Form sense structure

1.

Botanists recognize over fifty different species of sunflower, and variance exists even in
those species. One species, the silverleaf sunflower, ______ both an early-flowering
ecotype that tends to grow in coastal areas and a late-flowering ecotype that grows inland.

A. encompassing

B. to encompass

C. encompasses

D. having encompassed

2.

Antarctic pearlwort, a low-growing shrub with characteristic yellow flowers, is one of only
two native flowering plants which ______ in Antarctica.

A. were occurring

B. occur

C. are occurring

D. will have occurred

3.

Before the museum closed permanently, it faced financial challenges that ______ a large
deficit and declining ticket sale revenues.

A. include

B. will include

C. would include
D. included

4.

Rabinal Achí is a precolonial Maya dance drama performed annually in Rabinal, a town in
the Guatemalan highlands. Based on events that occurred when Rabinal was a city-state
ruled by a king, ______ had once been an ally of the king but was later captured while
leading an invading force against him.

A. Rabinal Achí tells the story of K'iche' Achí, a military leader who

B. K'iche' Achí, the military leader in the story of Rabinal Achí,

C. there was a military leader, K'iche' Achí, who in Rabinal Achí

D. the military leader whose story is told in Rabinal Achí, K'iche' Achí,

5.

Having returned from the ocean to the stream where it was born, an adult salmon's life
cycle ends when it spawns and dies, after which its offspring start the cycle anew.

A. an adult salmon's life cycle ends when it spawns and dies,

B. an adult salmon spawns and dies, completing its life cycle,

C. the spawning and death of an adult salmon complete its life cycle,

D. the life cycle of an adult salmon is complete when it spawns and die,

6.

While popular depiction might characterize surfing as a summer sport, the reality is that
winter conditions are considered better for surfing. Generated by seasonal storms far off
the coast, ______

A. surfers highly prize the large, predictable sets of waves that are created by winter swells.
B. winter swells reach the shore as large, predictable sets of waves that are highly prized
by surfers.

C. the shore causes large winter swells to break in predictable sets of waves highly prized
by surfers.

D. winter is highly prized by surfers for large swells that break in large, predictable sets of
waves.

7.

Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo's debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book
Award for Young People's Literature, is composed of ______ protagonist, fifteen-year-old
Xiomara Batista.

A. poem's putatively written by the novel's

B. poem's putatively written by the novels'

C. poems putatively written by the novels'

D. poems putatively written by the novel's

8.

Labor unions are formed in order to protect ______ through collective bargaining, which
gives employees greater leverage while ensuring they are treated equally by management.

A. workers' rights

B. worker's rights

C. workers rights'

D. workers' rights'

9.
The striated ______ walls are the result of erosion and frost weathering having exposed
layers of multicolored sedimentary rock.

A. patterns' of a canyons

B. patterns of a canyon

C. pattern's of a canyon

D. patterns of a canyons

10.

The ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras is best known for a mathematical theorem that
______ the relationship among the sides of a right triangle.

A. describe

B. describes

C. describing

D. is describing

11.

Despite being highly intelligent animals, octopuses rarely live beyond five years, a fact that
______ researchers studying their long-term behavior.

A. challenges

B. challenging

C. to challenge

D. challenge

12.
Hummingbirds rely on their rapid metabolism to fuel constant movement, ______ several
times their body weight in nectar each day.

A. consuming

B. consume

C. they consume

D. consumed

13.

Throughout the 19th century, artists from the Hudson River School ______ the American
landscape in their paintings, often emphasizing its vastness and majesty.

A. depicts

B. depicting

C. depicted

D. had depict

14.

The author's central argument is weakened by a series of assumptions ______ the text but
never fully supported by evidence.

A. it appears throughout

B. appearing throughout

C. appears throughout

D. they appear throughout

15.
Known for their vast underground colonies, leafcutter ants display a level of cooperation
and task specialization that ______ complex societies.

A. rivals

B. rival

C. rivaled

D. to rival

16.

During the festival, participants wore elaborate costumes and masks, ______ historical
figures and mythical creatures.

A. representing

B. to represent

C. represent

D. represented

17.

The volcano erupted with such force that ash was ejected high into the stratosphere,
______ flights in and out of nearby airports.

A. disrupting

B. disrupt

C. disrupted

D. had disrupted

18.
Once considered a pest, the wild turkey is now a conservation success story thanks to
efforts ______ its habitat and limit hunting.

A. that protects

B. protecting

C. protect

D. to protect

19.

The scientist published her findings in a peer-reviewed journal, ensuring they could be
scrutinized and ______ by the broader scientific community.

A. replicated

B. replicating

C. replicate

D. to replicate

20.

The coral reef ecosystem is among the most diverse on the planet, ______ thousands of
species of fish, invertebrates, and plants.

A. host

B. hosted

C. hosting

D. hosts

21.
Although the art exhibit attracted many visitors, critics argued that it lacked cohesion,
______ a strong curatorial vision.

A. instead of

B. due to

C. for lacking

D. failing to present

22.

The early pioneers endured harsh winters and limited supplies, ______ a spirit of resilience
and community.

A. which fostered

B. fostering

C. they fostered

D. and foster

23.

Libraries have increasingly shifted toward digital resources, ______ access to information
more convenient and immediate.

A. making

B. to make

C. makes

D. and made

24.
Before the renovation, the building lacked proper insulation, ______ inefficient heating and
high energy bills.

A. which result in

B. resulting in

C. that resulting in

D. and result in

25.

Unlike mammals, which typically give birth to live young, most reptiles ______ their
offspring in eggs.

A. laid

B. lay

C. are laying

D. lays

26.

Marie Curie's groundbreaking work on radioactivity earned her two Nobel Prizes and ______
her as a pioneer in science.

A. establishing

B. established

C. establishes

D. establish

27.
The panelists' discussion was both enlightening and engaging, ______ the audience to ask
thoughtful questions.

A. prompting

B. prompted

C. and prompts

D. prompt