XII - Determinant - Module
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Ramya SreeXII - Determinant - Module
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INTRODUCTION
If the equations a1x + b1 = 0, a2x + b2 = 0 are satisfied by the same value of x, then a1b2 – a2b1 = 0. The expression
a1b2 – a2b1 is called a determinant of the second order, and is denoted by :
a1 b1
a2 b2
A determinant of second order consists of two rows and two columns.
Next consider the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
If these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then on eliminating x and y we get.
a1(b2c3 – b3c2) + b1(c2a3 – c3a2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2) = 0
The expression on the left is called a determinant of the third order, and is denoted by
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
A determinant of third order consists of three rows and three columns.
VALUE OF A DETERMINANT
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D a2 b2 c2 a1 2 b1 c1
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b 3 = a1(b2c3 – b3c2) – b1(a2c3 – a3c2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2)
a3 b3 c3
Sarrus diagram to get the value of determinant of order three :
–ve –ve –ve
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1
D a2 b2 c 2 = a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 = (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 +a3b1c2) – (a3b2c1 + a2b1c3 + a1b3c2)
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3
+ve +ve +ve
Note that the product of the terms in first bracket (i.e. a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3) is same as the product of the terms
in second bracket.
sin cos 1 log b a
Ex. Evaluate (i) (ii)
cos sin log a b 1
sin cos
Sol. (i) = sin2 – (– cos2 ) = sin2 + cos2 = 1.
cos sin
1 log b a 1
(ii) = 1 – logb a × loga b = 1 – 1 = 0 log b a
log a b 1 log a b
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DETERMINANTS
Ex. Eliminate , m, n from the equations a + cm + bn = 0, c + bm + an = 0, b + am + cn = 0 and express the result in the
simplest form.
Sol. The given set of equations can also be written as (if n 0) :
m m m
a c b 0 ; c b a 0 ; b a c 0
n n n n n n
m
Then, let x ; y
n n
System of equations :
ax + cy + b = 0 .....(i)
cx + by + a = 0 .....(ii)
bx + ay + c = 0 .....(iii)
We have to eliminate x & y from these simultaneous linear equations.
Since these equations are satisfied by the same values of x and y, then eliminating x
and y we get,
a c b
c b a 0
b a c
1 2 3
Ex. The value of 4 3 6 is -
2 7 9
1 2 3
3 6 4 6 4 3
Sol. 4 3 6 =1 –2 3
7 9 2 9 2 7
2 7 9
= (27 + 42) – 2 (–36 –12) + 3 (28 – 6) = 231
Alternative : By sarrus diagram
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
4 3 6 = 4 3 6 4 3
2 7 9 2 7 9 2 7
= (27 + 24 + 84) – (18 – 42 – 72)= 135 – (18 – 114) = 231
MINORS & COFACTORS
Let be a determinant. Then minor of element a ij, denoted by Mij, is defined as the determinant of the
submatrix obtained by deleting ith row & j th column of . Cofactor of element aij, denoted by Cij, is defined as
Cij = (– 1)i + j Mij.
a b
e.g. 1 =
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = – c
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M21 = b, C21 = – b
M22 = a = C22
a b c
e.g. 2 = p q r
x y z
q r
M11 = = qz – yr = C11.
y z
a b
M23 = = ay – bx, C23 = – (ay – bx) = bx – ay etc.
x y
1 3 2
Ex. Find the minors and cofactors of elements of the matrix A = [aij] = 4 5 6 .
3 5 2
Sol. Let Mij and Cij denote respectively the minor and cofactor of element aij in A. Then,
5 6
M11 = = –10 – 30 = – 40 C11 = M11 = – 40
5 2
4 6
M12 = = 8 – 18 = –10 C12 = – M12 = 10
3 2
4 5
M13 = = 20 + 15 = 35 C13 = M13 = 35
3 5
3 2
M21 = = 6 + 10 = 16 C21 = – M21 = –16
5 2
1 2
M22 = =2+6=8 C22 = M22 = 8
3 2
1 3
M23 = = 5 – 9 = –4 C23 = – M23 = 4
3 5
2 3 1
Ex. Find the minors and cofactors of elements '–3', '5', '–1' & '7' in the determinant 4 0 5
1 6 7
4 5
Sol. Minor of –3 = = 33 ; Cofactor of – 3 = –33
1 7
2 3
Minor of 5 = 9 ; Cofactor of 5 = –9
1 6
3 1
Minor of –1 = 15 ; Cofactor of –1 = –15
0 5
2 3
Minor of 7 = 12 ; Cofactor of 7 = 12
4 0
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DETERMINANTS
Transpose of a Determinant
The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of the corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a
D= 2 b2 c2 DT b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
(a) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter-changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a 3
e.g. if D a 2 b 2 c 2 b 1 b 2 b 3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c 3
(b) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant is changed in sign
only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a 2 b2 c2
Let D a 2 b2 c2 & D1 a1 b1 c1 Then D1 = – D.
a 3 b3 c3 a3 b 3 c3
(c) If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the value of the determinant is zero.
(d) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is
multiplied by that number.
a1 b1 c1 Ka 1 Kb1 Kc 1
e.g. If D = a 2 b2 c2 and D1 = a 2 b2 c2 Then D1 = KD
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(e) If all the elements of a row (or column) are proportional (or identical) to the element of any other row, then
the determinant vanishes, i.e. its value is zero.
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
e.g. If D = a 1 b1 c1 D = 0 ; If D1 ka1 kb1 kc1 D1 = 0
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(f) If each element of any row (or column) is expressed as a sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants.
a1 x b1 y c1 z a1 b1 c1 x y z
e.g. a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
ƒ(r) g(r) h(r)
Note that : If D r a b c
a1 b1 c1
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where r N and a,b,c, a1, b1,c1 are constants, then
n n n
r 1
ƒ(r) g(r) h(r)
r 1 r 1
n
r 1
Dr a b c
a1 b1 c1
(g) Row - column operation : The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column (Ci ) operation of
the form Ci Ci + Cj + Ck (j, k i) or row (Ri) operation of the form Ri Ri + Rj + Rk (j, k i). In other
words, the value of a determinant is not altered by adding the elements of any row (or column) to the same
multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
a1 b1 c1
e.g. Let D = a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a 1 a 2 b1 b 2 c 1 c 2
D= a2 b2 c2 (R1 R1 + R2; R3 R3 + R2)
a 3 a1 b 3 b 1 c 3 c1
(i) By using the operation Ri xRi + yRj + zRk (j, k i), the value of the determinant becomes x times
the original one.
(ii) While applying this property ATLEAST ONE ROW (OR COLUMN) must remain unchanged.
(h) Factor theorem : If the elements of a determinant D are rational integral functions of x and two rows
(or columns) become identical when x = a then (x – a) is a factor of D.
Note that if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x – a)r–1 is a factor of D.
a b c
Ex. Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
Sol. Given detereminant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1 abc
= a3 b3 c3 = a3 b3 c3
abc abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C 2 C 2 – C3
a 2 b2 b2 c2 c2
= a b b3 c3
3 3
c3
0 0 1
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DETERMINANTS
ab bc c2
= (a – b) (b – c) a ab b b 2 bc c 2
2 2
c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab 2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
a2 ab ac
2
Ex. Find the value of the determinant ab b bc
ac bc c 2
a2 ab a b c
ac a b c
2 2
Sol. D = ab b bc = a ab b bc = abc a b c = 0
2 2
ac bc c ac bc c a b c
Since all rows are same, hence value of the determinant is zero.
bc a a
Ex. Prove that b ca b = 4abc
c c ab
bc a a
Sol. Let = b ca b
c c ab
Applying R1 R1 – R2 – R3 to , we get
0 2c 2b
b ca b
c c ab
Expanding along R1, we obtain
ca b b b b ca
0 ( 2c) ( 2b)
c ab c ab c c
= 2 c (a b + b2 – bc) – 2 b (b c – c2 – ac)
= 2 a b c + 2 cb2 – 2 bc2 – 2 b2c + 2 bc2 + 2 abc
= 4 abc
a bc 2a 2a
Ex. Prove that 2b bc a 2b (a b c) 3
2c 2c c a b
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a bc 2a 2a
Sol. D 2b b c a 2b
2c 2c c a b
a bc a bc a bc
D 2b b c a 2b (R1 R1 + R2 + R3)
2c 2c c a b
1 1 1
D (a b c) 2b b c a 2b
2c 2c c a b
1 0 0
D (a b c) 2b (a b c) 0 (C3 C3 – C1 ; C2 C2 – C1)
2c 0 (a b c)
D = (a + b + c)3
a b c
Ex. Show that a 2x b 2y c 2z 0
x y z
a b c a b c a b c
Sol. We have, a 2x b 2y c 2z a b c 2x 2y 2z (by property 5)
x y z x y z x y z
=0+0=0 (using property 3 and property 4)
32 k 42 32 3 k
Ex. If 42 k 52 42 4 k = 0, then the value of k is-
52 k 62 52 5 k
Sol. Applying (C3 C3 – C1)
32 k 42 3
D 4 k
2
5 2
4 0
52 k 62 5
9 k 16 3
7 9 1 0 (R3 R3 – R2; R2 R2 – R1)
9 11 1
k–1=0 k=1
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DETERMINANTS
a a x
Ex. Prove that m m m m(x a)(x b)
b x b
Sol. Using factor theorem,
Put x = a
a a a
D= m m m =0
b a b
Since R1 and R2 are proportional which makes D = 0, therefore (x – a) is a factor of D.
