Chapter - 2, Acids Bases and Salts Notes Notes Chapter - 2 Acids, Basés and Salts ACIDS: J * These are thasubstances which have sour in taste. * They turns blue litmus solution to red. * They'give.H ions in aqueous solution Examples of Acids : - HCl - Hydrochloric AcidBASES + These substances are bitter in taste. + They turns red litmus solution to blue. + They give OH ions in aqueous solution. Examples of Bases : - NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide KOH - Potassium Hydroxide Alkalis - These are the bases solub ter. like - NaOH (sodium Hydroxide) S INDICATORS There are the substance that changes their colour / smell in different typ substances. Types of Indi |. Natural Indica’ - Those indicators found in nature by lled Natural Indicators Ex - rmeric 2. 2. Indicators - These are the chemical substance prepare in laboratories. Ex- Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange 3. Olfactory indicators - These substance have different odour in acids and Bases. Ex - Onion, clove oil, Vanilla Essence.Chemical properties of Acids Bases Reactions of Metals with Acids and Bases With Acids : - Metal + Acids = Salt + Hydrogengas Ex-2HCI + Zn = ZnCl2 +H20 With Bases : - Metal +Base = Salt ydrogen gas Ex-2NaOH + Zn a2ZnO2 + H2 ** Hydrogen gas rel clk an be tested by bringing burning candle ni bubbles, it burst with pop Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate = Salt + CO2 +H20 Ex — 2HCI+Na2CO3 = 2NaCl + CO2 +H20 HCl +Na2HCO3 — NaCl + CO2 +H20 ** Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate not react with Bases.CO2 Can be tested by passing it through lime water Ca(OH)2 + CO2 += CaCO3 +H20 Lime water [Ca(OH)2] turns milky when Carbon dioxide passes through it When excess CO2 passes the milkiness disappears Reaction of Acids and Bases with Each Other Acid + Base = Salt + H20 Neutralisation Reaction — Reaction of acid with base is called as neutralisation reaction Ex — HCl + NaOH + NaCl +H20 Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids Metallic Oxides are basic in nature. Like MgO, CaO etc. « Metallic Oxide + Acid = Salt + H20 Ex - CaO + 2HCI = CaCl2 + H20 Reaction of Non - Metallic Oxides with bases Non — Metallic oxides are acidic in nature Non — Metallic Oxides + Base = Salt +H20 Coz + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H20All Acids have in Common >: All acids have H+ ions in common >-+ Acids produces H+ ions in solution which are responsible for their acidic nature All Bases have in Common >» Allbases have OH- ions imcommon >+ These OH- are responsible for their basic nature P Acids in water solution Acids produces H+ ions in presence of water. But these H+ ions cannot exist alone, they exist as H30+ (hydronium ions), H+>+ -H20 = H30+ Bases in water solution Bases when dissolved in water gives OH- ions. Those bases are soluble in water are called Alkali.Important While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is highly exothermic. Universal Indicator pHScale - PH Scale - It is a s ints and animals are pH sensitive they need ific pH for their healthy growth >+ pH of our Stomach is about 1 or 2 as our stomach Produce HCl >+ pH cause Tooth decay when pH of our mouth is lower the 5.5 >+ When the pH of rain is less than 5.6 it is wa acid rain>+ Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain to get over this pain we have to apply baking soda on stung area. Salt Salt is an ionic compound foamed in neutralisation reaction @ Chemicals from Salts : - When electricity is passes ough an aqueous solution of NaCl (brine), j oses to form NaOH Uses of these products >+ H2used as fuels and margarine >+ Cl2 used as water treatment, PVC, CFC’s >+ NaOH used as degreasing metals, soaps and paper making B >+ Cl2 + NaOH combine used as bleach fabri2 - Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2) It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 + CaOCl24-H20 Uses of Bleaching powder Bleaching cotton ahd. linen in textile industry. Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories Oxidizing agentin chemical industries Disinfecting drinking water. 3 - Baking Soda ( sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) (NaHCO3)It foamed when CO2 passed through aqueous Sodium Chloride >+ Itis mild non-corrosive base >+ Whenitis heated during cooking it foamed sodium carbonate and CO2 release from it Uses of Baking Soda: - © >+ For making baking powder (mi soft and spongy. >+ Aningredient in > Na2C03 + 10H20 = Na2CO3.10H20 Uses of Washing Soda: - >+ In glass, soap and paper industries >-+ Manufacture of borax >+ Cleaning agent for domestic purposesIt foamed when CO2 passed through aqueous Sodium Chloride >+ Itis mild non-corrosive base >+ When itis heated during cooking it foamed sodium carbonate and C02 release from it Uses of Baking Soda: - >+ For making baking powder ( mi: soft and spongy. >+ An ingredient in ai >-+ Used in soda a basic salt. Na2CO3 + 10H20 = Na2CO3.10H20 Uses of Washing Soda : - >: Inglass, soap and paper industries >+ Manufacture of borax >+ Cleaning agent for domestic purposes >: For removing permanent hardness of wall>+ Cleaning agent for domestic purposes >+ For removing permanent hardness of water 5 — Plaster of Paris - POP (Na2C03. H20) yF-alcium sulphate hemi hydrate) x On heating gyspsum (Na2C03.2 H20) at 373 K, it loses one and half molecules of water and becomes Plaster of Paris (POP) : It is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to gypsum. / Na2C03. H20 +-H20 = Na2C032H20 Uses of POP >- \Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones. >- For making toys, materials for decoration >+ Formaking surfaces smocth.