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Surya - 10 Maths 371 Statistics and Probability

CHAPTER

8
I. MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY

Key Points
99 Measures of Variation (or) Dispersion of a data provide an idea of how observations spread out
(or) scattered throughout the data.
99 Different Measures of Dispersion are
1. Range 2. Mean deviation 3. Quartile deviation 4. Standard deviation 5. Variance
6. Coefficient of Variation
99 Range R = L– S
L−S
99 Coefficient of range = where L - Largest value; S - Smallest value.
L+S
99 The mean of the squares of the deviations from the mean is called Variance. It is denoted by
s2. n

∑ ( xi − x)2
Variance σ 2 = i =1
n
99 The positive square root of Variance is called Standard deviation.
n

∑ ( xi − x)2
i =1
Standard deviation σ =
n

99 Formula Table for Standard Deviation (s).

Mean Assumed mean Step Deviation
Data Type Direct Method
Method method method
Ungrouped Data
∑ x2  ∑ x 
2
∑d2 ∑d2  ∑d 
2
∑d2  ∑d 
2
− − − ×C
n  n  n n  n  n  n 

Grouped Data –
∑ fd 2 ∑ fd 2  ∑ fd 
2
∑ fd 2  ∑ fd 
2
− − ×C
N N  N  N  N 
N=∑f N=∑f N=∑f
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Surya - 10 Maths 372 Statistics and Probability

99 Standard deviation of first 'n' natural numbers

n2 − 1
σ=
12

99 The value of SD will not be changed if we add (or) subtract some fixed constant to all the
values.
99 When we multiply each value of a data by a constant, the value of SD is also multiplied by the
same constant.
Example 8.1 Example 8.3
Find the range and coefficient of range of the fol- The range of a set of data is 13.67 and the largest
lowing data: 25, 67, 48, 53, 18, 39, 44. value is 70.08. Find the smallest value.
Solution : Solution :
Largest value L = 67; Smallest value S =18 Range R = 13.67
Range R= L − S = 67 −18 = 49 Largest value L = 70.08
L−S Range R = L −S
Coefficient of range = 13.67 = 70.08 −S
L+S
67 − 18 49 S = 70.08 −13.67 = 56.41
Coefficient of range = = = 0.576
67 + 18 85 Therefore, the smallest value is 56.41.

Example 8.2 Example 8.4

Find the range of the following distribution. The number of televisions sold in each day of a
week are 13, 8, 4, 9, 7, 12, 10. Find its standard
Age (in 16- 18- 20- 22- 24- 26- deviation.
years) 18 20 22 24 26 28
Number of 0 4 6 8 2 2 Solution :
students xi xi2 Standard deviation
Solution : 13 169 ∑ xi 2  ∑ xi 
2

8 64 σ = −  
Here Largest value L = 28 n n 
4 16
Smallest value S = 18 9 81
2
623  63 
= − 
Range R = L −S 7 49 7  7
12 144
R = 28 −18 = 10Years. = 89 − 81 = 8
10 100
Hence, σ  2.83
∑xi = 63 ∑xi2 = 623
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Surya - 10 Maths 373 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.5
di = xi – A
The amount of rainfall in a particular season for xi di2
6 days are given as 17.8 cm, 19.2 cm, 16.3 cm, di = xi – 35
12.5 cm, 12.8 cm and 11.4 cm. Find its standard 25 –10 100
deviation. 29 –6 36
30 –5 25
Solution :
33 –2 4
Arranging the numbers in ascending order 35 0 0
we get, 11.4, 12.5, 12.8, 16.3, 17.8, 19.2. |Num- 37 2 4
ber of observations n = 6 38 3 9
11.4 + 12.5 + 12.8 + 16.3 + 17.8 + 19.2 40 5 25
Mean =
6 44 9 81
90 48 13 169
= = 15
6 ∑di = 9 ∑di2 = 453

di = xi – x
xi di2 Example 8.7
= x – 15 The amount that the children have spent for pur-
11.4 –3.6 12.96 chasing some eatables in one day trip of a school
12.5 –2.5 6.25 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. Using step de-
12.8 –2.2 4.84 viation method, find the standard deviation of the
16.3 1.3 1.69 amount they have spent.
17.8 2.8 7.84
19.2 4.2 17.64 Solution :
∑di2 = 51.22 We note that all the observations are divis-
ible by 5. Hence we can use the step deviation
∑ di 2 method. Let the Assumed mean A = 20, n = 8.
Standard deviation σ =
n
51.22 di = xi – A di = xi − A
= = 8.53 xi c di2
6 di = xi – 20
c=5
Hence, σ  2.9
5 –15 –3 9
Example 8.6 10 –10 –2 4
The marks scored by 10 students in a class test 15 –5 –1 1
are 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 48. Find the 20 0 0 0
standard deviation. 25 5 1 1
30 10 2 4
Solution : 35 15 3 9
The mean of marks is 35.9 which is not an 40 20 4 16
integer. Hence we take assumed mean, A = 35, ∑di = 4 ∑di2 = 44
n = 10.
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Surya - 10 Maths 374 Statistics and Probability

Standard Deviation Example 8.9

2 2
∑ di  ∑ di  Find the standard deviation of the data 2, 3, 5,
σ= − ×c
n  n  7, 8. Multiply each data by 4. Find the standard
2
deviation of the new values.
44  4  2 11 1
= −  ×5= − ×5 Solution :
8  8 2 4
Given, n = 5
= 5.5 − 0.25 × 5 = 2.29 × 5
σ  11.45 xi xi2 Standard deviation

Example 8.8 2 49 ∑ xi 2  ∑ xi 
2
σ= −
Find the standard deviation of the following data
3 9 n  n 
5 25
7, 4, 8, 10, 11. Add 3 to all the values then find 151  25 
2
7 49
the standard deviation for the new values. σ= − 
8 64 5  5
Solution : ∑xi = 25 ∑xi = 151
2
= 30.2 − 25
Arranging the values in ascending order we
= 5.2  2.28
get, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11 and n = 5
When we multiply each data by 4, we get the
xi xi2 Standard deviation new values as 8, 12, 20, 28, 32.
4 16 ∑ xi 2  ∑ xi 
2
Standard deviation
σ= − xi xi2
7 49  n 
n 2
8 64 8 64 ∑ xi 2  ∑ xi 
σ= −
10 100 350  40 
2 12 144 n  n 
= −  20 400
11 121 5  5 2
28 784 2416  100 
∑xi = 40 ∑xi = 350
2 = −
σ = 6  2.45 32 1024 5  5 

When we add 3 to all the values, we get the new ∑xi = 100 ∑xi2 = 2416 = 483.2 − 400
values as 7,10,11,13,14. = 83.2
Standard deviation σ = 16 × 5.2
xi xi2
7 9 2 = 4 5.2  9.12
∑ xi 2  ∑ xi 
10 100 σ = −   From the above, we see that when we mul-
n n 
11 121 tiply each data by 4 the standard deviation also
2
13 169 635  55  get multiplied by 4.
= − 
14 196 5  5
∑xi = 55 ∑xi2 = 635
σ = 6  2.45
From the above, we see that the standard
deviation will not change when we add some
fixed constant to all the values.
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Surya - 10 Maths 375 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.10 Solution :

Find the mean and variance of the first n natural xi fi xi fi di = xi – x di2 fidi2
numbers. 6 3 18 –3 9 27
Solution : 7 6 42 –2 4 24
Sum of all the observations 8 9 72 –1 1 9
Mean x = 9 13 117 0 0 0
Number of observations
10 8 80 1 1 8
∑ xi 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n n(n + 1) 11 5 55 2 4 20
= = =
n n 2×n 12 4 48 3 9 36
n +1 N=48 ∑xi fi ∑di = 0 ∑ fi di2=
Mean x =
2 = 432 124
2
∑ xi 2  ∑ xi  ∑ xi fi 432
Variance σ 2 = − Mean x = − = 9 (Since N = ∑ fi )
n  n  N 48
 ∑ xi 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2  Standard deviation
= 2 2

(∑ xi ) = (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n)  ∑ fi di 2 124
σ= = = 2.58
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  n(n + 1) 
2 N 48
= − σ  1.6
6×n  2 × n 
2n 2 + 3n + 1 n 2 + 2n + 1 Example 8.12
= −
6 4 The marks scored by the students in a slip test are
2 2
4n + 6n + 2 − 3n − 6n − 3 given below.
Variance σ 2 =
12 x 4 6 8 10 12
2
n −1 f 7 3 5 9 5
=
12
Find the standard deviation of their marks.
Example 8.11
Solution :
48 students were asked to write the total number
Let the assumed mean, A = 8
of hours per week they spent on watching televi-
sion. With this information find the standard de- xi fi di = xi – A fidi fidi2
viation of hours spent for watching television. 4 7 –4 –28 112
x 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 3 –2 –6 12
f 3 6 9 13 8 5 4 8 5 0 0 0
10 9 2 18 36
12 5 4 20 80
N=29 ∑ fi di= 4 ∑ fi di2=
240
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Surya - 10 Maths 376 Statistics and Probability

Standard deviation 2
∑ fi di 2  ∑ fi di 
Standard deviation σ = c × −
 N 
2
∑ fi di 2  ∑ fi di  N
σ= −
N  N  2
210  30  210 900
2 σ = 10 × −  −  = 10 × −
240  4  240 × 29 − 16 71  71 71 5041
= −  =
29  29  29 × 29 = 10 × 2.779 ; σ  16.67
6944
σ= ; σ  2.87 Example 8.14
29 × 29
The mean and standard deviation of 15 observa-
Example 8.13 tions are found to be 10 and 5 respectively. On
Marks of the students in a particular subject of a rechecking it was found that one of the obser-
class are given below. vation with value 8 was incorrect. Calculate the
correct mean and standard deviation if the cor-
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 rect observation value was 23?
Number of
8 12 17 14 Solution :
students
Marks 40-50 50-60 60-70 - n = 15 , x = 10 , s = 5 ;
Number of ∑x
9 7 4 - x=; ∑ x = 15 × 10 = 150
students n
Find its standard deviation. Wrong observation value = 8,
Solution : Correct observation value = 23.
Correct total = 150 − 8 + 23 = 165
Let the assumed mean, A = 35, c = 10
165 mean x = 165 = 11
Mid Correct mean x =Correct
= 11 15
di = x −A 15
Marks value fi d = i fidi fidi
2
xi – A i c 2
(xi)
∑x  ∑ x
2 2 ∑ x2  ∑ x 
0-10 5 8 –30 –3 Standard
–24 72 Standard
deviation −  σ =
σ = deviation n
−
 n 
n  n 
10-20 15 12 –20 –2 –24 48
2
20-30 25 17 –10 –1 –17 17
Incorrect ∑ x 2 of σ = 25= ∑ x − (10) 2
value
Incorrect value of σ = 5= − (10) 15
30-40 35 14 0 0 0 0 15
2 2
40-50 45 9 10 1 9 9
∑x 2 ∑∑x x ∑ x2
50-60 55 7 20 2 14 28 25 = − 100 25 =
gives − 100
= gives
125 = 125
15 1515 15
60-70 65 4 30 3 12 36
N=71 ∑fi di ∑fi di2 Incorrect value of ∑x2 = 1875
= −30 = 210 Correct value of ∑x2 = 1875 – 82 + 232 = 2340
2340
Correct standard deviation σ = − (11) 2
15
σ = 156 − 121 = 35 σ  5.9
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Surya - 10 Maths 377 Statistics and Probability

EXERCISE 8.1 3. Calculate the range of the following data.