Similarly, by putting x = b, D becomes zero, therefore (x – b) is a factor of D.
a a x
D = m m m = (x – a)(x – b) ......(i)
b x b
To get the value of put x = 0 in equation (i)
a a 0
m m m
= ab
b 0 b
amb = ab =m
D = m(x – a)(x – b)
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 m1 a1 b1 a1 m1 b1 m2
1
1 2
a 2 b2 2 m2 a2 1 b2 2
a 2 m1 b2 m2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.
(a) Here we have multiplied row by column. We can also multiply row by row, column by row and column by column.
(b) If D 1 is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of determinant D of order n by their
corresponding cofactors then D1 = Dn–1
Ex. Let be the roots of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and Sn = n + n for n 1. Evaluate the value of the determinant
3 1 S1 1 S2
1 S1 1 S2 1 S3 .
1 S2 1 S3 1 S4
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3 1 S1 1 S2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Sol. D = 1 S1 1 S2 1 S3 = 1 1 2 2 1 3 3
1 S2 1 S3 1 S4 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
= 1 1 2
= 1 =[(1 – )(1 – )( – )]2
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
D = ()2 ( 1)2
are roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b c b 2 4ac
&
a a a
2
(b 2 4ac) a b c (b 2 4ac)(a b c)2
D= =
a2 a a4
Important Determinants
0 b c
(i) b 0 a 0
c a 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
(ii) a b c a b c (a b)(b c)(c a)
2 2 2
bc ac ab a b c
1 1 1
(iii) a b c (a b)(b c)(c a)(a b c)
3 3 3
a b c
1 1 1
(iv) a 2
b 2
c2 (a b) (b c)(c a) (ab bc ca)
3 3 3
a b c
1 1 1
(v) a b c (a b) (b c) (c a) (a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca)
a4 b4 c4
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DETERMINANTS
APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS IN GEOMETRY
(a) The lines : a 1x + b 1y + c 1 = 0 ......(i)
a 2x + b 2y + c 2 = 0 ......(ii)
a 3x + b 3y + c 3 = 0 ......(iii)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if a 2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
This is the condition for consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(b) Equation ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if :
a h g
abc + 2 fgh af² bg² ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
x1 y1 1
1
(c) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr , yr) ; r = 1 , 2 , 3 is D = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
x y 1
(d) Equation of a straight line passing through points (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2) is x 1 y1 1 =0
x2 y2 1
Ex. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8), (– 4, 2) and (5, 1).
3 8 1
1
Sol. The area of triangle is given by 4 2 1
2
5 1 1
1
= 3(2 1) 8(4 5) 1(4 10)
2
1 61
= (3 + 72 – 14) =
2 2
Singular & non singular matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| is zero or non-zero respectively.
Cofactor matrix & adjoint matrix
Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix obtained by replacing each element of A by corresponding
cofactor is called as cofactor matrix of A, denoted as cofactor A. The transpose of cofactor matrix of A is
called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
i.e. if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [cij]n when c ij is the cofactor of aij i & j.
Adj A = [d ij]n where d ij = cji i & j.
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Properties of cofactor A and adj A
(a) A . adj A = |A| n = (adj A) A where A = [a ij]n.
(b) |adj A| = |A|n – 1, where n is order of A.
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
(c) If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A are also symmetric matrices.
(d) If A is singular, then adj A is also singular.
2 1 3
Ex. If A = 1 4 2 and B = [–1 2 –1] find B (adj A)
0 3 1
Sol. The cofactors are
c11 = +(4 + 6) = 10 c12 = –(–1 –0) = 1
c13 = +(3 – 0) = 3 c21 = –(–1 + 9) = –8
c22 = +(2 – 0) = 2 c23 = –(–6 + 0) = 6
c31 = +(–2 –12) = –14 c32 = –(4 + 3) = –7
c33 = +(8 – 1) = 7
T
10 1 3 10 8 14
adj A = 8 2 6 1 2 7
14 7 7 3 6 7
10 8 14
Then B . (adj A) = [–1 2 –1] 1 2 7
3 6 7
= [–10 + 2 – 3 8 + 4 – 6 14 – 14 – 7]
= [–11 6 –7]
INVERSE OF A MATRIX (RECIPROCAL MATRIX)
1
Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then the matrix adj A is the multiplicative inverse of A (we call it inverse
|A|
of A) and is denoted by A–1.
We have A (adj A) = |A| n = (adj A) A
1 1
A adjA = n = adjA A, for A is non-singular
|A| |A|
1
A–1 = adj A.
|A|
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DETERMINANTS
(i) The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
(ii) A–1 is always non-singular.
(iii) If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., a nn) where aii 0 i, then A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ...., ann–1).
(iv) (A–1) = (A)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also adj (A) = (adj A).
(v) (A–1)–1 = A if A is non-singular.
1 –1
(vi) Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then (kA)–1 = A .
k
1
(vii) |A–1| = for |A| 0.
|A|
(viii) Let A be a non-singular matrix. Then AB = AC B = C & BA = CA B= C.
(ix) A is non-singular and symmetric A–1 is symmetric.
(x) (AB)–1 = B –1 A–1 if A and B are non- singular.
(xi) In general AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0. But if A is non-singular and AB = 0, then B = 0.
Similarly B is non-singular and AB = 0 A = 0. Therefore, AB = 0 either both are singular
or one of them is 0.
1 3 3
Ex. If A = 1 4 3 , then verify that A adj A = | A | . Also find A–1
1 3 4
Sol. We have | A | = 1 (16 – 9) – 3 (4 – 3) + 3 (3 – 4) = 1 0
Now A11 = 7, A12 = – 1, A13 = – 1, A21 = – 3, A22 = 1, A23 = 0,A31 = – 3, A32 = 0, A33 = 1
7 –3 –3
Therefore adj A = –1 1 0
–1 0 1
1 3 3 7 –3 –3 7 – 3 – 3 –3 3 0 –3 0 3
1 4 3 –1 1 0
Now A(adj A) = = 7 – 4 – 3 –3 4 0 –3 0 3
1 3 4 –1 0 1 7 – 3 – 4 –3 3 0 –3 0 4
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0
= 0 1 0 = (1) = |A|. I
0 0 1 0 0 1
7 –3 –3 7 –3 –3
1 1
Also A–1 adj A = –1 1 0 = –1 1 0
|A| 1
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
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2 3 2
Ex. Show that the matrix A = satisfies the equation A – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O
1 2
is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3 2 3 7 12
Sol. We have A2 = A.A = =
1 2 1 2 4 7
7 12 8 12 1 0 0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I = – + 0 1 = 0 0 = 0
4 7 4 8
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A| 0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1
or AI – 4I = – A–1
4 0 2 3 2 –3
or A–1 = 4I – A = 0 4 – 1 2 = –1 2
2 –3
Hence A–1 =
–1 2
2 3
Ex. Find the inverse of the matrix, A = .
4 7
2 3
Sol. We have, |A| = = (14 – 12) = 12 0.
4 7
So, A–1 exists.
The cofactors of the elements of |A| are given by
A11 = 7, A12 = (–4) = 4.
A21 = –(–3) = 3, A22 = 2.
'
7 4 7 3
(adj A) =
3 2 4 2
1
Hence, A–1 = . (adj A)
|A|
7 3
1 7 3
. 2 .
2 4 2
= 2
2 1
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DETERMINANTS
Finding inverse using Elementry operations
(i) Using row transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary row operations,
Step I : Write A = IA and
Step II : Apply a sequence of row operation on A = IA till we get, I = BA.
The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary row operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will apply
these row operations simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product AB on RHS.
1 2 2
Ex. Find the inverse of the matrix A 1 3 0 by using elementary row transformations.
