current is used to make an 0-1A
ammeter. The value of the shunt resistance is___
4. An electrodynamic meter with moving coil resistance of 950Ω, field coil resistance of 50Ω and
100mA FSD current is used to make a 0-200V voltmeter. The two coils are connected in series.
The value of the multiplier (series) resistance is____
5. A PMMC Voltmeter calibrated to measure DC voltage is used to measure an AC voltage with an
ideal half wave rectifier circuit. The AC voltage has the form 10√2𝜋 sin(314𝑡) V. What will be
the reading of the Voltmeter?
6. The deflecting torque of an ammeter varies as the square of the current passing through it. If a
current of 5 amps produces a deflection of 90 degrees, what will be the deflection for a current of
10 amps when the instrument is (a) Spring controlled and (b) Gravity controlled
7. An electrodynamic instrument displays a 90° deflection when Ifsd = Im = 100 mA. The controlling
torque exercised by the spring is 0.067 μNm/degree. Calculate the increase in the mutual inductance
from I = 0. Highlight any assumption made
8. The self-inductance of a moving-iron instrument increases by 2.23 mH when the pointer deflects
from zero to 80°. If the controlling springs produce a torque of 10 μNm/degree, calculate the coil
current. Highlight any assumption made.
9. An ammeter has a PMMC instrument with a coil resistance of Rm = 99 Ω and FSD current of 0.1
mA. The shunt resistance is Rs = 1 Ω. Determine the total current passing through the ammeter at
(a) FSD, (b) 0.5 FSD, and (c) 0.25 FSD
10. A PMMC instrument with 100 μA FSD and a 1 kΩ coil resistance is to be used in an ammeter.
Calculate the required shunt resistance for (a) FSD = 100 mA, and (b) FSD = 1A.
11. A PMMC instrument has a three-resistor Ayrton shunt connected in parallel with it to make an
ammeter. The resistance values are: R1 = 0.05 Ω, R2 = 0.45 Ω, R3 = 4.5 Ω. The meter has coil
resistance Rm = 1 kΩ and FSD = 50 μA. Calculate the three ranges of the ammeter?
12. A PMMC instrument with Rm = 1.3 kΩ and FSD = 500 μA is used in a multirange DC voltmeter.
The series-connected multiplier resistors are R1 = 38.7 kΩ, R2 = 40 kΩ and R3 = 40 kΩ. Calculate
the three voltage ranges and the voltmeter sensitivity?
13. A PMMC instrument with FSD = 100 μA and meter coil resistance Rm = 1 kΩ is to be employed
as an AC voltmeter. FSD is to be 100 V (rms), and silicon diodes (VF = 0.7 V) are to be used. (a)
Calculate the required multiplier resistance value. (b) Calculate the pointer indications for the
voltmeter when the rms input voltage is (i) 75 V and (ii) 50 V. (c) Calculate the sensitivity of the
voltmeter.
14. An uncompensated electrodynamic wattmeter measures the load power as 150 W when its voltage
coil is connected in parallel with the load. If the source voltage is 115 V, and wattmeter voltage
coil has a 3 kΩ resistance (Rv), calculate the %-age measurement error. Neglect current coil
resistance
15. Determine the coil current that will produce a 60° deflection in a PMMC instrument which has the
following parameters: coil turn = 200, coil dimensions = 2.5 cm x 2 cm, flux density = 150 mT,
spring control constant = 5 µNm / degree
16. In an electrodynamic instrument with field coil current equal to moving coil current, the mutual
inductance increase from 0° to 100° deflection is measured as 23.3 mH. The controlling torque
exercised by the spring is 0.75 μNm/degree. Calculate the measured current. State clearly any
assumption you make
17. A DC ammeter consists of an Ayrton shunt in parallel with a PMMC instrument that has a 1.2 kΩ
coil resistance and 100 μA FSD. The Ayrton shunt is made up of two 0.1 Ω series-connected
resistors. calculate the ammeter range at each setting of the shunt
18. An uncompensated wattmeter with a 3 Ω current coil resistance and a 100 kΩ voltage coil resistance
is connected with current coil directly in series with the load (100Ω) whose power is being
measured with the supply of 100 V DC. Calculate the measured power, and error due to current
coil.
19. For an electrodynamic instrument used as ammeter, calculate deflecting torque on its moving coil
for a current of 1mA. If its deflection constant (ki) is 5*103Nm/A2 and device constant K is 5*105
degree/A2. Find the spring control constant Ks and angle of deflection for the input current of 1mA,
2mA, 4mA, and 8mA.
20. The law of deflection of Moving Iron Ammeter is given by I=4θn Ampere, where θ is deflection in
radian and n is a constant. The self-inductance when meter current is zero is 10mH. The spring
constant is 0.16Nm/radian. (a) Determine the expression for self-inductance of meter as a function
of θ and n. (b) with n=0.75, calculate meter current and deflection that corresponds to self-
inductance of 600mH.?
21. A basic d’Arsonval movement with an internal resistance Rm=50Ω and full scale current
Ifsd=0.5mA is to be connected in to a multi range DC voltmeter with voltage ranges of 0-10V, 0-
50V, 0-250V and 0-500V. Show the values of resistances used
22. Design a universal Ayrton shunt to provide an ammeter with a current range of 2A, 5A, 10A using
a d’Arsonval movement with an internal resistance Rm=50Ω and full-scale deflection current of
1mA
23. A DC ammeter consists of an Ayrton shunt in parallel with a PMMC instrument that has a 1.2 kΩ
coil resistance and 100 μA FSD. The Ayrton shunt is made up of two 0.1 Ω series-connected
resistors. Calculate the ammeter range at each setting of the shunt?
24. A 500v, 20A dynamometer instrument is used as a wattmeter. Its current coil has 0.1Ω resistance
and pressure coil has 25kΩ resistance and 0.1H inductance. The meter was calibrated on dc supply.
What is the error in the instrument if it is used to measure the power in a circuit with supply voltage
500v, load current 24A at 0.2p.f. Assume that the pressure coil is connected across the load.
25. The inductance of a moving iron instrument is given by L= (10 + 5 -  2)H. Where  is the
deflection in radian from zero position. The spring constant is 12 x 10 -6 Nm / rad. Estimate the
deflection for a current of 5A