Income 400-450 450-500 500-550
1. Find the range and coefficient of range of Number of
the following data. 8 12 30
workers
(i) 63, 89, 98, 125, 79, 108, 117, 68 Income 550-600 600-650 -
(ii) 43.5, 13.6, 18.9, 38.4, 61.4, 29.8 Number of
Solution: 21 6 -
workers
i) Range =L–S
Solution :
= 125 – 63
Here, Largest value = L = 650
= 62
Smallest value = S = 450
L−S
Coefficient of range = ∴ Range =L –S
L+S
125 − 63 = 650 – 450
=
125 + 63 = 200
62 4. A teacher asked the students to complete
=
185 60 pages of a record note book. Eight
= 0.33 students have completed only 32, 35,
ii) Range =L–S 37, 30, 33, 36, 35 and 37 pages. Find the
standard deviation of the pages yet to be
= 61.4 – 13.6
completed by them.
= 47.8
Solution :
L−S
Coefficient of range = The pages yet to be completed by them are
L+S
61.4 − 13.6 60-32, 60-35, 60-37, 60-30, 60-33, 60-36, 60-35,
= 60-37, 60-37
61.4 + 13.6
47.8 = 28, 25, 23, 30, 27, 24, 25, 23
=
75
To find the SD of the data 28, 25, 23, 30, 27, 24,
= 0.64
25, 23
2. If the range and the smallest value of a
Arrange them in ascending order
set of data are 36.8 and 13.4 respectively,
then find the largest value. x d=x–A d2
Solution : 23 –2 4
Given ; range = 36.8 23 –2 4
Smallest value = 13.4
\R=L–S 24 –1 1
\L=R+S 25 0 0
= 36.8 + 13.4
25 0 0
= 50.2
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Surya - 10 Maths 378 Statistics and Probability

27 2 4 290 –1 1
28 3 9 300 0 0
30 5 25 310 1 1
5 47 310 1 1
∑d = 5 ∑d = 47
2
320 2 4
2 2
∑d  ∑d 320 2 4
∴σ = −
n  n  0 20
2 ∑d = 0 ∑d = 20
2
47  5 
= − 
8  8 x−A
d=
c
47 25
= −
8 64 A - Assumed Mean C - Common divisor
376 − 25 ∑d2  ∑d 
2
= σ2 = − × c2
64 n  n 
351 20
= = − 0 × 100
8 9
18.74 2000
= =
8 9
= 2.34 2
σ = 222.2
5. Find the variance and standard deviation ∴ Variance = 222.2
of the wages of 9 workers given below: ∴ S.D = 222.2
`310, `290, `320, `280, `300, `290, `320, = 14.906
`310, `280.
 14.91
Solution :
Given wages of a workers are `310, `290, `320, 6. A wall clock strikes the bell once at 1 o’
`280, `300, `290, `320, `310, `280 clock, 2 times at 2 o’ clock, 3 times at 3 o’
clock and so on. How many times will it
To find the variance and SD, arrange them in
strike in a particular day. Find the stan-
ascending order.
dard deviation of the number of strikes
x − 300 the bell make a day.
x d= d2 Solution :
10
280 –2 4 A clock strikes bell at 1 o' clock once
twice at 2 o' clock,
280 –2 4
3 times at 3 o' clock .......
290 –1 1
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Surya - 10 Maths 379 Statistics and Probability

∴ Number of times it strikes in a particular day Since each value is decreased by 5, then the
= 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... 12) new SD = 4.5
 12 × 13  ( S.D will not be changed when we add (or)
= 2
 2  subtract fixed constant to all the values of the
data).
= 156 times
9. If the standard deviation of a data is 3.6
To find the S.D of 2 (1, 2, 3, .......12)
and each value of the data is divided by 3,
 n2 − 1  then find the new variance and new stan-
= 2 
 12  dard deviation.
Solution :
 144 − 1 
= 2  Given, S.D of a data = 3.6
 12 
Since each value is divided by 3 then the
143 3.6
=2 = 2 11.91 new S.D =
12 3
= 2(3.45) = 1.2
= 6.9 New Variance = (1.2)2
7. Find the standard deviation of first 21 = 1.44
natural numbers. 10. The rainfall recorded in various places of
Solution : five districts in a week are given below.
SD of first 21 natural numbers Rainfall
45 50 55 60 65 70
(in mm)
n2 − 1 Number
= 5 13 4 9 5 4
12 of places
441 − 1 Find its standard deviation.
=
12 Solution :
440 x f d2 f.d f . d2
= x − 60
12 d=
5
= 36.66
45 5 –3 9 –15 45
= 6.0547
50 13 –2 4 –26 52
 6.05 55 4 –1 1 –4 4
8. If the standard deviation of a data is 4.5 60 9 0 0 0 0
and if each value of the data is decreased 65 5 1 1 5 5
by 5, then find the new standard devia- 70 4 2 4 8 16
tion. –32 122
Solution : ∑f = N = 40, ∑fd = – 32 ∑f.d2 = 122
Given, S.D of a data = 4.5 c=5
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Surya - 10 Maths 380 Statistics and Probability

2 2 ∴∑f = 65, ∑fd = 3, ∑fd2 = 139 and c = 10

∑ fd  ∑ fd 
∴σ = − ×c
 ∑ f 
2
∑f ∑ fd 2  ∑ fd 
∴σ = − ×c
2 ∑f  ∑ f 
122  −32 
= −  ×5 2
40  40  139  3 
= −   × 10
122 1024 65  65 
= − ×5
140 1600 139 9
= − 2 × 10
4880 − 1024 65 65
= ×5
1600 9035 − 9
= × 10
3856 652
= ×5
40 9026
62.096 = × 10
= = 7.76 65
8 95.005
= × 10
∴ S.D = 7.76 65
11. In a study about viral fever, the number = 1.46 × 10
of people affected in a town were noted as = 14.6
Age in years 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 12. The measurements of the diameters (in
Number of cms) of the plates prepared in a fac-
people 3 5 16 18 tory are given below. Find its standard
affected deviation.
Age in years 40-50 50-60 60-70 - Diameter 21- 25- 29- 33- 37- 41-
Number of (cm) 24 28 32 36 40 44
people 12 7 4 Number of
affected 15 18 20 16 8 7
plates
Solution : Solution :
mid mid
x − 35 x − 34.5
C.I value f d= d2 f.d f . d2 C.I value f d= d2 f.d f . d2
10 4
(x) (x)
0-10 5 3 –3 9 –9 27 21-24 22.5 15 –3 9 –45 135
10-20 15 5 –2 4 –10 20 25-28 26.5 18 –2 4 –36 72
20-30 25 16 –1 1 –16 16 29-32 30.5 20 –1 1 –20 20
30-40 35-A 18 0 0 0 0 33-36 34.5 16 0 0 0 0
40-50 45 12 1 1 12 12 37-40 38.5 8 1 1 8 8
50-60 55 7 2 4 14 28 41-44 42.5 7 2 4 14 28
60-70 65 4 3 9 12 36 84 –79 263
3 139
∴∑f = 94, ∑fd = –79, ∑fd2 = 263, c = 4
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Surya - 10 Maths 381 Statistics and Probability

2 2
∑ fd 2  ∑ fd  ∑ fd 2  ∑ fd 
∴σ = − ×c ∴σ = −
∑f  ∑ f  ∑f  ∑ f 
2 2
263  −79  78  8 
= −  ×4 = − 
84  84  50  50 
263 6241 78 64
= − ×4 = −
84 842 50 502
22092 − 6241 3900 − 64
= ×4 =
842 502
15851 3836
= ×4 =
84 50
125.9 61.935
= =
21 65
= 5.995 = 1.238
6  1.24

13. The time taken by 50 students to com- 14. For a group of 100 candidates the mean
plete a 100 meter race are given below. and standard deviation of their marks
Find its standard deviation were found to be 60 and 15 respectively.
Time taken 8.5- 9.5- 10.5- 11.5- 12.5- Later on it was found that the scores 45
(sec) 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 and 72 were wrongly entered as 40 and
Number of 27. Find the correct mean and standard
6 8 17 10 9
students deviation.
Solution : Solution :
mid Given n = 100, x = 60, s = 15
C.I value f d = x – 11 d2 f.d f . d2 ∑x
(x) ∴ = 60
n
8.5-9.5 9 6 –2 4 –12 24
∑x
9.5-10.5 10 8 –1 1 –8 8 ⇒ = 60
100
10.5-11.5 11 17 0 0 0 0
⇒ ∑ x = 6000
11.5-12.5 12 10 1 1 10 10
12.5-13.5 13 9 2 4 18 36 ∴ Corrected ∑x = 6000 – (40 + 27) + (45 + 72)
50 8 78
= 6000 – 67 + 117
∴∑f = 50, ∑fd = 8, ∑fd = 78 and c = 1 2
= 6050
6050
∴ Corrected mean =
100
= 60.5
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Surya - 10 Maths 382 Statistics and Probability