0 2 1
Sol. We know that A = I A
1 2 2 1 0 0
or, 1 3 0 0 1 0 A
0 2 1 0 0 1
1 2 2 1 0 0
0 5 2 1 1 0 A
(Applying R2 R2 + R1)
0 2 1 0 0 1
1 2 2 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 2 A (Applying R2 R2 + 2R3)
0 2 1 0 0 0
1 0 2 1 2 4
0 1 0 1 1 2 A (Applying R1 R1 + (–2) R2, R3 R3 + 2R2)
0 0 1 2 2 5
1 0 0 3 2 6
0 1 0 1 1 2 A (Applying R1 R1 + 2R3)
0 0 1 2 2 5
3 2 6
Hence, A = 1 1 2
–1
2 2 5
(ii) Using column transformations :
If A is a matrix such that A–1 exists, then to find A–1 using elementary column operations,
Step I : Write A = AI and
Step II : Apply a sequence of column operations on A = AI till we get, I = AB.
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The matrix B will be inverse of A.
Note : In order to apply a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation X = AB, we will
apply these row operatdions simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of the product AB on RHS.
CRAMER'S RULE (SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS)
Simultaneous linear equations
Consistent Inconsistent
(at least one solution) (no solution)
Exactly one solution Infinite solutions
or
Unique solution
Trivial solution Non trivial solution
All variable At least one
zero is the non zero variable
only solution satisfies the system
(a) Equations involving two variables
(i) Consistent Equations : Definite & unique solution (Intersecting lines)
(ii) Inconsistent Equations : No solution (Parallel lines)
(iii) Dependent Equations : Infinite solutions (Identical lines)
Let, a1 x + b 1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b1
(1) Given equations are consistent with unique solution
a 2 b2
a 1 b1 c1
(2)
Given equations are inconsistent
a 2 b2 c2
a 1 b1 c 1
(3) Given equations are consistent with infinite solutions
a 2 b2 c2
(b) Equations Involving Three variables
Let a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1 .......(i)
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2 .......(ii)
a 3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3 .......(iii)
D1 D2 D3
Then, x = , y= , z= .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a 2 b2 c 2 ; D1 = d 2 b2 c 2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 & D3 = a 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
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DETERMINANTS
(i) If D 0 and atleast one of D1 , D2 , D3 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has
unique non trivial solution.
(ii) If D 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has trivial
solution only.
(iii) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinite solutions.
a 1 x b1 y c 1 z d 1
Note that In case a 1 x b1 y c1 z d 2 (Atleast two of d1 , d2 & d3 are not equal)
a 1 x b1 y c1 z d 3
D = D 1 = D 2 = D 3 = 0. But these three equations represent three parallel planes. Hence the system
is inconsistent.
(iv)If D = 0 but atleast one of D 1, D 2, D 3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and
have no solution.
(c) Homogeneous system of linear equations
Let a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 .......(i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 .......(ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 .......(iii)
D1 = D 2 = D 3 = 0
The system always possesses atleast one solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, which is called Trivial solution, i.e. this
system is always consistent.
Check value of D
D 0 D=0
Unique Trivial solution Trivial & Non-Trivial solutions (infinite solutions)
Note that if a given system of linear equations has Only Zero solutions for all its variables then the given equations
are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
Also, note that if the system of equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0; a3x + b3y + c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
is always consistent then a 2 b2 c 2 0 but converse is not true.
a3 b3 c3
Ex. Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations :
x + 2y + 3z = 1; 2x + 3y + 4z = 3; 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Sol. D= 2 3 4 =0
3 4 5
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1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4 =5
0 4 5
D = 0 but D1 0 Hence no solution.
Ex. Find the value of , if the following equations are consistent :
x + y – 3 = 0; (1 + )x + (2 + )y – 8 = 0; x – (1 + )y + (2 + ) = 0
Sol. The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then = 0
1 1 3
i.e. 1 2 8 0
1 (1 ) 2
Applying C2 C2 – C1 and C3 C3 + 3C1
1 0 0
1 1 3 5 0
1 2 5
(5 ) (3 5)( 2 ) 0 3 2 2 5 0
1, 5 / 3
Ex. If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations
sin(3) x – y + z = 0; cos(2)x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0, then find the values of (0 2).
Sol. Given system of equations is a system of homogeneous linear equations which posses non-zero solution set,
therefore D = 0.
sin 3 1 0
sin3 1 1
cos 2 4 7
D = cos 2 4 3 D= (C3 C3 + C2)
2 7 14
2 7 7
sin 3 1 0
R3
D = cos 2 1 0.5 0 (R2 R2 – )
2
2 7 14
sin 3
D = 14 cos 2 1
2
D=0
sin3 + 2cos2 – 2 = 0
3sin– 4sin3 = 4sin2 (sin)(4sin2 + 4sin – 3) = 0
1 3
(sin)(2sin – 1)(2sin + 3) = 0 sin = 0 ; sin ; sin = –
2 2
1 1 5 5 3
sin = 0 = 0, , 2 ; sinsin
, , ; sin no solution.
2 2 6 66 6 2
5
0, , , , 2
6 6
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DETERMINANTS
TIPS & FORMULAS
1. Minors
The minor of any element of determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after deleting the row &
the column in which the given element stands.
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a1 c1
For example, the minor of a1 in a 2 b2 c 2 is 2 & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c3 a3 c3
a3 b3 c3
Hence a determinant of order threee will have “9 minors”.
2. Cofactors
If Mij represents the minor of the element belonging to ith row and jth column then the cofactor of that element :
Cij = (–1)i + j . Mij
Important Notev :
a1 a2 a3
Consider Δ = b1 b 2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Let A1 be cofactor of a1, B2 be cofactor of b2 and so on, then,
(i) a1A1 + b1B1n + c1C1 = a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3 =
(ii) a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 = b1A1 + b2A2 + b3A3 = O
3. Properties of Determinants
(a) The value of a determinants remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are interchanged.
(b) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged the value of determinant is changed in sign only.
e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Let D = a2 b2 c2 & D' = a1 b1 c1 Then D’ = – D
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(c) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero.
(d) If all the elements of any row (or columns) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant is multiplied
by that number.
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
(e) a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(f) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column) the multiples
of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) e.g.
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
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a1 + ma 2 b1 + mb 2 c1 + mc 2
D' = a2 b2 c2 . Then D’ = D
a 3 + na1 b3 + nb 2 c3 + nc1
Note : While applying this property atleast one row (or column) must remain unchanged.
(g) If the elements of a determinant are rational function of x and two rows (or columns) become identical when
x = a, then x – a is a factor of .
Again, if r rows become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x–a)r–1 is a factor of .
f1 f2 f3
(h) If D(x) = g1 g2 g 3 , where fr, gr, hr ; r = 1, 2, 3 are three differential function.
h1 h 2 h3
f'1 f'2 f'3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3
d
then D(x) = g1 g 2 g 3 + g'1 g'2 g'3 + g1 g2 g3
dx
h1 h 2 h3 h1 h2 h3 h'1 h'2 h'3
4. Multiplication of two Determinants
a1 b1 l1 m1 a1l1 + b 2 l2 a1m1 + b1m 2
× =
a2 b2 l2 m2 a 2l1 + b 2 l 2 a 2 m1 + b 2 m 2
Similarly two determinants of order three are multiplied.
(a) Here we have multiplied row by column. We can also multiply row by row, column by row and column by
column.
(b) If D’ is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of determinant D of order n by their corresponding
cofactors then D’ = Dn-1.
5. Special Determinants
(a) Symmetric Determinant
Elements of a determinant are such that aij = aji.
a h g
e.g. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg 2 – ch 2
g f c
(b) Skew Symmetric Determinant
If aij = –aji then the determinant is said to be a skew symmetric determinant. here all the principal diagonal
elements are zero. The value of a skew symmetric determinant of odd order is zero and of even order is
perfect square.
0 b –c
e.g. –b 0 a =0
c –a 0
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DETERMINANTS
(c) Other Important Determinants
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) a b c = a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
bc ac ab a2 b2 c2
1 1 1
(ii) a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
2
(iii) a b2 c 2 = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
(iv) a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 – ab – bc – ca)
a4 b4 c4
6. System of Equation
(a) System of equation involving two variable
Consistent Inconsistent
(System of equation has solution) (System of equation has no solution)
a1 b1 c1
= =
Infinite solution a2 b2 c2
unique solution
a1 b1 c1 (Equations represents
a1 b1 = = parallel disjoint lines)
=
a2 b2 a2 b2 c2
or a1b2 -a2b10 (Equations represents
(Equations represents coincident lines)
intersecting lines)
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1 1
If Δ1 = ,Δ 2 = ,Δ = , then x ,y 2
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
b1c 2 – b 2 c1 a c –a c
or x= ;y = 2 1 1 2
a1b 2 – a 2 b1 a1b 2 – a 2 b1
(b) System of Equations Involving three Variables
a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
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To solve this system we first define following determinants
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
Δ = a2 b2 c2 1 = d 2 b2 c2
, ,
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Δ2 = a 2 d2 c2 Δ3 = a 2 b2 d2
,
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Now following algorithm is used to solve the system.
