__THREAT 10 UFE EXISTANCE 3.2.2 Harmful Effects of Wator Pottution 1» 2) 3) Due t0 Water pollution human beings b Nas become victims of various water home diseases, The presence of acidValkatine Ikalines in w ms, there by hindering self-putification process in rivers, Eutrophication: The se Theis excesive eae Nise proms growth of phytoplankon in water bodies “pssive growth then depletes the oxygen dissolved in water. Moreover, when they die, their purefition consumes most ofthe oxygen content of water, The reduction Bestia 1e oxygen content of water. The deprives on it poisonous industrial wastes affect the fish population and PHHVES US of one OF our Sources of food. I also kills other animals living in fresh water. 4.2.3 Prevention & Control of Water Pollution Sewage should be treated before itis discharged into the ocean or river. This is possible through modem techniques. Sewage is frst passed through a grinding mechanism. This is then passed through several setting chambers and neutralised with lime. This process is called ‘Primary treatment. The sewage contains a large number of pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms and also sufficient quantity of organic matter. The neutralised effluents are sent to UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket), It isa reactor. In this, the anaerobic bacteria degrades thebiodesradable material present in waste water, This removes foul odour and releases Methane ‘which ean be used else where. The pollution load is reduced upto 85 percent. After this, water is Sent to aeration tanks Where it is mixed with air and bacteria. Bacteria digest the organic ‘waste material. This is called biological or secondary treatment. ment the Waler is not yet fit for drinking. The harmful micro organisms Step is therefore, a disinfection process, to remove final traces of ‘Methods like chlorination, evaporation etc is is called Tertiary treatment. ganic solids, etc.THREATTO LIFE EXISTANCE 33 Land Pollution Land pollution is due to sotid waste, Solid wastes include things such as ash, glass, peel gs of fr aand vegetables, paper et te. chemicals discharged into aif, such as compounds of foiphr and lead, eventually come Fiesty whic en Gena is Soil and pollute it, The waste may block the flow of water eet talinaand OG he breeding place for mosquitoes that are carriers of para Modes of Waste Disposal ‘The disposal of waste sh ste should be done scientifically. Mo peer panied ruta BPE sand bis, Some gol abe ifcally, Most solid wastes are buried in urban Be eaics vane eee cots no areca cemedy We can make wse of it as manure for plans, wees. Molten plastic wate mixed with plants, trees. Molten plastic waste mixed wil asphalt can also be used for making roads. This reduces pollution. The volume of the waste con ‘pe reduced by incineration or burning at high temperature. From the biodegradable waste, biogas and mare an be prepared, which cost mach estan ties fuss & fenilizers. Blades, broken slass pieces, nails, pieces of iron and other non-biodegradable items, should not be put in Be" feral garbage. Degradable and non-degradable waste should be disposed seperately 3.4 Noise Pollution | One form of pollution that is characteristic of industrial societies is noise. ‘The intensity | of sound is measured in logarithmic units known as decibels. Ata level of 8) decibels sound is annoying; but study exposure to noise in excess of 90 decibels ean cause loss of hearing. In ‘ition {0 causing 10s of hearing, it may cause tension in muscles, nervous disorders, irrita- ility and hearing impairment. 16s have taken measures to decrease urban noise level. Ghemieal pollutants are the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides such as Finated biphenyls (PBs). which are used in a variety of industrial feture of many kinds of materials, and such materials or metals like Eated serious ecolosieal problems. As they move through chains, they accumulate in increasingly concentrated ffects to the predators at the end of chains,IREAT TO LIFE EXISTANCE Although the effects of the same chemicals als on mammals is less obvious and stil « matte {or investigation. ‘The ultimate control is ny 'ot to allow the substance escape into the environment that are parmful t0 Tif, and shoutd not be released ase in excessive quantities ‘ollution Control Next to the widespread and ad and