2 Let the emaining 2 observations be a, b.

∑ x2  ∑ x 
2
Variance = σ = −
n  n  ∴x = 8⇒
∑x
=8
n
∑ x2
225 = − 602 42 + a + b
100 ⇒ =8
7
∑ x2
∴ = 3825 ⇒ a + b = 56 − 42
100
⇒ a + b = 14 ....(1)
⇒ ∑ x 2 = 382500
∴ The correct ∑ x 2 = 382500 Also, σ 2 = 16
∴ Corrected ∑x2 ∑ x2  ∑ x 
2
⇒ − = 16
= Incorrect ∑x2 – 402 – 272 + 452 + 722 n  n 
= 382500 – 1600 – 729 + 2025 + 5184
∑ x2
= 387380 ⇒ − 82 = 16
7
Corrected ∑ x 2 ∑ x2
∴ Corrected σ 2 = − (Corr. mean) 2 ⇒ = 80
n 7
387380 ⇒ ∑ x 2 = 560
= − (60.5) 2
100
= 3873.80 − 3660.25 ⇒ 22 + 42 + 102 + 122 + 102 + a 2 + b 2 = 560
= 213.55 ⇒ 460 + a 2 + b 2 = 560
∴ Corrected SD = 213.55 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 = 100
= 14.6 ⇒ a 2 + (14 − a ) 2 = 100 (from (1))
2 2
15. The mean and variance of seven observa- ⇒ a + 196 + a − 28a = 100
tions are 8 and 16 respectively. If five of ⇒ 2a 2 − 28a + 96 = 0
these are 2, 4, 10, 12 and 14, then find the ⇒ a 2 − 14a + 48 = 0
remaining two observations.
⇒ (a − 8)(a − 6) = 0
Solution :
a = 8, a=6
Given n = 7, x = 8, s2 = 16
∴ b = 6, b=8
5 of the observerations are 2, 4, 10, 12, 14
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Surya - 10 Maths 383 Statistics and Probability

II. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION :

Key Points

σ
99 Coefficient of variation, CV = × 100.
x
99 If the C.V value is less, then the observations of x corresponding data are consistent.
99 If the C.V value is more, then the observations of corresponding data are inconsistent.

Example 8.15 Mean x 2 = 46.50kg, variance σ 2 2 = 28.09 kg 2

The mean of a data is 25.6 and its coefficient of Standard deviation σ 2 = 5.3kg
variation is 18.75. Find the standard deviation. σ2
Coefficient of variantion C.V2 = × 100%
Solution : x2
Mean x = 25.6 , 5.3
C.V2 = × 100% = 11.40% (for weights)
46.50
Coefficient of variation, C.V. = 18.75
C.V1 = 5.48% and C.V2 = 11.40%
σ
Coefficient of variation, C.V. = × 100%
x Since C.V2 > C.V1, the weight of the students is
σ more varying than the height.
18.75 = × 100 ; σ = 4.8
25.6 Example 8.17
The consumption of number of guava and or-
Example 8.16
ange on a particular week by a family are given
The following table gives the values of mean and below.
variance of heights and weights of the 10th stan-
Number of Guavas 3 5 6 4 3 5 4
dard students of a school.
Number of Oranges 1 3 7 9 2 6 2
Height Weight Which fruit is consistenly consumed by the
Mean 155 cm 46.50 kg2 family?
Variance 72.25 cm2 28.09 kg2 Solution :
First we find the coefficient of variation for
Which is more varying than the other?
guavas and oranges separately.
Solution : xi xi2
For comparing two data, first we have to find 3 9
their coefficient of variations 5 25
Mean x1 = 155cm, variance σ12 = 72.25cm 2 6 36
4 16
Therefore standard deviation σ1 = 8.5
3 9
σ1 5 25
Coefficient of variantion C.V1 = × 100%
x1 4 16
8.5 ∑xi = 30 ∑xi2 = 136
C.V1 = × 100% = 5.48% (for heights)
155
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Surya - 10 Maths 384 Statistics and Probability

Number of guavas, n = 7 EXERCISE 8.2

30
Mean x1 = = 4.29 1. The standard deviation and mean of a
7
2
data are 6.5 and 12.5 respectively. Find
∑ xi 2  ∑ xi  the coefficient of variation.
Standard deviation σ1 = −
n  n  Solution :
2
136  30  Given s = 6.5, x = 12.5
σ1 = −   = 19.43 − 18.40  1.01
7  7 σ
∴ C.V = × 100
Coefficient of variation for guavas x
σ 1.01 6.5
C.V1 = 1 × 100% = × 100% = 23.54% = × 100
x1 4.29 12.5
xi xi2 13
1 1 = 2 × 100
25
3 9 2
7 49 = 13 × 4
9 81 = 52%
2 4
6 36 2. The standard deviation and coefficient of
2 4 variation of a data are 1.2 and 25.6 re-
∑xi = 30 ∑xi = 184
2 spectively. Find the value of mean.
Solution :
Number of oranges n = 7
Given s = 1.2, C.V = 25.6
30
Mean x 2 = = 4.29 σ
7 ∴ C.V = × 100
2
x
∑ xi 2  ∑ xi  1.2
Standard deviation σ1 = −
n  n  25.6 =
x
× 100

184  30 
2 120
σ2 = −   = 26.29 − 18.40 = 2.81 ⇒ x=
7  7 25.6
x = 4.69
Coefficient of variation for oranges :
σ2 2.81 3. If the mean and coefficient of variation
C.V2 = × 100% = × 100% = 65.50%
x2 4.29 of a data are 15 and 48 respectively, then
find the value of standard deviation.
C.V1 = 23.54% and C.V2 = 65.50%
Solution :
Since C.V1 < C.V2, we can conclude that the Given x = 15, CV = 48, s = ?
consumption of guavas is more consistent than
oranges.
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Surya - 10 Maths 385 Statistics and Probability

σ σ
∴ C.V = × 100 ∴ C.V = × 100
x x
σ 24 + 26 + 33 + 37 + 29 + 31
⇒ 48 = × 100 x =
15 6
15 × 48 720 180
σ= = = 7.2 =
100 100 6
= 30
4. If n = 5 , x = 6 , ∑x2 = 765 , then calculate
the coefficient of variation. To find s1 arrange them in ascending order.
Solution :
x d = x – 31 d2
Given n = 5, x = 6, ∑x2 = 765, CV = ?
24 –7 49
∑ x2  ∑ x 
2 26 –5 25
σ= −
n  n  29 –2 4
31 0 0
765 33 2 4
= − (6) 2
5 37 6 36
765 − 180 –6 118
=
5 2
∑d2  ∑d 
585 ∴σ = −
= n  n 
5
2
= 117 118  −6 
= − 
= 10.82 6  6
118
σ = −1
∴ C.V = × 100 6
x
10.82 112
= × 100 =
6 6
1082 = 18.6
=
6 σ = 4.31
= 180.33% 4.31
∴ C.V = × 100
5. Find the coefficient of variation of 24, 26, 30
33, 37, 29, 31. 43.1
=
3
Solution :
= 14.36
Given data is 24, 26, 33, 37, 29, 31.
 14.4%
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Surya - 10 Maths 386 Statistics and Probability

6. The time taken (in minutes) to complete 7. The total marks scored by two students
a homework by 8 students in a day are Sathya and Vidhya in 5 subjects are 460
given by 38, 40, 47, 44, 46, 43, 49, 53. Find and 480 with standard deviation 4.6 and
the coefficient of variation. 2.4 respectively. Who is more consistent
Solution : in performance?
Given data is 38, 40, 47, 44, 46, 43, 49, 53. Solution :
Sathya Vidhya
38 + 40 + 47 + 44 + 46 + 43 + 49 + 53
x=
8 ∑ x1 = 460 ∑ x2 = 480
360 n=5 n=5
=
8 460 480
∴ x1 = ∴ x2 =
= 45 5 5
To find s, arrange them in ascending order. = 92 = 96
σ1 = 4.6 σ 2 = 2.4
x d = x – 46 d2
38 –8 64 σ1
∴ C.V1 = × 100
40 –6 36 x1
43 –3 9 4.6
44 –2 4 = × 100
92
46 0 0 460
47 1 1 =
92
49 3 9
=5
53 7 49 σ
–8 172 ∴ C.V2 = 2 × 100
x2
∑d2  ∑d 
2 2.4
∴σ = − = × 100
n  n  96
240
172  −8 
2 =
= −  96
8  8 = 2.5
172 164
= −1 = = 20.5 = 4.53 ∴ C.V2 < C.V1
8 8
∴ Vidhya is more consistent than Sathya.
4.53
∴ C.V = × 100 8. The mean and standard deviation of
45 marks obtained by 40 students of a class
453 in three subjects Mathematics, Science
=
45 and Social Science are given below.
= 10.07%
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Surya - 10 Maths 387 Statistics and Probability

Subject Mean SD x − 22
x d= d2
Mathematics 56 12 2
Science 65 14 18 –2 4
Social Science 60 10 20 –1 1
Which of the three subjects shows highest 22 0 0
variation and which shows lowest variation in 24 1 1
marks? 26 2 4
0 10
Solution :
σ ∑d2  ∑d 
2
C.V = × 100 ∴σ = − ×C
x n  n 
12
For Maths, C.V = × 100 = 21.428 10
56 = −0 ×2
5
14
For Science, C.V = × 100 = 21.538 =2 2
65 σ
10 ∴ CV for city A = × 100
For Social Science, C.V = × 100 = 16.67 x
60
2 2
= × 100
Highest variation in Science. 22
100 × 1.414
Lowest variation in Social Science. =
22
9. The temperature of two cities A and B in
= 6.427
a winter season are given below.
Temperature of Ciy B 11, 14, 15, 17, 18
Temperature of
75
city A (in de- 18 20 22 24 26 x= = 15
gree Celsius) 5
x d = x – 15 d2
Temperature of
city B (in de- 11 14 15 17 18 11 –4 16
gree Celsius) 14 –1 1
15 0 0
Find which city is more consistent in tempera- 17 2 4
ture changes? 18 3 9
Solution : 0 30
Temperature of City 'A' : 2
∑d2  ∑d 
18, 20, 22, 24, 26 ∴σ = − ×C
110 n  n 
x= = 22
5 30
= −0
5
= 6
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Surya - 10 Maths 388 Statistics and Probability

σ \CV for City A < CV for City B.