0 = 0
Consistent system Check the values of
and has unique solution 1,2 and 3
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
Atleast one of 1,2 and 3 1= 2 = 3 = 0
is not zero
Put z = t and solve any
Inconsistent system two equations to get the
values of x & y in terms of t
If these values of x, y and z in The values of x, y and z dosen’t
terms of t satisfy third equation satisfy third equation
Inconsistent system
Consistent system
(System has infinite solutions)
Note
(i) Trival Solution : In the solution set of system of equation if all the variables assumes zero, then such a solution set
is called Trival solution otherwise the solution is called non-trival solution.
(ii) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 then system of linear equation is known as system of Homogeneous linear equation which always
posses atleast one solution (0, 0, 0).
(iii) If system of homogeneous linear equation posses non-zero/non-trival solution then = 0. In such case given
system has infinite solutions.
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DETERMINANT
SOLVED EXAMPLES
a b c y b q
Ex. 1 Prove that x y z x a p
p q r z c r
a b c a x p
Sol. D= x y z = b y q (By interchanging rows & columns)
p q r c z r
x a p
=y b q (C1 C2)
z c r
y b q
= x a p (R1 R2)
z c r
r r3 2 n
Ex. 2 If D r n n3 2n , find Dr .
r 0
2
n(n 1) n(n 1)
2(n 1)
2 2
n n n 2
n(n 1) n(n 1)
r
r 0
r3
r 0
2
r 0 2 2
2(n 1)
n
Sol. Dr n n3 2n n n3 2n = 0
r 0 2 2
n(n 1) n(n 1) n(n 1) n(n 1)
2(n 1) 2 2(n 1)
2 2 2
a b c
Ex. 3 Simplify b c a
c a b
Sol. Let R1 R1 + R2 + R3
abc abc a bc 1 1 1
b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2 C2 – C3
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0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b c c a a
ca a b b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b 2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2) 3abc – a3 – b 3 – c3
a b nc (n 1)a (n 1)b
Ex. 4 Determinant (n 1)c b c na (n 1)b is equal to -
(n 1)c (n 1)a c a nb
Sol. Applying C1 C1 + (C2 + C3)
1 (n 1)a (n 1)b
D = n(a + b + c) 1 b c na (n 1)b
1 (n 1)a c a nb
1 (n 1)a (n 1)b
R 2 R 2 R1
D = n(a + b + c) 0 a b c 0
R 3 R 3 R1
0 0 abc
= n(a + b + c)3
(x a)2 (x b)2 (x c)2
Ex. 5 Prove that (y a)2 (y b)2 (y c)2 = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(z a)2 (z b)2 (z c)2
(x a)2 (x b)2 (x c)2
Sol. D = (y a)2 (y b)2 (y c)2
(z a)2 (z b)2 (z c)2
Using factor theorem, Put x = y
(y a)2 (y b)2 (y c)2
D (y a)2 (y b)2 (y c)2
(z a)2 (z b)2 (z c)2
R1 and R2 are identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (x–y) is a factor of D.
Similarly (y – z) & (z – x) are factors of D
Now put a = b
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DETERMINANT
(x b)2 (x b)2 (x c)2
2 2
D (y b) (y b) (y c)2
(z b)2 (z b)2 (z c)2
C1 and C2 become identical which makes D = 0. Therefore, (a–b) is a factor of D.
Similarly (b–c) and (c–a) are factors of D.
Therefore, D = (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
To get the value of put x = –1 = a, y = 0 = b and z = 1 = c
0 1 4
D 1 0 1 ( 1)( 1)(2)( 1)( 1)(2)
4 1 0
4 = 8 =2
D = 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
1 2
Ex. 6 Prove that 2 1 = –(1– 3)2.
2 1
Sol. This is a cyclic determinant.
1 2
2 1 = – (1 + 2)(1 + 2 + 4 – – 2 – 3)
2 1
= – (1 + + 2)(– + 1 – 3 + 4) = – (1 + + 2)(1 – )2(1 + + 2)
= – (1 – )2(1 + + 2)2 = –(1 – 3)2
Ex. 7 If the system of equations x + y + 1 = 0, x + y + 1 = 0 & x + y + = 0. is consistent then find the value of .
Sol. For consistency of the given system of equations
1 1
D 1 1 0
1 1
3 = 1 + 1 + 3 or 3 – 3 + 2 = 0 (–1)2 ( + 2) = 0
= 1 or =–2
Ex. 8 For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
0 a b c 2 bc ca
2
Sol. A = a 0 c cof A = bc b ab
b c 0 ca ab a 2
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c 2 bc ca
2
adj A = (cof A) = bc b ab which is symmetric.
ca ab a 2
(a x)2 (b x)2 (c x)2 (1 ax)2 (1 bx)2 (1 cx)2
2
Ex. 9 If a, b, c x, y, z R, then prove that (a y) (b y)2 (c y)2 (1 ay)2 (1 by)2 (1 cy)2
(a z)2 (b z)2 (c z)2 (1 az)2 (1 bz)2 (1 cz)2
(a x)2 (b x)2 (c x)2 a2 2ax x2 b2 2bx x2 c2 2cx x2
2 2
Sol. L.H.S. = (a y)
2
(b y)2 (c y)2 a 2ay y b2 2by y2 c2 2cy y2
(a z)2 (b z)2 (c z)2 a2 2az z2 b2 2bz z2 c2 2az z2
1 x x2 a2 2a 1
2 2
= 1 y y b 2b 1 (Row by Row)
2 2
1 z z c 2c 1
1 x x2 a2 2a 1
2 2
= 1 y y ( 1) b 2b 1
1 z z2 c2 2c 1
1 x x2 1 2a a2
2 2
= 1 y y ( 1)( 1) 1 2b b (C1 C3)
1 z z2 1 2c c2
1 x x2 1 2a a2
1 y y2 1 2b b2
1 z z2 1 2c c2
Multiplying row by row
1 2ax a2 x2 1 2bx b2 x2 1 2cx c2 x2
1 2ay a2 y 2 1 2by b2 y 2 1 2cy c2 y 2
=
1 2az a2 z 2 1 2bz b2 z2 1 2cz c2 z 2
(1 ax)2 (1 bx)2 (1 cx)2
(1 ay)2 (1 by)2 (1 cy)2
= R.H.S.
(1 az)2 (1 bz)2 (1 cz)2
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DETERMINANT
Ex. 10 For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Sol. We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A–1 = adj A)
|A|
B –1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
adj (AB) = (adjB) (adj A)
y 5 z 6 (z 3 y 3 ) x 4 z 6 (x 3 z 3 ) x 4 y 5 (y 3 x 3 ) x y2 z3
4
Ex. 11 If D1 y z (y z ) xz (z x ) xy (x y ) and D2 x
2 3 6 6 3 6 6 2 6 6
y5 z 6 . Then D1D2 is equal to -
y2 z 3 (z 3 y 3 ) xz 3 (x3 z 3 ) xy2 (y 3 x 3 ) x7 y8 z9
Sol. The given determinant D1 is obtained by corresponding cofactors of determinant D2.
Hence D1 = D22
D1D2 D22 D2 D23
0 1 2
Ex. 12 Obtain the inverse of the matrix A = 1 2 3 using elementary operations.
