Diodes
Diodes are electronic components that
allow current to flow in only one
direction.
They are made of semiconductor
material, usually silicon or germanium,
and have two terminals: an anode and
a cathode.
Types of Diodes
Uses of diode
• Diodes have a variety of uses in electronic
circuits, including as rectifiers, voltage
regulators, and as protection against reverse
current or voltage spikes.
• They are also used in light-emitting diodes
(LEDs), which convert electrical energy into
light energy.
Semiconductor diode
Use of semiconductor diode
• A semiconductor diode is a two-terminal
electronic component that is primarily used as
a rectifier, which converts alternating current
(AC) into direct current (DC).
• It is made of a semiconductor material, which
is usually doped with impurities to create a p-
n junction.
Zener Diode
Use of Zener Diode
• A Zener diode is a special type of diode that is
designed to operate in the reverse breakdown
region.
• Unlike a regular diode, which is designed to
allow current to flow in the forward direction and
block current in the reverse direction, a Zener
diode allows current to flow in the reverse
direction once a certain voltage, known as the
breakdown voltage or Zener voltage, is
reached.
LED Diode
Use of LED Diode
• An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a type of
diode that emits light when a forward voltage
is applied across its terminals.
• Unlike a regular diode, which is designed to
block current in the reverse direction, an LED
is designed to allow current to flow in the
forward direction, which causes the diode to
emit light.
Photo diode
Use of photo diode
• A photodiode is a type of diode that is
designed to convert light energy into electrical
energy.
• It is made of a semiconductor material that is
doped with impurities to create a p-n junction.
When light falls on the photodiode, it
generates electron-hole pairs in the depletion
region of the p-n junction.
Use of Photo diode
• Photodiodes are commonly used as light
detectors in a wide range of applications,
including optical communication systems, light
meters, and photovoltaic power generation.
• They are also used in reverse-biased mode as
a source of noise in electronic circuits, known
as shot noise, and can be used for high-speed
signal detection in applications such as fiber-
optic communication systems.
Varactor diode
Definition: varactor diode
• A varactor diode, also known as a variable
capacitance diode or varicap diode, is a type
of diode that is designed to operate as a
voltage-controlled capacitor.
• It is made of a semiconductor material that is
doped to create a p-n junction, similar to a
regular diode.
Use of varactor diode
• The varactor diode is primarily used as a
tuning element in radio-frequency (RF)
circuits, such as in oscillators, filters, and
frequency mixers.
• By varying the applied voltage across the
varactor diode, the capacitance can be
adjusted, which changes the resonant
frequency or bandwidth of the circuit.
Tunnel diode
Tunnel diode
• A tunnel diode is a type of diode that exhibits
negative resistance.
• It is made of a heavily doped p-n junction, and
operates by a quantum mechanical effect
known as tunneling.
• They are useful in high-speed switching
applications, such as in oscillators, amplifiers,
and digital logic circuits.
Transistor
Types of transistors
Types of transistors
Transistor
BJT Transistor
• A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a type of
transistor that is widely used in electronic
circuits for amplification and switching.
• It is made up of three layers of semiconductor
material - an emitter, a base, and a collector..
Application of BJT
Truth table for NOT Gate
BJT as AND gate
Truth table for AND Gate
BJT as OR gate
Digital Electronics
Multiplexer
• A multiplexer (MUX) is a digital circuit that
selects and transmits one of several input
signals to a single output line.
• It is commonly used in digital systems to save
space, reduce cost, and simplify circuitry.
Multiplex
• A multiplexer has n input lines, a select input
line, and one output line.
• The select input line determines which input
signal will be transmitted to the output line.
• The number of input lines can be any power of
two, such as 2, 4, 8, 16, etc.
4:1 Mux
Use of Multiplxer
• A 4:1 multiplexer is a digital circuit that selects
and transmits one of four input signals to a
single output line based on a select input.
• It has four input lines, one select input, and
one output line.
8:1 Multiplexer
8:1 multiplexer
• An 8:1 multiplexer is a digital circuit that
selects and transmits one of eight input
signals to a single output line based on a
select input.
• It has eight input lines, three select inputs,
and one output line.
Demultiplexer
• A demultiplexer, also known as a demux, is a
digital circuit that takes a single input signal
and distributes it to one of multiple output
lines based on a select input.
• It performs the opposite function of a
multiplexer.
Demultiplexer
• A demultiplexer has one input line, multiple
select inputs, and multiple output lines.