∴ CV for city B = × 100
x \ City A is more consistent in temperature
6 changes.
= × 100
15
2.45
= × 100
15
= 16.34

III. PROBABILITY :

Key Points
99 A random experiment is an experiment in which
(i) The set of all possible outcomes are known (ii)Exact outcome is not known.
99 The set of all possible outcomes in a random experiment is called a sample space. It is
generally denoted by S.
99 Each element of a sample space is called a sample point.
99 In a random experiment, each possible outcome is called an event.
99 An event will be a subset of the sample space.
99 If an event E consists of only one outcome then it is called an elementary event.
n( E )
99 P( E ) =
n( S )
n( S )
99 P ( S ) = = 1. The probability of sure event is 1.
n( S )
n (φ ) 0
99 P (φ) = = = 0. The probability of impossible event is 0.
n( s ) n( s )
99 E is a subset of S and f is a subset of any set.

f⊆E⊆S P(f) ≤ P(E) ≤ P(S) 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1

99 The complement event of E is E.
99 P(E) + P(E) = 1.
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Surya - 10 Maths 389 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.18 Solution :

Express the sample space for rolling two dice us- Total number of possible outcomes
ing tree diagram. n(S) = 5 + 4 = 9
(i) Let A be the event of getting a blue ball.
Solution :
Number of favourable outcomes for the
When we roll two dice, since each die contain 6
event A. Therefore, n(A) = 5
faces marked with 1,2,3,4,5,6 the tree diagram
Hence we get, y = x +11 gives
will look like
x − y +11 = 0.
Hence, the sample space can be written as
Probability that the ball drawn is blue.
n( A) 5
Therefore, P(A) = =
n( S ) 9
(ii) A will be the event of not getting a blue ball.
So P(A) = 1 – P(A) = 1 – 5 = 4
9 9
Example 8.20
Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the
sum of outcomes is (i) equal to 4 (ii) greater than
10 (iii) less than 13
Solution :
When we roll two dice, the sample space is
given by
S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6) (6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) };
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6) n (S) = 36
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) (i) Let A be the event of getting the sum of
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) outcome values equal to 4.
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) Then A = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}; n (A) = 3 .
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} Probability of getting the sum of outcomes
equal to 4 is
Example 8.19
n( A) 3 1
A bag contains 5 blue balls and 4 green balls. A P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 36 12
ball is drawn at random from the bag. Find the (ii) Let B be the event of getting the sum of
probability that the ball drawn is (i) blue (ii) not outcome values greater than 10.
blue.
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Surya - 10 Maths 390 Statistics and Probability

Then B = {(5,6),(6,5),(6,6)}; n (B) = 3 (i) Let A be the event of getting a red card.
Probability of getting the sum of outcomes n(A) = 26
greater than 10 is
n( B ) 3 1 Probability of getting a red card is
P( B) = = =
n( S ) 36 12 26 1
P ( A) = =
(iii) Let C be the event of getting the sum of 52 2
outcomes less than 13. Here all the (ii) Let B be the event of getting a heart card.
outcomes have the sum value less than 13.
Hence C = S . n (B) = 13
Therefore, n(C) = n(S) = 36 Probability of getting a heart card is
Probability of getting the total value less n( B ) 13 1
than 13 is P( B) = = =
n( S ) 52 4
n(C ) 36
P (C ) = = =1
n( S ) 36 (iii) Let C be the event of getting a red king card.
A red king card can be either a diamond
Example 8.21 king or a heart king.
Two coins are tossed together. What is the prob-
n(C) = 2
ability of getting different faces on the coins?
Solution : Probability of getting a red king card is
When two coins are tossed together, the sample n(C ) 2 1
space is P (C ) = = =
n( S ) 52 26
S = {HH,HT,TH,TT}; n(S) = 4 (iv) Let D be the event of getting a face card.
The face cards are Jack (J), Queen (Q), and
Let A be the event of getting different faces on
the coins. King (K).

A = {HT,TH}; n(A) = 2 n(D) = 4 × 3 = 12

Probability of getting different faces on the Probability of getting a face card is

coins is n( D) 12 3
P( D) = = =
n( A) 2 1 n( S ) 52 13
P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 4 2 (v) Let E be the event of getting a number card.
The number cards are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Example 8.22 and 10.
From a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, one card n(E) = 4 × 9 = 36
is drawn at random. Find the probability of get-
ting (i) red card (ii) heart card (iii) red king (iv) Probability of getting a number card is
face card (v) number card n( E ) 36 9
P( E ) = = =
Solution : n( S ) 52 13
n (S) = 52
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Surya - 10 Maths 391 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.23 Example 8.25

What is the probability that a leap year selected A bag contains 6 green balls, some black and
at random will contain 53 saturdays. red balls. Number of black balls is as twice as
the number of red balls. Probability of getting a
(Hint: 366 = 52×7 +2 )
green ball is thrice the probability of getting a
Solution : red ball. Find (i) number of black balls (ii) total
A leap year has 366 days. So it has 52 full number of balls.
weeks and 2 days. 52 Saturdays must be in 52 Solution :
full weeks.
Number of green balls is n (G) = 6
The possible chances for the remaining two
Let number of red balls is n (R) = x
days will be the sample space.
Therefore, number of black balls is n (B) = 2x
S = {(Sun-Mon, Mon-Tue, Tue-Wed, Wed-Thu,
Thu-Fri, Fri-Sat, Sat-Sun)} Total number of balls n(S) = 6 + x + 2x = 6 + 3x
n(S) = 7 It is given that, P(G) = 3 × P(R)
Let A be the event of getting 53rd Saturday. 6 x
= 3×
Then A = {Fri-Sat, Sat-Sun}; n(A) = 2 6 + 3x 6 + 3x
3x = 6 gives, x = 2.
Probability of getting 53 Saturdays in a leap
year is (i) Number of black balls = 2×2 = 4

n( A) 2 (ii) Total number of balls = 6 +(3×2) = 12

P ( A) = = Example 8.26
n( S ) 7
Example 8.24 A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow
which is equally likely to come to rest pointing
A die is rolled and a coin is tossed simultane-
to one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, …12. What is the
ously. Find the probability that the die shows an
probability that it will point to (i) 7 (ii) a prime
odd number and the coin shows a head.
number (iii) a composite number?
Solution :
Solution :
Sample space
Sample space
S = {1H,1T,2H,2T,3H,3T,4H,4T,5H,5T,6H,6T};
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}; n(S) = 12
n (S) = 12
(i) Let A be the event of resting in 7. n(A)=1
Let A be the event of getting an odd number and n( A) 1
a head. P ( A) = =
n( S ) 12
A = {1H, 3H, 5H}; n (A)= 3 (ii) Let B be the event that the arrow will come
n( A) 3 1 to rest in a prime number.
P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 12 4 B = {2,3,5,7,11}; n (B) = 5
 www.nammakalvi.in
Surya - 10 Maths 392 Statistics and Probability

n( B ) 5
P( B) = =
n( S ) 12
(iii) Let C be the event that arrow will come to
rest in a composite number.
C = {4,6,8,9,10,12}; n (C)=6
n(C ) 6 1
P (C ) = = =
n( S ) 12 2

EXERCISE 8.3

1. Write the sample space for tossing three

coins using tree diagram.
Solution :
H
H
T
H H
T
T
3. If A is an event of a random experi-
H
ment such that P(A) : P (A)=17:15 and
H
T n(S) = 640 then find (i) P (A) (ii) n(A).
T H Solution :
T
T Given P(A) : P(A) = 17 : 15

Sample space = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), 1 − P(A) 17

⇒ =
(HTT), (THH), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)} P ( A) 15
2. Write the sample space for selecting two ⇒ 15 − 15 P( A) = 17 P(A)
balls from a bag containing 6 balls num- ⇒ 32 P(A) = 15
bered 1 to 6 (using tree diagram).
17
Solution : ⇒ P( A) =
32
S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6) n( A) 17
⇒ =
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6) n( S ) 32
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) 17
⇒ n( A) = × 640 = 340
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) 32
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) 4. A coin is tossed thrice. What is the prob-
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} ability of getting two consecutive tails?
Solution :
When a coin is tossed thrice,
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Surya - 10 Maths 393 Statistics and Probability

S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (HTT), (THH), 6. A bag contains 12 blue balls and x red
(THT), (TTH), (TTT)} balls. If one ball is drawn at random (i)
n(S) = 8 what is the probability that it will be a
red ball? (ii) If 8 more red balls are put in
Let A bet the event of getting 2 tails
the bag, and if the probability of drawing
continuously, a red ball will be twice that of the prob-
A = {(HTT), (TTH), (TTT)} ability in (i), then find x.
n(A) = 3 Solution :
n( A) 3 Total number of balls in the bag
P ( A) = =
n( S ) 8 = x + 12. (x → red 12 → black)
5. At a fete, cards bearing numbers 1 to i)Let A be the event of getting red balls
1000, one number on one card are put P ( A) = n( A)n(A)
= =x
x
in a box. Each player selects one card at n( S ) x + 12
random and that card is not replaced. ii) If 8 more red balls are added in the bag.
If the selected card has a perfect square n(S) = x + 20
number greater than 500, the player wins
x+8  x 
a prize. What is the probability that (i) By the problem, = 2
x + 20  x + 12 
the first player wins a prize (ii) the sec-
ond player wins a prize, if the first has ⇒ ( x + 8)( x + 12) = 2 x 2 + 40 x
won? ⇒ x 2 + 20 x + 96 = 2 x 2 + 40 x
Solution : ⇒ x 2 + 20 x − 96 = 0
n(S) = 1000 ⇒ ( x + 24)( x − 4) = 0
i) Let A be the event of getting perfect ∴ x = −24, 4
squares between 500 and 1000 ∴x = 4
A = {232, 242, 252, 262 ...... 312} 4 1
∴ P ( A) = =
n(A) = 9 16 4
9 7. Two unbiased dice are rolled once.
P ( A) =
1000 Find the probability of getting

is the probablity for the 1st player to win a (i) a doublet (equal numbers on both dice)
prize. (ii) the product as a prime number
ii) When the card which was taken first is not (iii) the sum as a prime number
replaced. (iv) the sum as 1
n(S) = 999 Solution :
S ={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
n(B) = 8
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
8
P( B) = (3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
999
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Surya - 10 Maths 394 Statistics and Probability