3 1 1
0 1 2 1 0 0
Sol. Write A = IA, i.e., 1 2 3 = 0 1 0 A
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2
or = 1 0 0 A (applying R1 R2)
3 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 1 0 0
or = A (applying R3 R3 – 3R1)
0 –5 –8 0 –3 1
1 0 –1 –2 1 0
0 1 2 1 0 0
or = A (applying R1 R1 – 2R2)
0 –5 –8 0 –3 1
1 0 –1 –2 1 0
0 1 2 1 0 0
or = A (applying R3 R3 + 5R2)
0 0 2 5 –3 1
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–2 1 0
1 0 –1
0 1 2 1
or = 1 0 0 A (applying R3 R)
0 0 1 2 3
5 –3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
–
1 0 0 2 2 2
0 1 2 1 0 0
or = A (Applying R1 R1 + R3)
0 0 1
5 –
3 1
2 2 2
1 –1 1
2
1 0 0 2 2
0 1 0
or = –4 3 –1 A (Applying R2 R2 – 2R3)
0 0 1
5 –3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 –2 2
–1
Hence A = –4 3
–1
5 –3 1
2 2 2
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DETERMINANT
Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = – 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| is equal to
(A) – 9 (B) – 81 (C) – 27 (D) 81
sin2x cos2 x cos 4x
2. If cos2 x cos 2x sin2 x = a0 + a1 (sinx) + a2 (sin2x) +.......+ an (sinnx) then the value of a0 is -
cos 4 x sin2 x sin2x
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
cos –1 x cos –1 y cos –1 z
3. Let A = cos –1 y cos –1 z cos –1 x such that |A| = 0, then maximum value of x + y + z is
cos –1 z cos –1 x cos –1 y
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
x 2 2x 3 7x 2 x4
2
4. If 2x 7 x x2 3x = ax6 + bx5 + cx4 + dx3 + ex2 + fx + g the value of g is
2
3 2x 1 x 4x 7
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none of these
p 15 8
2
5. If Dp = p 35 9 , then D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 is equal to -
p3 25 10
(A) 0 (B) 25 (C) 625 (D) none of these
sin2 A cot A 1
6. For any ABC, the value of determinant sin2 B cot B 1 is equal to -
sin2 C cot C 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) sin A sin B sin C (D) sin A + sin B + sin C
a1 a2 a3
5 4 a6
7. If a1, a2, a3 , 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and D = , then the value of [D] is
a7 a8 a9
(Where [.] represents, the greatest integer fn.)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
sin cos sin sin cos
8. Let = cos cos cos sin sin , then
sin sin sin cos 0
(A) is independent of (B) is indepedent of
(C) is a constant (D) none of these
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9. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and A denotes transpose of matrix A, A A = and det A = 1, then
det (A – ) must be equal to
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) none of these
x 3x 2
2x 1
10. The number of real values of x satisfying 2x 1 4x 3x 1 = 0 is -
7x 2 17x 6 12x 1
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) infinite
a2 a 1
11. The value of the determinant cos (nx) cos (n 1) x cos (n 2) x is independent of :
sin (nx) sin (n 1) x sin (n 2) x
(A) n (B) a (C) x (D) a , n and x
12. Three distinct points P(3u2, 2u3) ; Q(3v2, 2v3) and R(3w2, 2w3) are collinear then
(A) uv + vw + wu = 0 (B) uv + vw + wu = 3
(C) uv + vw + wu = 2 (D) uv + ww + wu = 1
a 2 (1 x) ab ac
2
13. The determinant = ab b (1 x) bc is divisible by
2
ac bc c (1 x)
(A) 1 + x (B) (1 + x)2 (C) x2 (D) x2 + 1
1 a2 a4 1 ab a 2 b 2 1 ac a 2c 2
2 2
14. = 1 ab a b 1 b 2 b 4 1 bc b 2 c 2 is equal to
1 ac a 2 c 2 1 bc b 2c 2 1 c 2 c 4
(A) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2 (B) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
(C) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) (a + b + c)3
a2 1 ab ac
2
15. If D = ba b 1 bc then D =
ca cb c2 1
(A) 1 + a2 + b 2 + c2 (B) a2 + b 2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none
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DETERMINANT
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2x
2 2
16. Let f(x) = sin x 1 cos x 4sin 2x then the maximum value of f(x) is
2 2
sin x cos x 1 4sin 2x
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
b1 c1 c1 a1 a1 b1
17. The determinant b 2 c 2 c2 a 2 a 2 b2 =
b 3 c3 c3 a 3 a 3 b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (D) none of these
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
log a p 1
18. If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of a GP, then log b q 1 is equal to -
log c r 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) log abc (D) pqr
log a n log a n 2 log a n 4
19. If a1, a2,.......an, an+1,...... are in GP and ai > 0 i, then log a n 6 log a n 8 log a n 10 is equal to -
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 16
(A) 0 (B) n log an (C) n(n + 1) log an (D) none of these
cos ( ) sin ( ) cos 2
20. The determinant sin cos sin is:
cos sin cos
(A) 0 (B) independent of (C) independent of (D) independent of & both
21. If A is a non singular maxrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then which one of the following holds true
(A) det. B = 0 (B) B = 0 (C) det. A = 1 (D) det. (B + I) = det. (B – I)
a b c px qy rz
22. Let a determinant is given by A = p q r and suppose det. A = 6. If B = a x b y c z then
x y z ap bq cr
(A) det. B = 6 (B) det. B = – 6 (C) det. B = 12 (D) det. B = – 12
a b ab a c a c
D
23. Let D1 = c d c d and D2 = b d b d then the value of 1 where b 0 and ad bc, is
D2
a b ab a c a bc
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) – 2b (D) 2b
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2a b f 2d e e
24. If 1 = 2d e f , 2 = 2z 4x 2y , then the value of 1 – 2 is
4x 2y 2z e 2a b
y
(A) x + +z (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
2
25. If a, b, c are non zeros, then the system of equations
( + a) x + y + z = 0
x + ( + b)y + z = 0
x + y + ( + c)z = 0
has a non-trivial solution if
(A) –1 = – (a–1 + b–1 + c–1) (B) –1 = a + b + c
(C) + a + b + c = 1 (D) none of these
26. If A, B are two n × n non-singular matrices, then
(A) AB is non-singular (B) AB is singular
–1 –1 –1
(C) (AB) = A B (D) (AB)–1 does not exist
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 (2 x2 ) (1 x)2 2x 1 x 1
27. The equation 2x 1 3x 1 5x (1 x)2 3x 2x =0
x 1 2x 2 3x 1 2x 3x 2 2x 3
(A) has no real solution (B) has 4 real solutions
(C) has two real and two non-real solutions (D) has infinite number of solutions, real or non-real
28. The system of linear equations x + y z = 6, x + 2y 3z = 14 and 2x + 5y z = 9 ( R) has a
unique solution if
(A) = 8 (B) 8 (C) = 7 (D) 7
29. The value of ‘ k ‘ for which the set of equations 3x + ky 2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2 x + 3 y 4 z = 0 has a non
trivial solution over the set of rational is:
(A) 33/2 (B) 31/2 (C) 16 (D) 15
n 1 5 N
30. If Un = n
2
2N 1 2N 1 , then U n is equal to
n 1
n3 3N 2 3N 1
N N N
1
(A) 2 n (B) 2 n2 (C)
2
n2 (D) 0
n 1 n 1 n 1
31. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions, then:
(A) p = 2, = 3 (B) p = 2, = 4 (C) 3 p = 2 (D) p = 4, = 2
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DETERMINANT
a b c
2 2
32. If a b c and a b c2 = 0 then -
bc ca ab
(A) a + b+ c = 0 (B) ab + bc + ca = 0
(C) a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca (D) abc = 0
b2 c2 bc bc
33. If a, b, & c are nonzero real numbers, then c2 a 2 ca ca is equal to -
a2 b2 ab ab
(A) a2b2c2(a + b + c) (B) abc(a + b + c)2 (C) zero (D) none of these
34. An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 6 cm. If (x1, y1); (x2, y2) & (x3, y3) are its vertices then the value
2
x1 y1 1
x
of the determinant, 2 y2 1 is equal to -
x3 y3 1
(A) 192 (B) 243 (C) 486 (D) 972
35. If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z =4, x + py + 2z = 3, x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions, then -
(A) p = 2, µ = 3 (B) p =2, µ = 4 (C) 3p = 2µ (D) none of these
36. The values of for which the following equations
sinx – cosy + (+1)z = 0; cosx + siny – z = 0; x +( + 1)y + cos z = 0 have non trivial solution, is
(A) = n, R – {0} (B) = 2n, is any rational number
(C) = (2n + 1), R+, n I (D) = (2n + 1) , R, n I
2
37. The set of equations
x – y + (cos) z = 0
3x + y + 2z =0
(cos)x + y + 2z = 0
0 < < 2 , has non- trivial solution(s)
(A) for no value of and (B) for all values of and
(C) for all values of and only two values of (D) for only one value of and all values of
38. If A, B and C are n × n matrices and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3 and det(C) = 5, then the value of the det(A2BC–1) is equal to
6 12 18 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
a 2 1 ab ac
39. If a, b, c are real then the value of determinant ab b 2 1 bc = 1 if
ac bc c2 1
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a + b + c = 1 (C) a + b + c = –1 (D) a = b = c = 0
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40. The system of equations (sin)x + 2z = 0 , (cos)x + (sin)y = 0 , (cos)y + 2z = a has
(A) no unique solution
(B) a unique solution which is a function of a and
(C) a unique solution which is independent of a and
(D) a unique solution which is independent of only
41. If the system of equations
x – 2y + z = a
2x + y – 2z = b
and x + 3y – 3z = c
have atleast one solution, then the relationship between a, b and c is
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a – b + c = 0 (C) – a + b + c = 0 (D) a + b – c = 0
(1 x) 2 (1 x) 2 (2 x 2 ) (1 x)2 2x 1 x 1
42. The equation 2x 1 3x 1 5x + (1 x) 2 3x 2x = 0
x 1 2x 2 3x 1 2x 3x 2 2x 3
(A) has no real solution (B) has 4 real solutions
(C) has two real and two non-real solutions (D) has infinite number of solutions , real or non-real
43. Three digit numbers x17, 3y6 and 12z where x, y, z are integers from 0 to 9, are divisible by a fixed constant k. Then
x 3 1
the determinant 7 6 z must be divisible by
1 y 2
(A) k (B) k2 (C) k3 (D) None
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DETERMINANT
Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]