growing loss of the biological diversity, through the destruc: Weir ere, ion problem of the greatest magnitude is Pollution con sie cree be argued that its more urgent &e important. The knowledge and esh- ology nested ¥0 control polltion effectively are naw availabe: Pllaion «res eins can be built, exe. , eee Feasons, none of these measures, however, is being applied universally, and |) pli social presses havent yet red hei appicatn Moreover developing hations fave expressed fear that excessive eoncem over polltion could impede their economic devel ‘opment. tis apparent that pollution control, regardless of the stat ‘areaity only when people demand it and only when nations are W international standards. i of its technology, will become illing to agree on appropriate ‘Lets wake before this pollution kill us. tus do our duty to control & prevent pollution. Let us preseve this earth. Let us save ourselves.DESTROYING PUBLIC PROPERTY & AS WELL AS CAUSING POLLUTION_——__teearro ure existance 3. Types of Pollution Itis classified according according to the components of the environment that are polluted. They 1) Air Pollution 3) Land Pollution 2) Water Pollution 4) Noise Pollution 3.1 Air Pollution Whenever there is inbalance inthe ratio of the atmospheric gases, air pollution is caused. 3.1.4 Sources of Air Pollution: They are grouped under. 1) Natural 2) Man-Made Natural Sources of air Pollution are forest fire, ash from s Pollengrains floating in air are also a naturae source joking voleanoes et Made Sources are Population explosion, deforestation, urbanisation & § released are carbon monooxide, sulphur dioxide, ete. {comes from burning of fossil fuels such as coal & Petroleum products. & automobiles are also a mojor source of air pollution. Due to progress ctiv= form of particulate matter progress in agriculture due to use of © contributed towards air pollution. Indiscriminate cutting of bd to increase in the amount of CO, which intur causes Globae__——____ Thre aro ure existance [POLLUTION-T POLLUTION - THREAT TO LIFE EXISTENCE The addition of any substance or form of the environment can acco can accommodate it by dispersion, break down, recycling or storage in some harmless form. ergy to the environment at a rate faster than 4 pollutant need not be harmfull itself. CO,, for example, is a normal component of the atmosphere and a by-product of respiration that is found in an animal tissues, yet in a concen- trated form it can Kill animals. 2. Classification of Pollutants Pollutants are generally grouped under two classes. m by the activity of Micro - organisms and enter into biogeoctemi- tants only when their quantity is large and they are not degraded atTHREAT TO LIFE EXISTANCE [ CONTENTS. J 1. Introduction 2, Classification of pollutants 3. Types of pollution 3.1 Air pollution 3.1.1 Sources of Air pollution 3.1.2 Harmful Effects of Air pollution 3.13 Occupational Hazards 3.14 Prevention and control of Air pollution . Water pollution 3.2.1 Sources of water pollution 3.2.2 Harmful Bfects of water pollution 12.3 Prevention and control of water pollutionTHREAT TO LIFE EXISTANCE Green House Effect Release of CFCs into the atmosphe: UY nudiation striking our earth, esulted in Ozone (0) depletion which resulted in 3.4.2 Harmful Effects of Air Pollution 1) _Ttaffects respiratory system of living organisms and causes branchitis, asthma, lung can cer ets. Carbon Monoxide (CO) emited from motor vehicles and cigarette smoke affects t cental nervous system, Co has 200 times more affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen and forms asi#ble compound called Coltb (carboxyhaemoglobin), which is poisonous and causes suffo cation and death, 2) Due to depletion of ozone layer, Uv radiation reaches the earth Uv radiation causes skin cancer, damage to eyes & immune system. It may also lead to variations in global rainfall, ecological disturbances and dwindling of global food suppl 3) _Acidrain is also a result of air pollution. This is caused by presence of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur in the air various monuments, building etc. are damaged due to corrosion by acid present in rain. The soil also become acidic. The cumulative effect is the gradual degradation of soil and a decline in forest and agricultural productivity. 