Chapt [2 0G/c] A= Feopositions and lege Z operations 4.4) Propet tins 2A povspeition ( statement, assertim) ir a delaratie Aontena thet in eth thine or fale , but met boih. ' Tn thin cowree , statemms will woually be clenchd by small ktos pg r,.. = The uth ov Pabiily oP a statemml ia called Huth vale of te Gala. fe ‘rue! statement 1a called tautology, a fabre statemont ig Called contredichon Ex (Sonatinas coled prpesitionah varely @ “Beirut is ain Zrok's thes sa talement, which is false @" Den >0"s fy ia astatemint hil is hue ) “Where are yn yong 2 Bes is neha abn (“Bal He Rameuserk on fle bead ": ncba statement 2 A fropention Com someh'mes be expressecl wn a ymbbc way , by waing mafhemakcal bybelas Ex-Olhe statement” A real numba either a rationd rn con be written a4 follows Vic eR (Flable de’, oo ¢) w(iebieree =#t) © he. statement 1" ee ae ade postive integer" | can be written as filows : Jhe IN, w= 2ht4 A |4.2) logical connectives Statements can be combined by fagrcal connechveg fo chtanm new i tins called The truth yabso ef a compound ptetement Lyi) defends om the fulh vabuax of ty substotomeh 47 and om the ty f cam ch ves beng used can be shown. thasgh a 7 Let's study mow Hise fogical on necives a) negation (1s, not ) a Given ang atatement p , andher statemout can Ge formed , called noted by TP ts Tre only when pe? flare . age Lap to flue ony whom pi Poe a» Tut tole of 7 pt ae eee 4 oO 5) confumction (Md, %) a Ang hwo statemel pig be combined 4, fhe werd AMD fv tam & capone! statement calledl. Conjunctim of PO 9) denoted by PAD YT (abso dented 4 pina) “pag a tre oh when p ancl 4 anc beth fue; Ofewnise pq ao Fabre eae * a DSw Tah fab pf mo (9) EAE ¢) disun ction le oR , v) 3 me} tue Atatemonl> Pia Cor be Combine! by Me wnd OR btn @ compound pfatemmnt callecl dls punction eo Pig, deneted porq (als Aemehins denoted by pra) pygq 2 tue when ehaane one of Re two slitnat iy tre | ofherwise Pd poe aw Truk teh f on (V) : Led eva of o | 0 | roles wie qa] Cala [Ese eco a apie aq AND, OR , we can ic puinepralcennectives T , fom the Following. deiivettie onmedives, o) implication (=> ) a Having two statemon® Pig wt Can Pi the (props tien ped (read: if p ther 4) | whose trth value os Kat of pig io,ws in fat, b poy the compound cfolement pq 9 fre means thal» if p is Are thats q wil abo be fede hea. o Tr ofka werd 1, p>4 ays that we will mo Rave Pp tre and q fatee ot Me Aame kina pct pl nd =e a called an @ aCe iain a the conoltimal statemmt P94 Gam le read: eif p Hen 4 « p amples 4 . pa, a op Ss ae oon freq 24 4 Necessary fer p NB p24 ts rue in coche of following Aubuchon + 4 pts Fala a’) qe 4 Pa. > a Truth tabk $ > bet f4 O\4 A Aa BO S150. 7A w te wnvowe of th cide oe pein pooq is a te tegatins figenin > AIG j . he of Ha prapritin p> io 4 > 1p 1 A{ equitalin (=) a Having two Atakemonb p,q we Car fem. the | tin PY ‘ whose frath vole 2 that of (p24) 9(4>7) : a the statement pesg can ae pea +p ictrue of ancl only 4 hea ae ae a mecessang and bu fe q = Truth tobe of > ° Hote ‘ g |} olofe ofajoh > A{o}Ops ze 5! 4 ema] sept] 72 Jes pt A) A 1 A 4 o | Ov Ese © oO gate AO Saeed (#0 Jeo a1 9 a |o l4 a4 yA A A 2 4_|A4.3) Papedtes The flowing properties bbl - AB (1p) =F e) pm 2 4h 3) py eS ait u) pap © P ©) Pe @P ) (pag) @ PY "4 } De Morgan lows A psd) Ahad AQ\A @ a(qar) © P et as © ?P oS Fee yon a aa © pray (ene) i. mae urea nen Ar) prayer (4a pe Por “geayeon > 99 : te => (p>) 43) if Pedant (Ge) then (pr) s(peaqaqer) => (PeAu) (r 54 = (4s i) 15) Vpsq) <3(pA1q) #) Ret) & (pon) 1) 1 (peg) <> (por) (qa7p) Proo All theses prperkes can be proved wang truth tabby 4( pag) = Ip 14 0? Pel Pelip. [tg pag 1 (pra) | Fev @:) Osa [Aso A 4 GRETA heise) A 4 A |e0- 40" |, 0 A A 4.