1. Which of the following determinant(s) vanish(es) ?
1 1
1 ab
a b
1 bc bc(b c)
1 1
(A) 1 ca ca(c a) (B) 1 bc
b c
1 ab ab(a b) 1 1
1 ca
c a
0 ab ac log x xyz log x y log x z
(C) ba 0 bc (D) log y xyz 1 log y z
ca cb 0 logz xyz logz y 1
sin2x e x sin x x cos x sin x x2 cos x
2. If D(x) cos x sin x ex x 1 x2 , then the value of |n cos (Dx)| will be -
x 2x x
e cos x e e
(A) independent of x (B) dependent on x
(C) 0 (D) non-existent
a b a b
3. The determinant b c b c is equal to zero, if -
a b b c 0
(A) a, b, c are in AP (B) a, b, c are in GP
(C) is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (D) (x– ) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + c
4. If the system of linear equations x + ay + az = 0, x + by + bz = 0, x + cy + cz = 0 has a non-zero solution then
(A) System has always non-trivial solutions.
(B) System is consistent only when a = b = c
(C) If a b c then x = 0, y = t, z= –t t R
(D) If a = b = c then y = t1, z = t2, x = –a(t1+ t2) t1,t2 R
5. The value of lying between = 0 & = /2 & satisfying the equation :
1 sin 2 cos 2 4sin 4
sin 2 1 cos 2 4sin 4
= 0 are :
sin 2 cos 2 1 4sin 4
7 5 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24
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x a b
6. Let a, b > 0 and = b x a , then
a b x
(A) a + b – x is a factor of (B) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b 2 – ab is a factor of
(C) = 0 has three real roots if a = b (D) none of these
b c b c
7. The determinent = c d c d is equal to zero if
3
b c c d a c
(A) b, c, d are in A.P. (B) b, c, d are in G.P.
(C) b, c, d are in H.P. (D) is a root of ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0
a a2 0
8. Let = 1 2a b (a b) 2 , then
0 1 2a 3b
(A) a + b is a factor of (B) a + 2b is a factor of
(C) 2a + 3b is a factor of (D) a2 is a factor of
9. The value of lying between & and 0 A and satisfying the equation
4 2 2
1 sin2 A cos2 A 2 sin 4
2 2
sin A 1 cos A 2 sin 4 = 0 are -
2 2
sin A cos A 1 2 sin 4
3 3
(A) A = , (B) A = (C) A , (D) A ,
4 8 8 5 8 6 8
a a x
10. If m m m 0 , then x may be equal to -
b x b
(A) a (B) b (C) a + b (D) m
11. The value of the determinant x n is
x
(A) independent of (B) independent of n (C) (x – )(x – ) (D)(x – )(x – n)
a2 a2 (b c)2 bc
12. The determinant b2 b2 (c a)2 ca is divisible by -
c2 c2 (a b)2 ab
(A) a + b + c (B) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (C) a2 + b2 + c2 (D) (a – b)(b – c) (c – a)
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13. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
(A) A and B are comutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(B) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(C) A and B are both null matrices.
(D) BA = 0
1 1 0
14. If A–1 = 0 2 1 , then
0 0 1
(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular
1/ 2 1/ 2 0
0 1 1/ 2
(C) Adj. A = (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
0 0 1/ 2
15. If the system of equations x + y – 3 = 0, (1 + K ) x + (2 + K ) y – 8 = 0 & x – (1 + K) y + (2 + K) = 0 is consistent then the
value of K may be -
3 5
(A) 1 (B) (C) – (D) 2
5 3
16. The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2, 2x – y + z = 4, x – 2y + z = 3 has -
(A) unique solution only for = 0
(B) unique solution for 8
(C) infinite number of solutions of = 8
(D) no solution for = 8
17. The determinant
a2 x2 ab ac
= ab b x2
bc is divisible by
ac bc c2 x 2
(A) x (B) x2 (C) x3 (D) x4
a b
18. If A = (where bc 0) satisfies the equations x2 + k = 0, then
c d
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = – |A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these
19. If the system of equations, a2 x by = a2 b & bx b2 y = 2 + 4 b possess an infinite number of solutions then the
possible values of 'a' and 'b' are
(A) a = 1 , b = 1 (B) a = 1 , b = 2
(C) a = 1 , b = 1 (D) a = 1 , b = 2
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p sin x q sin x p r sin x
20. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x) = q sin x r sin x 1 sin x
r sin x s sin x s q sin x
2
such that f (x)d x = – 4 then the common difference of the A.P. can be :
0
1
(A) 1 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]
These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
1. Statement - I : Consider the system of equations,
2x + 3y + 4z = 5 x+y+z=1 x + 2y + 3z = 4
This system of equations has infinite solutions.
Statement - II : If the system of equations is
e1 : a1x + b1y + c1z – d1 = 0
e2 : a2x + b2y + c2z – d2 = 0
a1 b1
e3 : e1 + e2 = 0, where R &
a 2 b2
Then such system of equations has infinite solutions.
a1 a2 a3
2. Statement - I : Consider D = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3
Let B1, B2, B3 be the co-factors of b1, b2, and b3 respectively then a1B1 + a2B2 + a3B3 = 0
Statement - II : If any two rows (or columns) in a determinant are identical then value of determinant is zero.
3. Statement - I : If a, b, c R and a b c and x,y,z are non zero. Then the system of equations
ax + by + cz = 0
bx + cy + az = 0
cx + ay + bz = 0 has infinite solutions.
Statement - II : If the homogeneous system of equations has non trivial solution, then it has infinitely many solutions.
2 1 2i
4. Statement-I : If A = then det(A) is real.
1 – 2i 7
a11 a12
Statement-II : If A = a a 22 , aij being complex numbers then det(A) is always real.
21
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DETERMINANT
Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) in Column-II.
1. Column – I Column – II
(A) If A is a skew–symmetric matrix of odd order (p) 7
then det(A) is
(B) If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A and (I + A)3 = I + kA, (q) 8
then k is equal to
(C) If A and B are two invertible matrices such that (r) 0
AB = C and |A| = 2, |C| = – 2,then det(B) is
(D) If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with a11 = a22 = a33 (s) –1
= 2 and A(adjA) = k then k is
2. Column-I Column-II
ap x uf
bq my vg
(A) If the determinant (p) 3
cr nz wh
splits into exactly K determinants of order 3,
each element of which contains only one
term, then the values of K is
(B) The values of for which the
system of equations (q) 8
x + y + z = 6,
x + 2y + 3z = 10
& x + 2y + z = 12
is inconsistent
(C) If x, y, z are in A.P. then the (r) 5
value of the determinant
a 2 a 3 a 2x
a 3 a 4 a 2y is
a 4 a 5 a 2z
(D) Let p be the sum of all possible (s) 0
determinants of order 2 having
0, 1, 2 & 3 as their four elements
(without repeatition of digits).