4) The green house gases, such as CO, and methane which are produced which are being ‘produced in large quantities result in trapping heat which increases the earth's temperature that ‘may cause melting of ice caps & slaciers, resulting in floods i from automo- (calses anaemia, brain damage, convulsions & death. Some metals hich are related to one's occupation. These are caused by § that sneak into air and then enter our body. Ade (0 inhalation of free silica or SiO, (Silicon diox- related to pottery, ceramic, glass, building & con: fronic cough and pain in the chest hich is used in making cielings, It is also consideredTHREAT TO LIFE EXISTANCE 3) Byssinosis is a disabling lung diseage,which is marked by chronic cough bronchitis due to inhalation of cotton fibres ove ong time, 1) Preumocuniosis occurs duc to inhalation of coal dust from coal mining industry. The workers suffer from Iu g problems, 3.4.4 Prevention and control of Air Pollution Air Pollution can be gaseous or particulate. a) Methods of controlling gaseous Pollutants: 1) Combustion : This tecnique is used when the pollutants are in the form of Organic gases (or) vapours During flame Combustion or cantalystie process, these Organie pollutants are Converted into water vapour and relatively less harmful products, Co, 2) Absorption: Here, in this technique, the gaseous Effluents are passed through Serubbers ‘or absorbers. This Contain « suitable liquid adsorbent, which removes or modifies one or more of the pollutants presen’ in the gaseous effluents, 3) Adsorption : The gaseous effluents are passed through porus solid adsorbents: kept in suitable containers, The Organic and the inorganic constituents of the effluent gases: are trapped at the interface of the solid adsorbent by physical adsorbent by) Methods to C a) Gravity : In this process, particles settle down by gravitational force, trol Particulate Eaiissions + b) Sudden change in ditection of the gus flow, This eaisses the particles to seperate out due to greater Momentum. 1) Mechanical devices work on these basis, 2) Babrie Filters: The gases Containing dust are passed through a porous medium, The, media may be woven or fille fabrics. The particles present in the gas are tapped! and collectd in filters, The gases freed from particles are discharged. 3) Wet Scrubbers : Wot scrubbers are used in chemical, mining and metallurgicab industries toitap So,. NH, Metal fumes ete, 4) Electrostatic Precipitators: When a gas or an air stream containing aerosols in the form F dust, fumes or mist, is passed betwen two clectodes, then, the derosot particles. Prxcipitated on, the clectrode. aTHREAT TO LIFE EXISTANCE Apart from the above, following also help in controlling air pollution d smokeless fuels, hearths in industries and at bome: 1) Useof better designed equipment a ly maintained and adhere to emission- contro? standards. 2) Automobiles Should be proper! ‘oad side and houses: 3) More trees should be planted alo: 4) Renewable sources of energy such as wind, solar energy, Ocean currents, should fulGit energy needs, 5) Tall chimneys should be placed for vertical dispersion of pollutants. 3.2 Water Pollution Water is said to be polluted when there is any physical, biological and chemical change in waler quality that adversely affects living organis ms or mikes water unsuitable for use. 3.24 Sources of water pollution ‘There are two type of sources of water pollution: Non-point sources 1) Point sources Point sources: These include factories, power plants, underground coal mines and il wells situated lise o water source, They discharge pollutants directly ino the water source. Bus, iis gomer- ally possible to treat the pollutants before they eriter the water body Non-point sources : ‘They are scuttered and donot have any’ specifi location for discharging pollutants into. a (htcctlar water body. These include run-off from fields, lawns ete, Non-point sources are dif- ficult to monitor, regulate and treat. Water Pollutants : ‘Substances such ay calcium and magnesium compounds, Which get dissolved in water ‘om natural deposits in and around water. Oils, heavy metals, detergents,domestic waste and Nadisactive waste are also water pollutants.THREAT TO UFE EXISTANCE Effluent ftom distilleries, andsolid wastes containing oreanie matt J be sent to biggas plant for generation of electricit Dil slicks shonld be skinned off from thes Reduction of Fe. Oxidation of e-