\-4,{ 0 |05\ A 0 C whe bast tuo cobunns ow cdenticak thus we con asset Mat (pag) & equi vlonk b pylg @) (p29) Sly>W 7? Methed 4 : waning atnuth tableoloy}s> SEtelst EIS lets 7 ol |= a y = Wy Le V et . Method 2 2 wding He vite of (p29) (Pp>4) <2Cev4) Se ee efitiyy i) 'y 47 (14 3 7p) by defnchen Ao°) PAlqy dees (pra) (pad) 20 epee aertpag [par pA(ay 9) Ipag) v (rar) Ol O22 O20 O oO 0 o| 0 4a 0 0 oO Oo. Pid be ie O oO | 4) 4 (O80. 0 o 4180s &| 0. | OF [05:0 0 2 AsgOe | alae sO | 4 A 4 mal’ 4 [t0G| tals 4- | 4 A 4 AOA ala A A 4 WyExamples : a EX2 > Rewrrte the following atatement wikat abing te endtmel cr Y xf, it is coll , £ Wear @ Bat Gite he ragation of no mw Ex3: let xe U(x a relative unteger) Prove Pat the follavng snl cation io tree. : y x (a even a2 w even m Exh: The 0 co petty or she's An and! shire. Bode bu thon he ia Mind . Pe w not blmd. | | cs she @ prety goe ¢Answers let's wea truth table . PEG epare jiev A SPe Df oaee ts else i O Are | 4 E A \ |: 4 4 eae 4 4 Conk fhe Last Column shows that Ar ang truth vebse pig e pepesthin (pm) levi) #2 e Ex2: p: alts cold" i: 4 “fe wean 4 hat rt p >4q which: ia equivatint fo PVG rib is not cold on fe wens a hat" qr: ibis coll and he dees not wear a hat i a & 3: w at, " pi 7 w ever : n 9 oe ose q: Ht is requinec! fo prve P>9To cle Has : CdS use the Contrapes bie , meaning Lot ' pr ve feb ag => 7p eae 4 ts Tce meaning that x is edd. Hone x= ghyd whine hee So x's (ales = uke ghed = 2GEMe There fore x es ode a Thus Tp ts tr, H we fave shown thal enples é Cw Sim + ee wis wen Gan “ pik mee The ne 4 pre P sec & PEG 4 ¢ teichers ahuped b: she's bland! Accerdeng ty Ke green, He Fellwing ctatements ave true py (wns) vw) | uw =>b 0) | 1b by + By 0), qb wire | Rone Tu is Tre by (2) by an cc Pare. which gina Rak urs is Pobre | There fre po fr by@. con he gat & prelly igy Sa a Sane oe aa) Propositional fam (paperty) a Most of the mathemakiall kxpressians contaun me or several variable . Shick a prppoation has a fogie vabue (true or'tabre) depending mt value(s) of the Varrabbis) . We araucally call thia type PA frofration property popestinal fon. mt Exampls : : 4) Consider the vty Pex) ee ca oo where % is a rab variable . Px) iste Pg ed 2 ond false hr xe-74 2) Consicler the propery Pian > onan le where nel Pove Mat Bin) is tue only fr mao or m7 Answer: Kb nao ; 9-1 opine 464 then fh): true olet a Uuts pave fat Ph) ‘5 tne for not, b | Je cwnrenee ( enclchen)- | ° Fer neh os Sine 46624 Hen Ly) al = ae (s true i ° Suphese Plo) is fre fer aome vee if ie’ gent. Let's prove fen that Pine) piemainscd EN Ba i 2s Gao)! rises te idngs Gad)! ALo) au Sal > a an! Le's com -oure (neo! acl (r+y! an! = (a-+4)n!~ zn! Bl h-) 2e So amt € (asa)! fe nv Thi gpives er 2" < an! coro! Hore fre ae wry! whick means That Pir) ' true. ‘ Gensequant ly, The properly Pin) is tre for every N74 an! eee a fine N74 x Pome, 122, 123 the prpoy i« bre une f2'=2 and [Fe# amd ge 8 Alea ale2 afaE Condlasion. mM The erty Lin) os ae: ee a (+ is Fiche ise) 3) Consider He propery PG): [ants Bhs Ge [tatdt= te -fetl® ‘ & ah Ae 4 | © wre Eyhn, kez & an therehwe Pox) true only hr €= zpekr, key and fabse Ronnie - — 5be E ke the sek consisting f Hee shedents the flab yeor angbheh a onsiqler He propery Pla) +” the shdent x os the ih the ga ne€E PG) is tre i x ta Ana ‘ “ Ad Smeka Pel & fabe if % is mot Akmad SmeRa. 44) Quant fiers as Pod be a properly (propentinal fo) lepending on nee a The statement “ the exish at Gast one ebemont € Unk Hat Pls) is true” i is waetln, < dee? . Pix) a The statement ” for every element ~ ELH) iste os wactten : Yece, Pw a the statement: Here exists one ancl only one mn hoe puck Hak Plo is true! x water ; JeeF, P(x) a The followers fold : | é) ” (Jee €, pa) => Mec l, 1 fe Pe) => jue Fk, T Pe) uw) 7 € WxeE, uid) 1( dleek Po) Jxcl€, Pr) n 1QH a EXam % Grndun the statement p given a ee “ a Th, iss is, ces fae Hho exist ab ast om nm oh es not mice.” i Pia class 4) - Same a with the oe ‘ Ww boys pla Pen ee alien of q u 14 » All beys dle nd play tennis”