The value of 'p' is
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Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]
Comprehension # 1
Consider the system of linear equations
x + y + z = m
x + y + z = n
and x + y + z = p
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
1. If 1, – 2 then the system has -
(A) no solution (B) infinte solutions
(C) unique solution (D) trivial solution if m n p
2. If = –2 & m + n + p 0 then system of linear equations has -
(A) no solution (B) infinite solutions (C) unique solution (D) finitely many solution
3. If = 1 & m p then the system of linear equations has -
(A) no solution (B) infinite solutions (C) unique solution (D) unique solution if p = n
Comprehension # 2
x x3 x4 1
3
Let x, y, z R+ & D = y y y4 1
z z3 z4 1
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
1. If x y z & x, y, z are in GP and D = 0, then y is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) none of these
2. If x, y, z are the roots of t3 – 21t2 + bt – 343 = 0, b R, then D is equal to-
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) dependent on x, y, z (D) data inadequate
3. If x y z & x, y, z are in A.P. and D = 0, then 2xy2z + x2z2 is equal to-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) none of these
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DETERMINANT
Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]
1. Without expanding the determinant prove that :
0 b
c 0 pq pr
(A) b 0
a =0 (B) q p 0 q r = 0
c a 0 r p r q 0
2. Prove that :
ax by cz a b c 1 a a2 b c
2 2 2
(A) x y z = x y z (B) 1 b b2 c a = 0
1 1 1 yz zx xy 1 c c2 a b
a 2 ( b 2 c 2 )cos ab (1 cos ) ac (1 cos )
2 2 2
3. If a2 + b 2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba (1 cos ) b (c a )cos bc (1 cos )
ca (1 cos ) cb (1 cos ) c 2 ( a 2 b 2 )cos
is independent of a, b, c
bc b 2 b c c2 b c
4. Prove that a 2 a c ac c 2 a c = (ab + bc + ca)3.
2 2
a ab b ab a b
5. If a, b, c, x, y, z R, then prove that,
(a x)2 (b x) 2 (c x) 2 (1 a x) 2 (1 b x) 2 (1 c x) 2
2 2 2 2 2
(a y) (b y) (c y) = (1 a y) (1 b y) (1 c y) 2 .
(a z)2 (b z) 2 (c z) 2 (1 a z) 2 (1 b z) 2 (1 c z) 2
bc ca ab
6. Using properties of determinants, prove that c a a b b c = 2(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2).
a b bc ca
a2 2 a 2 a 1 1
7. Prove that : 2 a 1 a 2 1 = (a 1)3
3 3 1
a bc cb
8. Prove that ac b ca (a b c)(a2 b2 c2 )
ab ba c
n! (n 1)! (n 2)!
D
9. For a fixed positive integer n, if D = (n 1)! (n 2)! (n 3)! then show that 3
4 is divisible by n.
(n!)
(n 2)! (n 3)! (n 4)!
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2r 1
2 3r 1 4 5
r 1
n
10. If Dr = x y z then prove that D = 0.
r 1
r
n n n
2 1 3 1 5 1
0 ab 2 ac 2
2
11. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate the following : a b 0 bc 2 .
a 2 c cb 2 0
xy x x
12. Using properties of determinants prove the following : 5x 4y 4x 2x = x3
10x 8y 8x 3x
x 1 x 2 x a
13. Show that x 2 x 3 x b = 0, where a, b, c are in A.P..
x 3 x 4 x c
14. Solve the following sets of equations using Cramer’s rule and remark about their consistency.
xyz60 x 2y z 1
(A) 2 x y z 1 0 (B) 3 x y z 6
x y 2z 3 0 x 2y 0
x 3y z 2 7x 7 y 5 z 3
(C) x y z 6
3 (D) 3 x y 5z 7
5x y 3z 3 2 x 3y 5 z 5
15. Let 1, 2 and 1, 2 be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and px2 + qx + r = 0 respectively. If the system of equations
b2 ac
1y + 2z = 0 and 1y + 2z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then prove that .
q 2 pr
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DETERMINANT
Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]
log a p 1
1. If a, b, c are pth, qth and rth terms of a GP, and all are positive then log b q 1 is equal to-
log c r 1
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) log abc (4) pqr
1 n 2n
2. If 1, , are cube roots of unity and n 3p, p Z, then 2n
2
1 n is equal to-
n 2n 1
(1) 0 (2) (3) 2 (4) 1
a a2 1 a 3
3. If b b2 1 b3 = 0 and vectors (1 , a , a2 ), (1 , b,b2) and (1 , c, c2) are non-coplanar, then the product abc equals-
c c2 1 c 3
(1) 1 (2) 0 (3) 2 (4) –1
log a n log a n 2 log a n 4
4. If a1, a2,.......an, an+1,...... are in GP and ai > 0 i, then log a n 6 log a n 8 log a n 10 is equal to-
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 16
(1) 0 (2) n log an (3) n(n + 1) log an (4) none of these
1 a2 x (1 b2 )x (1 c2 )x
5. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and f(x) (1 a2 )x 1 b2 x (1 c2 )x , then f(x) is a polynomial of degree-
(1 a2 )x (1 b2 )x 1 c2 x
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 0 (4) 1
6. The system of equations x + y + z = – 1; x + y + z = – 1; x + y + z = – 1 has no solution, If is
(1) 1 (2) not –2 (3) either -2 or 1 (4) –2
1 1 1
7. If D = 1 1 x 1 for x 0, y 0 then D is-
1 1 1 y
(1) Divisible by both x and y (2) Divisible by x but not y
(3) Divisible by y but not x (4) Divsible by neither x nor y
5 5
8. Let A = 0 5 , if |A2| = 25 then || equals-
0 0 5
(1) 5 (2) 52 (3) 1 (4) 1/5
9. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real numbers x, y, z not all zero such that
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x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay, then a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc is equal to
(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 1
a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1
c 1
10. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c) 0. If b b 1 b 1 + a 1 b 1
c 1 = 0,
c c 1 c 1 ( 1) a ( 1) b ( 1) n c
n2 n 1
then the value of n is :-
(1) Any odd integer (2) Any integer (3) Zero (4) Any even integer
11. Consider the system of linear equations :
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has
(1) Infinite number of solutions (2) Exactly 3 solutions
(3) A unique solution (4) No solution
12. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
possess a non-zero solution is :-
13. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system of equations
x – ky + z = 0
kx + 3y – kz = 0
3x + y – z = 0
Then the set of all values of k is:
(1) {2, –3} (2) R – {2, –3} (3) R – {2} (4) R – {–3}
3 1 f (1) 1 f (2)
14. If , 0, and f(n) = + and 1 f (1) 1 f (2) 1 f (3) = K (1 – )2 (1 – )2 ( – )2, then K is equal to :
n n
1 f (2) 1 f (3) 1 f (4)
1
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) – 1
15. The set of all values of for which the system of linear equations :
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
– x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution,
(1) contains two elements (2) contains more than two elements..
(3) is an empty set. (4) is a singleton
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DETERMINANT
Part # II [Previous Year Questions][IIT-JEE ADVANCED]
a2 a 1
1. Solve for x the equation sin(n 1)x sin nx sin(n 1)x 0
cos(n 1)x cos nx cos(n 1)x
2. Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of
x+y+z=1
x + 3y – 2z =
3x +(+ 2)y – 3z = 2 +1
3. Let a, b, c, be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, Show that the equation
ax by c bx ay cx a
bx ay ax by c cy b 0 represents a straight line.
cx a cy b ax by c
4. The number of values of k for which the system of equations
(k +1) x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k +3)y = 3k – 1
has infinitely many solutions is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
5. The value of for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no solution is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2
6. (a) Consider three point P = (–sin( – ), – cos), Q = (cos( – ), sin) and
R = (cos(), sin()), where 0 < /4
(A) P lies on the line segment RQ (B) Q lies on the line segment PR
(C) R lies on the line segment QP (D) P, Q, R are non collinear
(b) Consider the system of equations x – 2y + 3z = –1; –x + y – 2z = k; x – 3y + 4z = 1.
Statement-I : The system of equations has no solution for k 3.
1 3 1
Statement-II : The determinant 1 2 k 0, for k 3.
1 4 1
(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
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7. The number of all possible values of , where 0 < , for which the system of equations
(y + z)cos3 = (xyz)sin3
2 cos 3 2 sin 3
x sin 3
y z
(xyz)sin3 = (y + 2z)cos3 + ysin3
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 0, is
8. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M N2 and M2 = N4, then
(A) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of (M2 + MN2) 1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equal the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
9. Which of the following values of satisfy the equation
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 3 648
2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3
(A) – 4 (B) 9 (C) – 9 (D) 4
x x2 1 x3
10. The total number of distinct x R for which 2x 4x 2 1 8x 3 10 is
3x 9x 2 1 27x 3
11. Let a,,, R. Consider the system of linear equations
ax + 2y =
3x –2y =
Which of the following statements (s) is (are) correct ? (A) If a = – 3,
then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and
(B) If a – 3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of and
(C) If + , = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = – 3
(D) If + , 0, then the system has no solution for a = – 3
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DETERMINANT
MOCK TEST
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 2 then |(adj A–1)–1| is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
xk xk2 xk3
k k2 1 1 1
2. If y y y k 3 = (x y) (y z) (z x) , then:
x y z
zk zk 2 zk 3
(A) k = 3 (B) k = 1 (C) k = 1 (D) k = 3
pa qb rc
3. If p + q + r = 0 = a + b + c , then the value of the determinant qc ra pb is
rb pc qa
(A) 0 (B) pa + qb + rc (C) 1 (D) none of these
a p x u f
4. If the determinant b q m y v g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each element of
c r n z w h
which contains only one term, then the value of K =
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
5. |A3 × 3| = 3, |B 3 × 3| = – 1 and |C2 × 2| = + 2 then |2ABC| =
(A) 23 (6) (B) 23 (– 6) (C) 2 (– 6) (D) none of these
a a3 a 4 1
6. If a, b, c are all different and b b3 b 4 1 = 0, then:
c c3 c 4 1
(A) abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c (B) (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = abc
(C) abc (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca (D) none of these
7. If A is a non-diagonal involutory matrix, then
(A) A – = O (B) A + = O
(C) A – is non zero singular (D) none of these
f (x)g(x) [f (x)]g (x ) 1
2
2 2 2 g (x )
8. If f(x) = log10x and g(x) = eix and h(x) = f (x )g(x ) [f (x )] 0 , then the value of h(10) is
3
3 3 3 g( x )