(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (HTT), (THH),

(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} n(S) = 8
i) Let A be the event of getting all heads.
i) Let A be the event of getting a doublet
A = {(HHH)}
A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
n(A) = 1
n(A) = 6 n( A) 1
∴ P ( A) = =
n( A) 6 1 n( S ) 8
∴ P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 36 6
ii) Let B be the event of getting atleast one
ii) Let B the event of getting the product as a tail.
prime number. B = {(HHT), (HTH), (HTT), (THH), (THT),
(TTH), (TTT)}
B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 1)}
n(B) = 7
n(B) = 6
7
n( B ) 6 1 P( B) =
∴ P( B) = = = 8
n( S ) 36 6
iii) Let C be the event of getting at most one
iii) Let C be the event of getting the sum of head.
numbers on the dice is prime. C = {(HTT), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
C = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), n(C) = 4
(3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 6), 4 1
P (C ) = =
(6, 1), (6, 5)} 8 2
n(C) = 14 iv) Let D - atmost 2 tails
n(C ) 7 D = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTT), (HTH),
∴ P (C ) = = (THH), (THT), (TTH)}
n( S ) 36
n(D) = 7
iv) Let D be the event of getting sum of 7
numbers is 1. P( D) =
8
n(D) = 0
9. Two dice are numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 and
P(D) = 0 1,1,2,2,3,3 respectively. They are rolled
8. Three fair coins are tossed together. Find and the sum of the numbers on them is
the probability of getting noted. Find the probability of getting
(i) all heads (ii) atleast one tail each sum from 2 to 9 separately.
(iii) atmost one head (iv) atmost two tails Solution :
Solution : S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
When 3 fair coins are tossed, (2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
 www.nammakalvi.in
Surya - 10 Maths 395 Statistics and Probability

(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) 4
P (G ) =
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) 36
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
viii) Let H - Sum of 9
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}
n(H) = 2
i) Let A - Sum of 2
2
n(A) = 2 P( H ) =
36
2
∴ P ( A) = 2
36 P( H ) =
36
ii) Let B - Sum of 3
10. A bag contains 5 red balls, 6 white balls,
n(B) = 4 7 green balls, 8 black balls. One ball is
4 drawn at random from the bag. Find
P( B) = the probability that the ball drawn is
36
(i) white (ii) black or red (iii) not white
iii) Let C - Sum of 4 (iv) neither white nor black
n(C) = 6 Solution :
S = {5R, 6W, 7G, 8B}
6
P (C ) = i) Let A - White ball
36
n(A) = 6
iv) Let D - Sum of 5 6 3
P ( A) = =
n(D) = 6 26 13
6 ii) Let B - Black (or) red
P( D) =
36 n(B) = 5 + 8 = 13
v) Let E - Sum of 6 13 1
P( B) = =
26 2
n(E) = 6
iii) Let C - not white
6
P( E ) = n(C) = 20
36
20 10
P (C ) = =
vi) Let F - Sum of 7 26 13
n(F) = 6 iv) Let D - Neither white nor black
6 n(D) = 12
P( F ) =
36 12 6
P( D) = =
26 13
vii) Let G - Sum of 8
n(G) = 4
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Surya - 10 Maths 396 Statistics and Probability

11. In a box there are 20 non-defective and 13

some defective bulbs. If the probability P ( A) =
46
that a bulb selected at random from the
3 ii) Let B - queen of red card.
box found to be defective is then, find
8 n(B) = 0
the number of defective bulbs. P(B) = 0
Solution : (queen diamond and heart are included in S)
Let x be the number of defective bulbs. iii) Let C - King of black cards
∴ n(S) = x + 20 n(C) = 1 (encluding spade king)
Let A be the event of selecting defective 1
∴ P (C ) =
balls 46
∴ n(A) = x 13. Some boys are playing a game, in which
x the stone thrown by them landing in a
P ( A) = circular region (given in the figure) is
x + 20
considered as win and landing other
x 3 than the circular region is considered as
Given =
x + 20 8 loss. What is the probability to win the
game?
⇒ 8x = 3x + 60
⇒ 5x = 60
x = 12
∴ Number of defective balls = 12.
12. The king and queen of diamonds, queen
Solution :
and jack of hearts, jack and king of spades
Area of the rectangular region =4×3
are removed from a deck of 52 playing
cards and then well shuffled. Now one = 12ft2
card is drawn at random from the re- Area of the circular region = pr2
maining cards. Determine the probabil-
= p × 12
ity that the card is (i) a clavor (ii) a queen
of red card (iii) a king of black card = pft2
Solution : π
∴ Probability to win the game =
Solution : 12
3.14
By the data given, =
12
n(S) = 52 – 2 – 2 – 2 = 46
314
i) Let A be the event of selecting clubber =
1200
card.
157
n(A) = 13 =
600
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Surya - 10 Maths 397 Statistics and Probability

14. Two customers Priya and Amuthan are 15. In a game, the entry fee is ₹150. Th e
visiting a particular shop in the same game consists of tossing a coin 3 times.
week (Monday to Saturday). Each is Dhana bought a ticket for entry . If one
equally likely to visit the shop on any one or two heads show, she gets her entry fee
day as on another day. What is the prob- back. If she throws 3 heads, she receives
ability that both will visit the shop on double the entry fees. Otherwise she will
(i) the same day (ii) different days lose. Find the probability that she (i) gets
(iii) consecutive days? double entry fee (ii) just gets her entry
Solution : fee (iii) loses the entry fee.
Given n(S) = 6. (Monday - Saturday) Solution :
i) Prob. that both of them will visit the shop S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
1 (HTT), (THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
on the same day =
6 n(S) = 8
ii) Prob. that both of them will visit the shop in
1
5 i) P (gets double entry fee) = ( 3 heads)
different days = . 8
6
( if one visits on Monday, other one visit 6 3
the shop out of remaining 5 days). ii) P (just gets for her entry fee) = =
8 4
iii) Prob. that both of them will visit the shop in ( 1 (or) 2 heads)
consecutive days. 1
iii) P (loses the entry fee) =
A = {(Mon, Tue), (Tue, Wed), (Wed, Thu), 8
(Thu, Fri), (Fri, Sat)} ( 3 no heads (TTT) only)
n(A) = 5
5
P ( A) =
6
IV. ALGEBRA OF EVENTS:

Key Points
99 A ∩ A = f A∪A=S
99 If A, B are mututally exclusive events, the P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).
99 P (Union of mutually exclusive events) = ∑ (Probability of events)
Theorem 1
If A and B are two events associated with a random experiment, then prove that
(i) P(A ∩ B) = P(only A) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)
(ii) P(A ∩ B) = P(only B) = P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
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Surya - 10 Maths 398 Statistics and Probability

Proof Proof
(i) Let A and B be any two events of a random
experiment with sample space S.
From the Venn diagram, we have the events only
A, A ∩ B and only B are mutually exclusive and
their union is A ∪ B
Therefore,

(i) By Distributive property of sets, P(A ∪ B) = P [(only A) ∪ (A∩B) ∪ (only B)]

1. (A∩B)∪(A∩B) = A∩(B∪B)= A∩S = A = P (only A) + P(A∩B) + P (only B)

2. (A∩B)∩(A∩B) = A∩(B∩B) = A∩f = f = [P(A)–P(A∩B)]+P(A∩B) + [P(B) – P(A∩B)]

Therefore, P(A) = P[(A∩B)∪(A∩B)] P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)

P(A) = P(A∩B) + P(A∩B) (ii) Let A, B, C are any three events of a ran-
dom experiment with sample space S.
Therefore, P(A∩B) = P(A) – P(A∩B)
That is, P(A∩B) = P (oly A) = P(A) – P(A∩B)
(ii) By Distributive property of sets,
1. (A∩B) ∪ (A∩B) = (A∪A) ∩B = S∩B = B
2. (A∩B) ∩ (A∩B) = (A∩A) ∩B = f∩B = f
Therefore, the events A∩B and A∩B are mutu-
ally exclusive whose union is B. Let D = B∪C
P(B) = P[(A∩B)∪(A∩B)] P(A∪B∪C) = P(A∪D)
P(B) = P(A∩B) + P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(D) – P(A∩D)
Therefore, P(A∩B) = P(B) – P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(B ∪ C) – P[A∩(B ∪ C)]
=P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(B∩C) –
That is, P(A∩B) = P (only B) = P(B) – P(A∩B)
P[(A∩B)∪(A∩C)]
Theorem 2
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(B∩C) – P[(A∩B)
(i) If A and B are any two events then
– P(A∩C) + P[(A∩B)∩(A∩C)]
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) –
(ii) If A, B and C are any three events then P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C)
P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
– P(A∩B) – P(B∩C) – P(A∩C) + P(A∩B∩C)
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Surya - 10 Maths 399 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.27 Therefore, A ∩ B = {(2,2)}

If P(A) = 0.37 , P(B) = 0.42 , P(A∩B) = 0.09 Then, n(A) = 6 , n(B) = 3 , n(A∩B) = 1 .
then find P(A∪B) . n( A) 6
P ( A) = =
Solution : n( S ) 36
P(A) = 0.37 , P(B) = 0.42 , P(A∩B) = 0.09 n( B ) 3
P( B) = =
P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B) n( S ) 36
P(A∪B) = 0.37 + 0.42 − 0.09 = 0.7 n( A ∩ B ) 1
P( A ∩ B) = =
Example 8.28 n( S ) 36
What is the probability of drawing either a king Therefore,
or a queen in a single draw from a well shuffled P (getting a doublet or a total of 4) = P(A∪B)
pack of 52 cards?
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
Solution : 6 3 1 8 2
Total number of cards = 52 = + − = =
36 36 36 36 9
Number of king cards = 4
4 2
Probability of drawing a king card = Hence, the required probability is
52 9
Number of queen cards = 4
Example 8.30
4
Probability of drawing a queen card = 1
52 If A and B are two events such that P(A)= ,
Both the events of drawing a king and a queen 4
1 1
are mutually exclusive P(B) = and P (A and B) = , find
2 8
⇒ P(A∪B) = P(A)+P(B) (i) P(A or B) (ii) P (not A and not B).
Therefore, probability of drawing either a Solution :
4 4 2 (i) P(A or B) = P(A∪B)
king or a queen = + =
52 52 13
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
Example 8.29
1 1 1 5
Two dice are rolled together. Find the probability P ( A or B ) = + − =
4 2 8 8
of getting a doublet or sum of faces as 4.
Solution : (ii) P (not A and not B) = P(A∩B)
When two dice are rolled together, there = P(A∪B)
will be 6×6 = 36 outcomes. Let S be the sample = 1 – P(A∪B)
space. Then n(S) = 36
5 3
Let A be the event of getting a doublet and P (not A and not B) = 1 – =
8 8
B be the event of getting face sum 4.
Then A = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}
B = {(1,3),(2,2),(3,1)}
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Surya - 10 Maths 400 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.31 Example 8.32

