Basic Python

print(‘Hello’) # on the same line

print(‘Hello’, x) ~ print(‘Hello’, x, ‘!’) # x as a variable #
x = input(‘x:’)
‘end =’ ‘\t’ ‘\n’
print(‘1\t2\t3’) → 1 (tab) 2 (tab) 3
print("Hello!\nI am Python!")
Hello! - next line - I am Python!

Numbers
y = round(x) # Gives the nearest even number for N/2, where N is an odd number
Comparison: !=, ==, >, <, <=, >=
Short cuts for operations: +=, -=, *= , /= ,%= , **=, //=
Precedence: ( ),**,[-x, +x],[ *, /, %, //],[ +, -],[ <, >, <=, >=, !=, ==],[ in, not in]
logical precedence: not > and > or
turtle.color(colours[x+1%4]) # +1 or -1 for a continuous change of either direction
\t ~ Tab, \n ~ Next line, in the quotation marks, \n
text.rstrip()~ remove anything you can’t see on the right side
Addition # Addition of lists, addition of values

Range
range(1,4) # the range is 1, 2, 3 ~ range(4) # the range is 0, 1, 2, 3
range(0, 12, 3) # the range is 0, 3, 6, 9, not showing 12
print(range(1,4)) → range(1,4)
print(list(range(1,4))) → [1,2,3]

Random
import random # should be place before the ‘if’ clause
x = random.randint(1,4) # generating 1, 2 3 or 4 ~ x = random.randint(0,0) # generating 0
beautiful_colours = [‘red’, ‘pink’, ‘blue’] color = random.choice(beautiful_colours)
if x>0:
print(‘x>0’)
# be aware of where to define the variables
else: ~ elif:
if x: # equivalent to if x!=0:
if x%2: ~ equivalent to ~ for x in range(0,100,2):

Dictionary
animal = {‘狗’: ‘狗叫’, ‘貓’: ‘貓叫’, ‘key’: (‘V0’, ‘V1’)} # OK to use tuples, but not lists
print(animal[‘狗’]) → 狗叫
animal[‘狗’] = ‘污糟’ # change the value or creating new keys
print(animal[key][1]) → V1
del head[‘key’]
for key in animal.keys(): ~ for value in animal.values():
print(key) ~ print(value)
for key, value in animal.items(): ~ for x in animals:
print(key, value) ~ print(x ,animals[x])
# OK for dictionaries in dictionaries

Loops
x = [0, 1, 2, 3] ~ for _ in range(len(x)):
x = 0 ~ while x <=3: ~ x+=1
continue # restart break # break loops

Audio Editing
sample[ : int(len(sample)/2)] # the first half part of the audio
sample[int(len(sample)/2): : -1] # reversing the first half part of the audio

Coordinates
turtle.setworldcoordinates(0, 0, 3, 3) ~ (MinX, MinY, MaxX, MaxY)

String
my_pet = ‘dog’ # A string only contains text, like a tuple, cannot be changed
print(my_pet[1]) → o ~ print(len(my_pet)) → 3

Logic
A or B # 任意條件 AB成立 A and B #條件 AB 同時成立 not A # A 的相反
d = (a and b) or c #必須要條件a 同埋條件 b 成立，或者條件 c 成立 ~ d = a and b or c
d = a and (b or c) #必須要條件a 成立，同埋條件 b 、c 任⼀成立
answer = input(‘Are you ok?’)
condition = answer == ‘ok’ # 當 answer == ‘ok’, condition 成立 ; vice versa
Empty tuple, list, string and 0 = False
while True:

Types of Data
y = int(x) # only integer strings and numbers# 所有同數字有關嘅都要考慮
y = int(float(x)) # for all values ~ print(float(5)) → 5.0
y = str(x) ~ y = bool(x) ~ y = tuple(x)
type(data) → int / bool/ float/ str/ list/ tuple/ dict
if type(x) == str: ~ x = float(x)

