Abstract
During braking or coasting, the kinetic energy from a propelling vehicle generates
electric power back to the battery or other energy storage device is known as
regenerative braking . Regenerative braking is also known as kinetic energy
recovery system. Regenerative braking energy is captured by using four different
methods. First, the electric energy generated is stored directly in energy storage
system. Second, hydraulic motors are used to store the energy in a small canister.
Third, energy is stored in flywheel energy storage system as rotating energy and in
the last method energy is stored in a spring as gravitational energy.
Literature Review
• Metha Islameka, ... Muhammad Aziz, in Emerging Trends in Energy Storage
Systems and Industrial Applications, 2023,Energy management systems for battery
electric vehicles.
• Kritanjali Das, Santanu Sharma, in Autonomous and Connected Heavy Vehicle
Technology, 2022,Eco-routing navigation systems in electric vehicles: A
comprehensive survey.
• Andrew Day, in Braking of Road Vehicles, 2014,Electronic Braking Systems.
• Aisling Doyle, Tariq Muneer, in Electric Vehicles: Prospects and Challenges,
2017,Traction energy and battery performance modelling.
Conventional Brakes System
➢ Friction is used for braking.
➢ Excessive heat energy is created during
braking.
➢ This heat energy dissipates into the air
wasting lots of power.
➢ Conventional Braking reduces fuel
efficiency.
Regenerative Braking System
➢ Regenerative braking means recapturing
the kinetic energy of the vehicles
motion and turning into another energy
during braking.
➢ Commonly, kinetic energy is converted
into electric energy.
➢ This energy is stored in storage battery
and used later to power the vehicle in
hybrid or fully electric vehicles.
Regenerative Braking In Action
In most electric and hybrid electric
vehicles on the road today, this is
accomplished by operating the
traction motor as a generator,
providing braking torque to the
wheels and recharging the traction of
batteries.
Types
➢Electrical Regenerative Braking:
This system uses an electric motor as a generator to convert the vehicle's kinetic
energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in a battery or capacitor.
➢Hydraulic Regenerative Braking:
This system uses a hydraulic pump to convert the vehicle's kinetic energy into
hydraulic pressure, which is then stored in an accumulator and used to assist in
acceleration.
➢Flywheel Regenerative Braking:
This system uses a spinning flywheel to store the kinetic energy generated during
braking, which can then be used to provide a boost in acceleration.
Components Required
➢Brake drum (which is attached
to the wheels).
➢Friction lining.
➢Controller.
➢Electric generator (DC. Motor).
➢Linking mechanism. Components
Working
➢Vehicles driven by electric motors use the motor as a generator when using
regenerative braking.
➢By applying brakes, the electric motors coupled with drive wheels, rotated in
reverse mode slowing down the car's wheels.
➢ A properly designed motor becomes an electric generator, converting into
electrical energy.
Working
➢This energy is feeding back into the storage battery and uses in accelerating the
vehicle.
➢Many modern hybrid and electric vehicles use this technique to extend the range
of the battery pack.
Elements
Energy Storage Unit (ESU):
➢The ESU performs two primary Functions.
• To Recover & Store Braking Energy.
• To absorb excess engine energy during light load operation.
➢The Selection Criteria for an effective energy Storage includes.
• High specific energy storage density.
• High energy transfer rate.
• Small space requirement.
Elements
Electric Motor/Generator:
➢Electric motor for Running (Electrical Energy to Kinetic)
➢As Generator while Braking. (Kinetic Energy to Electrical )
Control Systems:
➢Brake Control System. (integrates RBS and Friction Braking)
➢Vehicle Dynamics Control System (ABS and Traction Control) for stability.
➢Power Electronics Control System (invertor to convert DC to AC) manages
flow of electrical energy between motor and battery.
REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM
Regenerative brakes
➢The efficiency of the generator can be represented by:
ηgen= Wout / Win
Where,
• Win is the work into the generator.
• Wout is the work produced by the generator.
Technical Points
➢ Orange : Front Axle Hydraulic braking.
➢ Yellow : Rear Axle Hydraulic braking.
➢ Green : Regenerative Braking.
➢ The braking force ratio for the
front and rear axles of the vehicle.
➢ The determination of the maximum amount of braking force on the front and rear axles is
limited by the ideal braking distribution curve.
Applications
➢Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
➢Trains and Light Rail Systems (reduce operational costs)
➢Electric Bicycles.
➢Renewable Energy Systems such as in wind turbines.
➢Industrial applications such as Elevator and crane hoist motors.
➢Conveyer systems in manufacturing plants.
Advantages
➢Improved Performance of brakes.
➢Emission Reduction.
➢Increase of overall energy efficiency of a vehicle.
➢Cuts down on pollution related to electricity generation.
➢Increases the lifespan of friction braking systems.
➢Less use of traditional mechanical brakes leads to less wear over time.
➢Cost savings (Maintenance).
➢Versatility of use (vehicles, trains, machinery, industrial equipment).
Disadvantages
➢Not effective during low speeds.
➢Added Weight-Extra components can increase weight.
➢Complexity-depends on control necessary for operation of regenerative braking
system.
➢Cost of components, engineering, manufacturing and installation is high.
➢Friction brakes are still necessary.
➢Added maintenance requirements dependent on the complexity of design.
References
➢Auto. How stuff works. com/auto-parts/brakes/braketypes/regenerative-braking.
➢S.J.Clegg, "A Review of Regenerative Braking System", Institute of Transport
Studies, University of Leeds, Working paper of 471.
➢Chibulka .J, "Kinetic Energy Recovery System by means of Flywheel Energy
Storage", Advanced Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 27-38