A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find In a class of 50 students, 28 opted for NCC, 30
the probability of getting a king or a heart or a opted for NSS and 18 opted both NCC and NSS.
red card. One of the students is selected at random. Find
the probability that
Solution :
(i) The student opted for NCC but not NSS.
Total number of cards = 52; n (S) = 52
(ii) The student opted for NSS but not NCC.
Let A be the event of getting a king card.
(iii) The student opted for exactly one of them.
n(A) = 4
n( A) 4 Solution:
P ( A) = =
n( S ) 52 Total number of students n(S)= 50.
Let B be the event of getting a heart card. Let A and B be the events of students opted for
n(B) =13 NCC and NSS respectively.
n( B ) 13 n(A) = 28 , n(B) = 30 , n(A∩B) = 18
P( B) = =
n( S ) 52 n( A) 28
P ( A) = =
Let C be the event of getting a red card. n( S ) 50
n (C) = 26 n( B ) 30
P( B) = =
n( S ) 50
n(C ) 26
P (C ) = = n( A ∩ B) 18
n( S ) 52 P( A ∩ B) = =
1 n( S ) 50
P(A∩B) = P (getting heart king) =
52
13 (i) Probability of the students opted for NCC
P(B∩C) = P (getting red and heart) = but not NSS
52 28 18 1
2 P(A∩B) = P(A) – P(A∩B) = − =
P(A∩C) = P (getting red king) = 50 50 5
52
(ii) Probability of the students opted for NSS
P(A∩B∩C)=P (getting heart, king which is red)
but not NCC.
1 30 18 6
= P(A∩B) = P(B) – P(A∩B) = − =
52 50 50 25
Therefore, required probability is (iii) Probability of the students opted for exactly
one of them
P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) –
P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C) = P [(A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B)]
4 13 26 1 13 2 1 28 7 1 6 11
= + + − − − + = = = P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ B) = + =
52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 13 5 25 25

(Note that (A∩B), (A∩B) are mutually exclusive

events)
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Surya - 10 Maths 401 Statistics and Probability

Example 8.33 Solution :

A and B are two candidates seeking admission a) P (not A) = P(A) = 1 – P(A)
to IIT. The probability that A getting selected is = 1 – 0.42
0.5 and the probability that both A and B getting
selected is 0.3. Prove that the probability of B = 0.58
being selected is atmost 0.8. b) P (not B) = P(B) = 1 – P(B)
Solution: = 1– 0.48
P(A) = 0.5 , P(A∩B) = 0.3 = 0.52
We have P(A∪B) ≤ 1 c) P (A or B) = P(A∪B)
P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B) ≤ 1 = P(A) + P(B) + P(A∩B)
0.5 + P(B) − 0.3 ≤ 1 = 0.42 + 0.48 – 0.16
P(B) ≤ 1 − 0.2 = 0.74

P(B) ≤ 0.8 3. If A and B are two mutually exclusive

events of a random experiment and
Therefore, probability of B getting selected is P(not A) = 0.45, P(A∪B)=0.65, then find
atmost 0.8. P(B).
EXERCISE 8.4 Solution :
Given A and B are mutually exclusive events
2 2 1
1. If P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A∪B) = then P (A∩B) = 0
3 5 3
find P(A∩B). Also, P (not A) = 0.45
Solution : ∴ P(A) = 0.45
P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∪B) 1 – P(A) = 0.45
P(A) = 0.55
2 2 1
= + − P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
3 5 3
10 + 6 − 5 ∴ P(B) = P(A∪B) – P(A)
=
15 = 0.65 – 0.55
11 = 0.10
=
15
4. The probability that atleast one of A and
2. A and B are two events such that, P(A) = B occur is 0.6. If A and B occur simul-
0.42, P(B) = 0.48 , and P(A∩B) = 0.16 . taneously with probability 0.2, then find
Find (i) P,(not A) (ii) P,(not B) P(A) + P(B) .
(iii) P,(A or B) Solution :
Given P (A∪B) = 0.6, P(A∩B) = 0.2
 www.nammakalvi.in
Surya - 10 Maths 402 Statistics and Probability

\ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) n(S) = 36

⇒ 0.6 = P(A) + P(B) – 0.2 Let A be the event of getting even number
on the 1st die.
\ P(A) + P(B) = 0.8
A = {(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(2, 4),(2, 5),(2, 6)
\ P(A) + P(B)
(4, 1),(4, 2),(4, 3),(4, 4),(4, 5),(4, 6)
= 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B)
(6, 1),(6, 2),(6, 3),(6, 4),(6, 5),(6, 6)}
= 2 – (P(A) + P(B))
n(A) = 18
= 2 – 0.8
18
= 1.2 P(A) =
36
5. The probability of happening of an event Let B - Total of face sum as 8.
A is 0.5 and that of B is 0.3. If A and B are B = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
mutually exclusive events, then find the 5
probability that neither A nor B happen. n(B) = 5, P(B) =
36
Solution : A∩B = {(2, 6), (4, 4), (6, 2)}
Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.3, P(A∩B) = 0 n(A∩B) = 3
P (neither A nor B) 3
P(A∩B) =
36
= P(A∩B)
∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
= P (A∪B)
18 5 3
= 1 – P(A∪B) = + −
36 36 36
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)] 20
=
= 1 – (0.8) 36
5
= 0.2 =
9
6. Two dice are rolled once. Find the prob- 7. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards, a
ability of getting an even number on the card is drawn at random. Find the prob-
first die or a total of face sum 8. ability of it being either a red king or a
Solution : black queen.
S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6) Solution :
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6) n(S) = 52
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) Let A - Red King
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) n(A) = 2
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6) 2
P(A) =
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} 52
Let B - Black Queen
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Surya - 10 Maths 403 Statistics and Probability

n(B) = 2 5 11 1
2 = + −
P(B) = 18 18 18
52 15
Here A and B are mutually enclusive =
18
∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) 5
=
4 6
=
52
9. Three unbiased coins are tossed once.
1
= Find the probability of getting atmost 2
13 tails or atleast 2 heads.
8. A box contains cards numbered 3, 5, 7, Solution :
9, … 35, 37. A card is drawn at random S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
from the box. Find the probability that (HTT), (THT), (TTH), (TTT)}
the drawn card have either multiples of 7 n(S) = 8
or a prime number. Let A - at most 2 tails
Solution : A = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH), (HTT),
S = {3, 5, 7, 9, ........... 35, 37} (THT), (TTH), (HHH)}
n(S) = 18 n(A) = 7
7
Let A - multiple of 7. P(A) =
8
A = {7, 14, 21, 28, 35}
Let B - atleast 2 heads
n(A) = 5
B = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
5
P(A) = n(B) = 4
18
4
Let B - a prime number P(B) =
8
B = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37}
∴ A∩B = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
n(B) = 11
11 4
P(B) = n(A∩B) = 4, P(A∩B) =
18 8
Here A∩B = {7} ∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B)
n(A∩B) = 1 7 4 4
= + −
1 8 8 8
P(A∩B) = 7
18 =
∴ P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∪B) 8
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Surya - 10 Maths 404 Statistics and Probability

10. The probability that a person will get 3000 1300 900
3 ∴ P(A) = , P(B) = , P(A ∩ B) =
an electrification contract is and the 8000 8000 8000
5
probability that he will not get plumbing ∴ P (either a female (or) over 50 years)
5 P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
contract is . The probability of getting
8 3000 + 1300 − 900
5 =
atleast one contract is . What is the 8000
7
probability that he will get both? 3400
=
8000
Solution :
34
Let A - electrification contract =
80
B - not plumbing contract
17
Given =
3 5 5 40
P (A) = , P (B) = , P ( A ∪ B ) =
5 8 7 12. A coin is tossed thrice. Find the probabil-
5 ity of getting exactly two heads or atleast
⇒ P( B) = 1 −
8 one tail or two consecutive heads.
3 Solution :
=
8 S = {(HHH), (HHT), (HTH), (THH),
∴ P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∪ B) (TTH), (THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
3 3 5 n(S) = 8
= + − Let A - exactly 2 heads
5 8 7
168 + 105 − 200 A = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH)}
= n(A) = 3
280
73 3
= P(A) =
280 8
Let B - atleast one tail
11. In a town of 8000 people, 1300 are over
B = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH), (TTH),
50 years and 3000 are females. It is
(THT), (HTT), (TTT)}
known that 30% of the females are over
n(B) = 7
50 years. What is the probability that a
chosen individual from the town is either 7
P(B) =
a female or over 50 years? 8
Solution : Let C - Consecutively 2 heads
Let A - Female C = {(HHH), (HHT), (THH)}
B - Over 50 years n(C) = 3
Given n(S) = 8000, n(A) = 3000, 3
P(C) =
30 8
n(B) = 1300 and n(A∩B) = × 3000 = 900
100
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Surya - 10 Maths 405 Statistics and Probability

A∩B = {(HHT), (HTH), (THH)} 9 1 1 1 1

⇒ = P ( A) + 2. P ( A) + 3. P ( A) − − − +
n(A∩B) = 3 10 6 4 8 15
3 9 1 1 1 1
P(A∩B) = ⇒ 6 . P ( A) = + + + −
8 10 6 4 8 15
B∩C = {(HHT), (THH)} 108 + 20 + 30 + 15 − 8
⇒ 6. P ( A) =
n(B∩C) = 2 120
2 165
P(B∩C) = ⇒ 6. P ( A) =
8 120
C∩A = {(HHT), (THH)} 165 11
⇒ P ( A) = =
n(C∩A) = 2 720 48
2 11
P(C∩A) = ∴ P ( A) =
8 48
P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) – 11 11
P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C) ∴ P ( B ) = 2 . P ( A) = 2 × =
48 24
3 7 3 3 2 2 2 11 11
= + + − − − + P (C ) = 3 . P ( A) = 3 × =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 48 16
8
= =1 14. In a class of 35, students are numbered
8
from 1 to 35. The ratio of boys to girls
13. If A, B, C are any three events such is 4:3. The roll numbers of students be-
that probability of B is twice as that of gin with boys and end with girls. Find
probability of A and probability of C is the probability that a student selected is
thrice as that of probability of A and if either a boy with prime roll number or
1 1 1 a girl with composite roll number or an
P(A∩B)= , P(B∩C)= , P(A∩C)= , even roll number.
6 4 8
9 1 Solution :
P(A∪B∪C) = , P(A∩B∩C) = , then
10 15 Given n(S) = 35 and ratio of boys and girls=4:3
find P(A),P(B) and P(C) ? 4
No. of boys = × 35 = 20
Solution : 7
Given P(B) = 2. P(A), P(C) = 3 . P(A) 3
No. of boys = × 35 = 15
1 1 1 7
P(A∩B)= , P(B∩C)= , P(A∩C)= , Let A - a boy with prime roll no
6 4 8
9 1 A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 19} ( only 20 boys)
P(A∪B∪C) = , P(A∩B∩C) =
10 15 n(A) = 7
7
P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) – P(A) =
35
P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C)
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Surya - 10 Maths 406 Statistics and Probability

Let B - a girl with composite roll no.