List
friend1 = [‘May’, ‘Mary’]; friend2 = [‘Macy’, ‘Mandy’]
All_my_friends = friend1 + friend2 → [‘May’, ‘Mary’, ‘Macy’, ‘Mandy’]
Algebra = [[‘a1’, ‘a2’, ‘a3’], [‘b1’, ‘b2’, ‘b3’]] ~ Algebra[1][2] → ‘b3’
feelings = [‘happy’, ‘sad’, ‘angry’, ‘scared’]
len(feelings) → total number of sequence in the list
for x in range(len(feelings)): ~ print(feelings[x])
feelings[2] = ‘excited’ ~ print(feelings[2][3:]) → ited
feelings.insert(2, ‘amazed’)
feelings[-1] # counting backward
feelings.remove(‘sad’) ~ feelings.append(‘hungry’) ~ feelings+=(‘hungry’)
this_feeling = feelings[1] ~ feelings[1] = feeling[2] ~ feeling[2] = this_feeling # 做交換
feelings.sort() ~ feelings.reverse()
feelings.count(‘hungry’) → 1, appear once ~ feelings.index(‘scared’) → 0, index number = 0
feelings = ['amazed', 'angry', 'excited', 'happy', 'hungry', 'scared']
feelings[ : : -1] → feelings.reverse ~ feelings[3 : : -1] → Reverse from ‘excited’ to ‘amazed’
feelings[ :5] → ['amazed', 'angry', 'excited', 'happy', 'hungry']; feelings[2: ] → ['excited', 'happy', 'hungry', 'scared']
for position in range(0, len(data)):
if value.count(position) > values.count(mode_value):
mode_value = value[position] ~ find the maximum value of a list
Alphabets = [‘a’, ‘b’] ~ ‘a’ in Alphabets = True # same of tuple, string, dictionary

Function
def function(variable_x, variable_y): ⽤嘅時候要輸入variable/上⾯要定義
def function(x):
y = x*2
z = x+3
return y, z # showing ‘None’ when only ~ return
the_product, the_sum = function(x) # the product = y; the sum = z
print(‘2*x is ’, the_product, ‘and 3+x is’, the_sum)
global variable #定義全域變數，使變數在全域可以使⽤/改變

Input
turtle.textinput(‘Title’, ‘prompt’)
turtle.numinput(‘Title’, ‘prompt’, default, min, max)～ float

Text file
my_picture = open(‘this_is_my_file.txt’, ‘w’) # r = reading, # w = writing
mypicture.write(‘Hi, Bitch!’)
line = line.rstrip()
items = line.split(‘\t’)
line = A\tB ~ items = line.split("\t") ~ items = ['A', 'B']

my_picture.close()

Turtle
import turtle # ⽤紙筆畫 turtle.bye() # close window
screen_height, screen_width = 100, 300
turtle.goto(50, 50) ~turtle.home() #goto (0,0)
turtle.down() ~ turtle.up()
turtle.forward(50) ~ turtle.backward()
turtle.width(5)
turtle.right(35) # angle rotating by 35° to the right
turtle.setheading(90) # 90°係向上，270° 係向下
turtle.begin_fill() # use the line when to draw a filled shape ~turtle.end_fill()
turtle.dot(100) # Enter the diameter, same as the pen color, can under turtle.up()
turtle.pencolor( pencolor ) ~ turtle.fillcolor( fillcolor )random
turtle.color(pencolor,fillcolor ) ~ turtle.color(‘red’) # ‘grey’+str(70)
turtle.bgcolor(‘yellow’) ~ turtle.bgpic(‘File name’)
turtle.setup(width, height)
turtle.clear() # delete everything so far
turtle.speed(2) # 0 <= N <= 10, 1 = slow, 10 = fast, 0 = immediately ‘jump’
turtle.circle(250) # Enter the radius, x >0, turn left and tengentially
turtle.hideturtle() ~turtle_name.showturtle()
turtle.write(‘Hello’ + name+ ‘!’, font=(font_type, font_size, font_style)) # use + +
#向下移⼀⾏防⽌重疊
turtle.tracer(True) #same time?

Event Handling
def a(x,y): def b(x,y): def d():
turtle.goto(x,y) turtle.up() turtle.dot(10)
turtle.dot(10) turtle.goto(x,y)cor
turtle.down

turtle.ondrag(a) ~ automatically generate the x and y

turtle.onscreenclick(b) ~ click somewhere in the turtle window
turtle.onkeypress(d,'d') ~ # keys include ‘Up’, ‘Down’, ‘Right’, ‘a’, ‘1’

turtle.listen()

Default Turtle & Additional Turtle

Import turtle ~ newTurtle = turtle.Turtle()
turtle.shape(‘circle’) ~ ‘triangle’ ~ ‘Arrow’ ~ ‘Classic’~ ‘Turtle’
turtle.addshape("ninja.gif")# Only GIF format ~ turtle.shape(‘ninja.gif’) #GIF image
turtle.shapesize(2, 3) ~ Multiply the width by 2; the length by 3, 留意⽅向會變
newTurtle stores variables such as X, Y , θ, color, width, speed. Turtles start in the middle
newTurtle.done() (remove the original turtle)

Properties: thisTurtle.xcor() thisTurtle.position() ~ heading/ pencolor/ fillcolor/ width/ ycor

0<=turtle.heading<360

Objects
class dog:
def __init__(self, name, colour):
self.name = name
self.colour = colour
def color(self):
return self.colour
def show_color(self):
print('The dog is ',self.colour, 'in color.')
snoopy = dog('SNOOPY', 'White')
snoopy.show_color() → The dog is White in color.
print(snoopy.name) → SNOOPY
color(snoopy) → White

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