• The number of output lines is determined by
the number of select inputs.
1:4 Demultiplexer
1:8 Demultiplexer
• A 1:8 demultiplexer, also known as a demux, is
a digital circuit that takes a single input and
directs it to one of eight possible outputs,
based on the value of its control signal.
• It is the inverse operation of a multiplexer,
which takes multiple inputs and directs them
to a single output.
1:8 demultiplexer
• The 1:8 demultiplexer has one input line, eight
output lines, and three control lines.
• The control lines determine which output line
the input is directed to.
• Each control line represents a binary value,
and the combination of these values
determines which output line is active.
Use of 1:8 demultiplexers
• 1:8 demultiplexers are used in digital circuits
for various purposes, such as selecting a
specific memory bank or decoding an address
for a particular device.
Encoder
• An encoder is a digital circuit that takes a set
of input signals and produces a binary code
corresponding to the value of those inputs.
• Encoders are used to convert data from one
format to another, such as converting a set of
switches into a binary code.
Decoder
Decoder
• A decoder is a digital circuit that converts a
binary code into a corresponding set of
outputs.
• It takes one or more input lines and generates
a unique output pattern based on the input
value.
SOP and POS
SOP (Sum of Products)
• SOP is a boolean expression in which the
terms are ANDed together and the resulting
terms are ORed together.
• SOP is the sum of several products.
• The general form of SOP is
SOP = m1 + m2 + m3 + ... + mn
where m1, m2, m3, ..., mn are product terms.
Example of SOP
• The boolean expression (A AND B) OR (C AND
D) can be written in SOP form as
SOP = AB + CD
POS (Product of Sums)
• POS is a boolean expression in which the
terms are ORed together and the resulting
terms are ANDed together.
• POS is the product of several sums. The
general form of POS is
POS = M1 x M2 x M3 x ... x Mn
where M1, M2, M3, ..., Mn are sum terms.
Example of POS
• The boolean expression (A OR B) AND (C OR D)
can be written in POS form as
POS = (A + B) x (C + D)
Use of SOP and POS
• SOP and POS forms are used in boolean
algebra to simplify and manipulate boolean
expressions.
• Depending on the complexity of the
expression, one form may be easier to work
with than the other.
• The choice of SOP or POS depends on the
particular application and the designer's
preference.
Application of Electronic System
Instrumentation system
• An instrumentation system refers to a set of tools,
devices, software, and processes that are used to
monitor and control a specific process or system.
• The primary objective of an instrumentation system is
to provide real-time information about the process
being monitored, including variables such as
temperature, pressure, flow rate, and other
parameters.
• This information is then used to control the process
and ensure that it operates within safe and efficient
limits.
Transducer
Transducer: defination
• A transducer is a device that converts one
form of energy into another form.
• In general, transducers are used to measure a
physical quantity such as pressure,
temperature, or light intensity and convert it
into an electrical signal that can be processed
by electronic circuits.
Strain gause
• A strain gauge is a type of sensor that is used to
measure the strain or deformation of an object.
• It consists of a small piece of metal foil or wire
that is attached to the surface of the object being
measured.
• When the object is subjected to mechanical
stress or strain, the metal foil or wire experiences
a change in resistance, which can be measured
and used to calculate the strain on the object.
• Strain gauges are commonly used in
engineering and materials science applications
to measure the strain on structures such as
bridges, buildings, and aircraft.
• They can also be used to monitor the
performance of machinery and equipment,
such as measuring the torque on a rotating
shaft or the stress on a bearing.
Digital multimeter
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
• A digital multimeter is a device used to measure
various electrical quantities such as voltage,
current, and resistance.
• It is a versatile tool that can be used in a wide
range of applications, from simple household
electrical repairs to complex industrial
troubleshooting.
• Digital multimeters are typically handheld devices
with a digital display that provides numerical
readings of the measured quantities.
advantages of digital multimeter
• digital multimeters are a reliable and versatile
tool for measuring electrical quantities.
• Their ease of use, accuracy, and versatility
make them a popular choice for professionals
and hobbyists alike.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
CRO: Defination
• A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an
electronic instrument that is used to display
and analyze waveform signals in electronic
circuits.
• It uses a cathode ray tube (CRT) to display
electrical signals on a screen, allowing
engineers and technicians to observe and
measure the behavior of electronic circuits in
real-time.
CRO: Use
• CROs are an essential tool for anyone working
with electronic circuits, and they are used in a
wide range of applications, from
telecommunications to automotive
engineering.