EXERCISE 8.5
B={21,22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35}
n(B) = 12
Multiple choice questions :
12
∴ P(B) = 1. Which of the following is not a measure
25
of dispersion?
Let C - even roll no.
B={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, (1) Range (2) Standard deviation
28, 30, 32, 34} (3) Arithmetic mean (4) Variance
n(C) = 17 Ans : (3)
17
∴ P(C) = Hint :
35
A∩B = { }, n(A∩B) = 0, P(A∩B) = 0 A.M is not a measure of dispersion and it is
a measure of central tendency.
B∩C = {22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34}
2. The range of the data 8, 8, 8, 8, 8. . . 8 is
7 (1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 8 (4) 3
\ n(B∩C) = 7 ⇒ P(B∩C) =
35
C∩A = {2} ⇒ n(C∩A) = 1 Ans : (1)
Hint :
1
P(C∩A) = Range =L–S
35
at P (A∩B∩C) = 0 =8–8=0
3. The sum of all deviations of the data from
∴ P(A∪B∪C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A∩B) its mean is
– P(B∩C) – P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C)
(1) Always positive
7 12 17 7 1 (2) always negative
= + + −0− − +0
35 35 35 35 35 (3) zero
28 (4) non-zero integer
=
35 Ans : (3)
4
= Hint :
5
Sum of all deviations of the data from the
mean = 0
ie ∑ (x – x) = 0
4. The mean of 100 observations is 40 and
their standard deviation is 3. The sum of
squares of all deviations is
(1) 40000 (2) 160900
(3) 160000 (4) 30000
Ans : (2)
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Surya - 10 Maths 407 Statistics and Probability

Hint : 7. If the standard deviation of x, y, z is p

then the standard deviation of 3x + 5 ,
x = 40, n = 100, σ = 3
3y + 5 , 3z + 5 is
2
∑ x2  ∑ x 
2 (1) 3p + 5 (2) 3p (3) p + 5 (4) 9p +15
σ = −
n  n  Ans : (2)
∑ x2 Hint :
9= − (40) 2
100 SD of x, y, z = p
∑ x2 ⇒ SD of 3x, 3y, 3z = 3p
= 1609
100 ⇒ SD of 3x + 5, 3y + 5, 3z + 5 = 3p.
⇒ ∑ x 2 = 160900 8. If the mean and coefficient of variation of
a data are 4 and 87.5% then the standard
5. Variance of first 20 natural numbers is
deviation is
(1) 32.25 (2) 44.25 (3) 33.25 (4) 30
(1) 3.5 (2) 3 (3) 4.5 (4) 2.5
Ans : (3)
Ans : (1)
Hint :
Variance for first 20 natural numbers Hint :
x = 4, CV = 87.5, s = ?
2 n2 − 1
σ = σ
12 CV = × 100
400 − 1 x
= σ
12 87.5 = × 100
399 4
= 87.5
12 ∴σ =
= 33.25 25
= 3.5
6. The standard deviation of a data is 3. If
each value is multiplied by 5 then the new 9. Which of the following is incorrect?
variance is (1) P (A) > 1 (2) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
(1) 3 (2) 15 (3) 5 (4) 225
(3) P(f) = 0 (4) P(A) + P(A) = 1
Ans : (4)
Ans : (1)
Hint :
s = 3 of a data. Hint :
P(A) > 1 is incorrect.
If each value is multiplied by 5,
since 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
then the new SD = 15
∴ Variance = (SD)2
= 152
= 225
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Surya - 10 Maths 408 Statistics and Probability

10. The probability a red marble selected at 13. Kamalam went to play a lucky draw con-
random from a jar containing p red, q test. 135 tickets of the lucky draw were
blue and r green marbles is sold. If the probability of Kamalam win-
q p 1
(1) (2) ning is , then the number of tickets
p+q+r p+q+r 9
p+q p+r bought by Kamalam is
(3) (4)
p+q+r p+q+r (1) 5 (2) 10 (3) 15 (4) 20
Ans : (2) Hint : Ans : (3)
Hint : n( S ) = 135 n( A) = x
n (Red) = p, n(S) = p + q + r x 1
∴ P ( A) = = (given)
p 135 9
Required probability =
p+q+r 135
⇒x= = 15
9
11. A page is selected at random from a 14. If a letter is chosen at random from the
book. The probability that the digit at English alphabets {a, b,..., z}, then the
units place of the page number chosen is probability that the letter chosen pre-
less than 7 is cedes x
3 7 3 7
(1) (2) (3) (4) 12 1 23 3
10 10 9 9 (1) (2) (3) (4)
13 13 26 26
Hint : Ans : (2) Hint : Ans : (3)
P (digit at unit's place of the page is less n(S) = 26 n(A) = 23 ( 26 – 3)
7 23
than 7) = P(A) =
10 26
( n(S) = 10, A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 15. A purse contains 10 notes of `2000, 15
n(A) = 7) notes of `500, and 25 notes of `200. One
12. The probability of getting a job for a per- note is drawn at random. What is the
x probability that the note is either a `500
son is If the probability of not getting note or `200 note?
3 2 1 3 2 4
the job is then the value of x is (1) (2) (3) (4)
3 5 10 3 5
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 1.5 Hint : Ans : (4)

Hint : Ans : (2) n(S) = 50, n(A) = 10, n(B) = 15, n(C) = 25
P ( B ∪ C ) = P ( B ) + P (C ) (  B & C are mutually exclusive)
x 2
Given P(A) = , P(A) = 15 25
3 3 = +
P(A) + P(A) = 1 50 50
x+2 40
⇒ =1 =
3 50
⇒ x+2=3 4
=
5
⇒ x =1
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Surya - 10 Maths 409 Statistics and Probability

2. The diameter of circles (in mm) drawn in

UNIT EXERCISE - 8
a design are given below.
1. The mean of the following frequency Diameters 33-36 37-40 41-44 45-48 49-52
distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all Number of
15 17 21 22 25
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing circles
frequencies f1 and f2. Calculate the standard deviation.
Class 0- 20 - 40 - 60- 80- 100-
Solution :
Interval 20 40 60 80 100 120
Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8 x − 42.5
C.I. x f d= d2 f.d f.d2
4
Solution :
32.5-36.5 34.5 15 –2 4 –30 60
Given x = 62.8, ∑f = 50
36.5-40.5 38.5 17 –1 1 –17 17
⇒ f1 + f2 + 30 = 50
40.5-44.5 42.5 21 0 0 0 0
⇒ f1 + f2 = 20
44.5-48.5 46.5 22 1 1 22 22
⇒ f2 = 20 – f1
48.5-52.5 50.5 25 2 4 50 100
x − 70 100 25 199
C.I. x f d= fd
20 ∴∑f = 100, ∑fd = 25, ∑fd2 = 199
0-20 10 5 –3 – 15 2
∑ fd 2  ∑ fd 
20-40 30 f1 –2 – 2f1 ∴σ = − ×4
∑f  ∑ f 
40-60 50 10 –1 – 10
2
60-80 70 20–f1 0 0 199  25 
= −  ×4
80-100 90 7 1 7 100  100 
100-120 110 8 2 16 19900 − 625
= ×4
50 –2f1–2 1002
19275
 ∑ fd  = ×4
x = A+ × c 100
 ∑f  138.83
=
 −2 f1 − 2  25
62.8 = 70 +  × 20
 50  = 5.55
 −4 f1 − 4  ∴ S.D = 5.55
⇒ 62.8 = 70 +  
 5 3. The frequency distribution is given
⇒ 314 = 350 − 4 f1 − 4 ⇒ −4 f1 = −32 below.
32 x k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k
f1 = =8
4 f 2 1 1 1 1 1
∴ f1 = 8, f2 = 20 – f1 In the table, k is a positive integer, has a
= 20 – 8 = 12. variance of 160. Determine the value of k.
 www.nammakalvi.in
Surya - 10 Maths 410 Statistics and Probability

Solution : 5. If for a distribution, ∑(x – 5) = 3,

∑(x – 5)2 = 43, and total number of obser-
x− A
x f d= d2 f.d f.d2 vations is 18, find the mean and standard
k
deviation.
k 2 –3 9 –6 18
Solution :
2k 1 –2 4 –2 4
3k 1 –1 1 –1 1 Given ∑(x – 5) = 3, ∑ (x – 5)2 = 43, n = 18
4k 1 0 0 0 0 ⇒ ∑x – ∑5 = 3 ⇒ ∑ (x2 – 10x + 25) = 43
5k 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ ∑x – 5.∑1= 3 ⇒ ∑x2–10. ∑x + 25 ∑1= 43
6k 1 2 4 2 4
7 –6 28 ⇒ ∑x– 5(18) = 3 ⇒ ∑x2–10(93)+25(18)=43
Given variance = 160 ⇒ ∑x = 93 ⇒ ∑x2 = 523
 ∑ fd 2  ∑ fd  2  i) Mean :
∴k2  −  = 160
 ∑f  ∑ f   ∑ x 93
x= = = 5.17
 28  −6  2 n 18
⇒ k 2  −    = 160
 7 
 7  ii) SD :
 36  2 2
⇒ k 2  4 −  = 160 ∑ x2  ∑ x  523  93 
 49  σ= −  = − 
n  n  18  18 
160 
⇒ k2  = 160
 49  =
523 8649
−
16 × 40 18 324
⇒ k2 =
16 9414 − 8649
2 =
⇒ k = 49 324
∴k = 7 ( k is positive) 765 27.65
= = = 1.536
4. The standard deviation of some tem- 18 18
perature data in degree celsius (oC) is 5.
If the data were converted into degree 6. Prices of peanut packets in various plac-
Farenheit (oF) then what is the variance? es of two cities are given below. In which
Solution : Given sc = 5 city, prices were more stable?
9c Prices in
F= + 32 20 22 19 23 16
5 City A
9 Prices in
⇒ σ F = σc 10 20 18 12 15
5 city B
9 Solution :
= ×5
5 CV for prices in City A
( Add (or) subtract the value
=9 Given data is 20, 22, 19, 23, 16
to a data won't effect the SD) 100
∴σ F 2 = 92 = 81. ∴x = = 20
5
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Surya - 10 Maths 411 Statistics and Probability

To find s1 arrange them is ascending order. 2

∑d2  ∑d 
∴σ = −
x d = x – 20 d2 n  n 
16 –4 16
68
19 –1 1 =
5
20 0 0
= 13.6
22 2 4 = 3.68
23 3 9
σ
0 30 ∴ C.V = × 100
x
∑d2  ∑d 
2 3.68
∴σ = − = × 100
n  n  15
= 24.53
30
=
5 ∴ C.V for price in City A < City B
= 6 ∴ Prices are very stable in City A.
= 2.44 7. If the range and coefficient of range of
σ the data are 20 and 0.2 respectively, then
∴ C.V = × 100
x find the largest and smallest values of the
2.44 data.
= × 100
20 Solution :
= 12.24 Given range = 20, Co.eff. of range = 0.2
CV for prices in City B ⇒ L – S = 20 ...(1) L−S
= 0.2
Given data is 10, 20, 18, 12, 15 L+S
75 20
∴x = = 15 ⇒ = 0.2
5 L+S
⇒ L + S = 100 ...(2)
To find s arrange them is ascending order.
Solviong (1) and (2)
x d = x – 15 d2
10 –5 25 L = 60, S = 40
12 –3 9 8. If two dice are rolled, then find the prob-
15 0 0 ability of getting the product of face val-
ue 6 or the difference of face values 5.
18 3 0
Solution :
20 5 25
0 68 S = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
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Surya - 10 Maths 412 Statistics and Probability

(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6) 10. A bag contains 5 white and some black

(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6) balls. If the probability of drawing a
black ball from the bag is twice the prob-
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
ability of drawing a white ball then find
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)} the number of black balls.
n(S) = 36 Solution :
Let A - Product of face value is 6. Given n(S) = 5 + x, 5 white balls
x black balls
A = {(1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 2), (6, 1)} By daa given,
n(A) = 4 P(B) = 2. P(W)
4 x  5 
P(A) = ⇒ = 2. 
36 5+ x  5 + x 
Let B - Difference of face value is 5.
⇒ x = 10
B = {(6, 1)}
n(B) = 1 \ No. of black balls = 10
1 11. The probability that a student will pass the
P(B) =
36 final examination in both English and
A∩B = {(6, 1)} Tamil is 0.5 and the probability of pass-
ing neither is 0.1. If the probability of
n(A∩B) = 1 passing the English examination is 0.75,
1 what is the probability of passing the
P(A∩B) =
36 Tamil examination?
\P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) Solution :
4 1 1 4 1 Given P(E∩T) = 0.5 ; P(E∩T) = 0.1
= + − = =
36 36 36 36 9 & P(E) = 0.75 ⇒ P(E∪T) = 0.1
9. In a two children family, find the ⇒ P(E∪T) = 1–01
probability that there is at least one girl
= 0.9
in a family.
Solution : P(E∪T) = P(E) + P(T) – P(E∩T)
S = {(BB), (BG), (GB), (GG)} 0.9 = 0.75 + P(T) – 0.5
n(S) = 4 P(T) = 0.9 – 0.25
Let A be the event of getting atleast one girl. = 0.65
A = {(BG), (GB), (GG)} 65
=
100
∴ n(A) = 3
13
3 =
∴ P(A) = 20
4
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Surya - 10 Maths 413 Statistics and Probability

12. The King, Queen and Jack of the suit 2. Find the variance of the wages :
spade are removed from a deck of 52
cards. One card is selected from the re- Rs.210, Rs.190, Rs.220, Rs.180, Rs.200,
maining cards. Find the probability of Rs. 190, Rs.200, Rs.210, Rs.180
getting (i) a diamond (ii) a queen (iii)
a spade (iv) a heart card bearing the (Ans : 172.8)
number 5. 3. Find the range of the heights of 12 girls in a
Solution : class given in cm.
n(S) = 52 – 3 = 49 120, 110, 150, 100, 130, 145, 150, 100, 140,
i) Let A - a diamond card 150, 135, 125

n(A) = 13 (Ans : 50)

n( A) 13 4. The variance of 5 values is 36. If each value

∴ P ( A) = = is doubled, find the SD of new values.
n( S ) 49
(Ans : 12)
ii) Let B - a queen card
5. For a group of 200 students, the mean and
n(B) = 3 (except spade queen out of 4)
SD of scores were found to be 40 and 15
3 respectively. Later on, it was found that
∴ P( B) =
49 scores 43, 35 were misread as 34, 53
respectively. Find the correct mean, SD.
iii) Let C - a spade card
(Ans : 30.955, 14.995)
n(C) = 10 (13 – 3 = 10)
10 6. Mean of 100 items is 48 and their S.D is 10.
∴ P (C ) = Find the sum of all the items and the sum of
49
the squares of all the items.
iv) Let D - 5 of heart (Ans : 4800, 240400)
n(D) = 1
7. If the coefficient of variation of a collection
1 of data is 57 and its SD is 6.84, find the
∴ P( D) =
49 mean.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE (Ans : 12)

8. Calculate S.D from the data :
1. Find the SD of the data
Marks : 10 20 30 40 50 60
i) 45, 60, 62, 60, 50, 65, 58, 68, 44, 48
No. of students : 8 12 20 10 7 3
ii) 8, 10, 15, 20, 22
(Ans : 13.45)
iii) 18, 11, 10, 13, 17, 20, 12, 19
(Ans: (i) 8.14, (ii) 5.44, (iii) 3.67)
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Surya - 10 Maths 414 Statistics and Probability

9. Find the SD for the data. C.V 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Age (in years) : 18 22 21 23 19 f: 5 f1 15 f2 6
No. of students: 100 120 140 150 80 (Ans : f1 = 8, f2 = 16)
(Ans : 1.84) 15. A number is selected at random from
1 to 100. Find the probability that it is a
10. The following table gives the distribution
perfect cube.
of income of 100 families in a village. Find
the variance. (Ans : 1/25)
Income : 0-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 16. A two digit number is formed of the digits
2, 5 and 9. Find the probability that it is
No. of families : 18 26 30
divisible by 2 (or) 5, without repetition.
3000-4000 4000-5000 5000-6000
(Ans : 2/3)
12 10 4
17. From a set of whole numbers less than 40,
(Ans : 1827600) find the probability of getting a number not
divisible by 5 or 7.
11. Find the coefficient of variation :
(Ans : 12/41)
20, 18, 32, 24, 26
18. Two dices are thrown together. What is the
(Ans : 20.412)
probability that only odd numbers turn upon
12. Find the coefficient of variation of the data both the dices.

Size (in cms) : 10-15 15-20 20-25 (Ans : 5/6)

No. if items : 2 8 20 19. What is the probability that a leap year to

contain 53 sundays ?
25-30 30-35 35-40
(Ans : 2/7)
35 20 15
20. The probability that A, B and C can solve a
(Ans : 21.86) problem are 4/5, 2/3, 3/7 respectively. The
13. Which of the following cricketers A or B is probability of the problem being solved by
more consistent player, who scored runs A and B is 8/15, B and C is 2/7, A and
in a cricket season. C is 12/35. The probability of the problem
being solved by all the 3 is 8/35. Find the
A : 58 59 60 54 65 66 52 75 69 52
probability that the problem can be solved
B : 84 56 92 65 86 78 44 54 78 68 by atleast one of them.
(Ans : Player 'A') (Ans : 101/105)
14. Find the missing frequencies of the
distribution whose mean is 28.2.
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Surya - 10 Maths 415 Statistics and Probability

9. A number is chosen from 40 to 75. Find the

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
prob. that it is divisible by 7 and 11.
1. The range of first 20 whole numbers is a) 2/9 b) 1/9 c) 3/9 d) 4/9
a) 19 b) 38 c) 20 d) 19.5 Ans : (a)
Ans : (c) 10. The probability of selecting a rotten apple
2. Variance of 1, 2, 3 is randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18.
a) 2/3 b) 2 c) 0 d) 2 The number of rotten apples is
3 a) 0.872 b) 1620 c) 162 d) 172
Ans : (a
3. The sum of the squares deviations for 10 Ans : (c)
observations taken from their mean 50 is 11. In a family of 3 children, probability of
250. The coefficient of variation is having atleast one boy is
a) 10% b) 40% c) 50% d) 15% a) 1/3 b) 7/8 c) 3/8 d) 1/2
Ans : (a) Ans : (b)
4. If A and B are mutually exclusive and S is 12. If a card is drawn at random from 30 cards,
the sample space such that P(A) = 1/3, P(B)
the probability that the number on the card is
and S = A∪B, their P(A) is
not divisible by 3 is
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 c) 4/3 d) 3/2
Ans : (a) a) 2/3 b) 1/3 c) 27/30 d) none
5. If the first 10 positive integers, in which we Ans : (a)
multiply each no. by – 1 and then add 1 to 13. 3 digit numbers are made using the digits
each, the variance of the numbers so 4, 5, 9 without repetition. If a number is
obtained is selected at random, the prob. that the
a) 8.25 b) 6.5 c) 3.87 d) 8.25 number will be ended with 9 is
Ans : (c) a) 1/3 b) 5/9 c) 1/2 d) none
6 The variance of 15 observations is 4. If each
(Ans : (a)
observation is increased by 9, the variance
of the new data is 14. A letter of english alphabet is chosen at
a) 13 b) 36 c) 4 d) 16 random. The prob. that the letter chosen is a
Ans : (c) consonant.
7. Consider the numbers from 1 to 10. If 1 is a) 5/26 b) 21/26 c) 7/13 d) 1
added to each number, the variance of the Ans : (b)
numbers so obtained is 15. To prob. of a card to be a club card when it
a) 6.5 b) 2.87 c) 3.87 d) 8.25 is taken from 52 cards where all red face
Ans : (c) cards are removed is
8. The probability of drawing neither an ace a) 3/23 b) 13/46 c) 10/23 d) 13/40
nor a king is
a) 2/13 b) 11/13 c) 4/13 d) 8/13 Ans : (b)

Ans : (b)