Remote control
• Remote control is a technology that allows a
user to operate electronic devices from a
distance, without the need for physical
contact with the device.
• It is commonly used to control devices such as
televisions, audio systems, DVD players, and
air conditioning units.
• A remote control typically consists of a handheld
device that transmits infrared (IR) signals or
radio frequency (RF) signals to a receiver located
on the electronic device being controlled.
• When a button is pressed on the remote control,
it sends a signal to the receiver, which then
performs the corresponding action, such as
changing the volume or switching to a different
channel.
Use of Remote Control
Some uses of remote control
• Consumer electronics: televisions, audio
systems, DVD players, and air conditioning
units
• Home automation: lighting, security systems,
thermostats, and garage doors
• Industrial automation:
• Medical devices: pacemakers and insulin
pumps
• Military and aerospace: drones and robots.
Character display
character display: defination
• A character display is a type of electronic
display that is used to display characters,
symbols, and numbers.
• It is commonly used in devices such as
calculators, digital clocks, and small electronic
devices.
• A character display typically consists of an
array of small dots or segments that can be
individually turned on or off to display specific
characters or symbols.
• The display is typically controlled by a
microcontroller or other electronic device that
sends signals to the display to turn on or off
specific segments.
Character displays : advantages
• Low power consumption: They require very little
power to operate, making them ideal for battery-
powered devices.
• Low cost: They are relatively inexpensive to produce,
making them an attractive option for low-cost
electronic devices.
• High visibility: They are typically very easy to read,
even in bright sunlight or low light conditions.
• Compact size: They can be made very small, making
them ideal for use in small electronic devices.
Digital clock
• A digital clock is an electronic device that
displays the time in a digital format, using
numbers to represent the hours, minutes, and
seconds.
• Digital clocks are commonly found in homes,
offices, schools, and other public places, and
they are widely used because of their accuracy
and ease of use.
• Digital clocks typically use a seven-segment
LED or LCD display to display the time, which
consists of four digits for the hours and
minutes, and two digits for the seconds.
• Some digital clocks also include additional
features such as alarms, timers, and calendar
functions.
Digital counter
• A digital counter is an electronic device that
counts the number of events or occurrences
and displays the result in a digital format.
• It is commonly used in various applications,
including industrial automation, scientific
research, and hobbyist electronics.
• Digital counters are typically made up of a
counter circuit and a display.
• The counter circuit counts the number of
events and sends a signal to the display to
show the count.
• The display can be in the form of an LED, LCD,
or other digital display.
digital measurement
• Digital measurement is a method of
measuring physical quantities using electronic
devices that provide digital output in the form
of numerical data.
• They are widely used in various industries,
including engineering, scientific research, and
manufacturing, due to their high accuracy and
ease of use.
Examples of digital measurement
devices
• Digital multimeter (DMM): A DMM is an electronic
device that can measure multiple electrical quantities
such as voltage, current, resistance, and capacitance.
• Digital oscilloscope (DSO): A DSO is an electronic
device that can measure and display voltage signals in
the form of waveforms.
• Digital thermometer: A digital thermometer is an
electronic device that can measure temperature using
a sensor such as a thermistor or thermocouple.
• Digital pressure gauge: A digital pressure gauge is an
electronic device that can measure pressure using a
pressure sensor.
Data logger
• A data logger is an electronic device that
records data from various sensors or
instruments over a period of time for later
analysis.
• It is widely used in various industries,
including environmental monitoring, industrial
automation, scientific research, and
engineering.
• Data loggers typically consist of a microprocessor,
memory, and various input channels for
connecting to sensors or instruments.
• The microprocessor controls the data logging
process, while the memory stores the data.
• The input channels can be analog or digital and
can connect to a variety of sensors or
instruments, including temperature sensors,
humidity sensors, pressure sensors, flow meters,
and many others.
Audio-video systems
Audio-video systems: Defination
• Audio-video systems are electronic systems
that combine audio and video components to
create an immersive multimedia experience.
• They are commonly used in entertainment
systems, home theaters, conference rooms,
and other applications where high-quality
audio and video are required.
Components of Audio-video systems
• Audio components: These include speakers,
amplifiers, and receivers that produce high-
quality sound.
• Video components: These include video displays,
projectors, and video players that produce high-
quality video.
• Control components: These include remote
controls, user interfaces, and control systems that
allow users to control the audio and video
components.
Thank You !