f (x )g(x ) [f (x )] 1
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4
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a 1 2i 3 5i
9. If a, b, c, are real numbers, and D = 1 2i b 7 3i then D is
3 5i 7 3i c
(A) purely real (B) purely imaginary (C) non real (D) integer
nx ny nz
10. S1 : The value of the determinant D = n2x n2y n2z is n 216 xyz.
n3x n3y n3z
x a b 1
x b 1
S2 : The roots of = 0 are independent of , , , a, b
x 1
1
a b c
S3 : If a, b, c, are sides of a scalene triangle, then value of b c a is negative
c a b
1
n x xn
x
1
S4 : Let f(x) = 1 (1) n , if fn(x) is the nth derivative of f(x) then fn(1) is independent of a.
n
1 a a2
(A) FFTT (B) FTTT (C) FFFT (D) TTTT
SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
11. If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then which of the following is correct ?
(A) adj(AB) = (adjB) (adjA)
(B) (adjA)= (adjA)
(C) |adjA| = |A|n – 1, where n is the order of matrix A
(D) adj(adjB) = |B|n – 2 B, where n is the order of matrix B
2sin x sin 2 x 0
12. Let f(x) = 1 2sin x sin 2 x , then
0 1 2sin x
(A) f(x) is independent of x (B) f(/2) = 0
/2
(C) f (x)dx 0 (D) tangent to the curve y = f(x) at x = 0 is y = 0
/2
13. System of equation x + 3y + 2z = 6 x + y + 2z = 7
x + 3y + 2z = has
(A) unique solution if = 2, 6 (B) infinitely many solution if = 4, = 6
(C) no solution if = 5, = 7 (D) no solution if = 3, = 5
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DETERMINANT
1/ x log x xn
14. Let f(x) = 1 1 / n (1)n , then
1 a a2
(A) fn (1) is indepedent of a
(B) fn (1) is indepedent of n
(C) fn(1) depends on a and n
(D) y = a(x - fn (1)) represents a straight line through the origin
15. Which of the following statement is always true
(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
(B) Adjoint of a unit matrix is unit matrix
(C) A (adj A) = (adj A) A
(D) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix
SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
16. Statement-I : The system of equations possess a non trivial solution over the set of rationals x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x +
ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0, then the value of k is 31/2.
Statement-II : For non trivial solution = 0.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
17. Statement-I : The determinants of a matrix A = [aij]5 × 5 where aij + aji = 0 for i and j is zero
Statement-II : The determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
18. Statement-I : For a singular square matrix A, if AB = AC B=C
Statement-II : If |A| = 0 then A–1 does not exist
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
19. Statement-I : (a11, a22, ......., ann) is a diagonal matrix then A–1 = dia(a11–1, a22–1, ......,ann–1)
Statement-II : If A = dia (2, 1, –3) and B = dia (1, 1, 2) then det (AB–1) = 3
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
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20. Statement-I : If a, b, c are distinct and x, y, z are not all zero and ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0, cx + ay + bz = 0,
then a + b + c = 0.
Statement-II : a2 + b2 + c2 > ab + bc + ca, if a, b, c are distinct.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True
SECTION - IV : MATRIX - MATCH TYPE
21. Match the following
Column - I Column - II
x 2 5x 3
2x 5 3
(A) If (x) = 3x 2 x 4 6x 1 9 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (p) 3a + 4b + 5c + d = 141
7x 2 6x 9 14x 6 21
then
x 1 5x 7
2
(B) If (x) = x 1 x 1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then (q) a + 2b + 3c + 5d = 156
2x 3x 0
2x 3 3x 2 5x 7 2
3
(C) If (x) = 4x 7x 3x 2 1 a + bx + cx2 + dx3 + ex4, then (r) c – d = 19
7x 3 8x 2 x 1 3
(s) b – c = 25
(t) 3a + 2b + 5c + 5d = 187
22. Match the following
Column - I Column - II
(A) Let |A| = |a ij|3 × 3 0. Each element aij is multiplied (p) 0
i– j
by k . Let |B| the resulting determinant, where
k1|A| + k2|B| = 0. Then k1 + k2 =
(B) The maximum value of a third order determinant (q) 4
each of its entries are ± 1 equals
1 cos cos 0 cos cos
cos 1 cos cos 0 cos
(C) = (r) 1
cos cos 1 cos cos 0
if cos2 + cos2 + cos 2=
x2 x x 1 x2
2
(D) 2x 3x 1 3x 3x 3 = Ax + B where A and B (s) 2
2
x 2x 3 2x 1 2x 1
1 2
are determinants of order 3. Then A + 2B = (t)
2 4
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DETERMINANT
SECTION - V : COMPREHENSION TYPE
23. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
a1 a 2 a3
b1 b 2 b3
Consider the determinant =
d1 d 2 d3
Mij = Minor of the element of ith row and jth column
Cij = Cofactor of the element of ith row and jth column
1. Value of b1 . C31 + b2 . C32 + b3 . C33 is
(A) 0 (B) (C) 2 (D) 2
2. If all the elements of the determinant are multiplied by 2, then the value of new determinant is
(A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 2 (D) 29 .
3. a3 M13 – b3 . M23 + d3 . M33 is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D)
24. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
Let 0 and c denotes the determinant of cofactors, then = n-1, where n( > 0) is the order of .
bc a 2 ca b 2 c2
2
1. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – px2 + r = 0, then the value of ca b ab c 2 bc a 2 is
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2
(A) p 2 (B) p 4 (C) p6 (D) p 9
2. If l1, m1, n1 ; l2, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are real quantities satisfying the six relations :
l 1 2 + m1 2 + n 1 2 = l 2 2 + m2 2 + n 2 2 = l 3 2 + m3 2 + n 3 2 = 1
l1 m1 n1
l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, then the value of l2 m2 n 2 is
l3 m3 n3
(A) 0 (B) ±1 (C) ±2 (D) ±3
2bc a 2 c2 b2
3. If a, b, c are the roots of the equation x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, then the value of c2 2ac b 2 a2 is
b2 a2 2ab c 2
(A) 9 (B) 27 (C) 81 (D) 0
25. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
Let A be a m × n matrix. If there exists a matrix L of type n × m such that LA = n, then L is called left inverse of
A. Similarly, if there exists a matrix R of type n × m such that AR = m, then R is called right inverse of A.
For example to find right inverse of matrix
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1 1
x y z
A = 1 1 we take R = u v w and solve AR = 3 i.e.
2 3
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 x y z
= 0 1 0
2 3 u v w
0 0 1
x–u=1 y–v=0 z–w=0
x+u=0 y+v=1 z+w=0
2x + 3u = 0 2y + 3v = 0 2z + 3w = 1
As this system of equations is inconsistent, we say there is no right inverse for matrix A.
1 1
1. Which of the following matrices is NOT left inverse of matrix 1 1
2 3
1 1 1 1
0 2 7 3 0 3 1
2 2 2 2
0
(A) 1 1
(B) 1 1 (C) (D) 1 1
0
0 0 1 1
2 2 0 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2
2. The number of right inverses for the matrix
2 1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
3. For which of the following matrices number of left inverses is greater than the number of right inverses
1 4 3 3
1 2 4 3 2 1
(A) (B) (C) 2 3 (D) 1 1
3 2 1 3 2 1 4 4
5 4
SECTION - VI : INTEGER TYPE
f (x 1) f (x 8) f (x 1)
26. If f(x) satisfies the equation 1 2 5 = 0 for all real x. If f is periodic with period 7, then find the
2 3
value of .
x 1 1
2
27. Let f(x) = sin 2x 2x 1 . If f(x) be an odd function and its odd values is equal g(x), then find the value of .
x3 3x 4 1
If f(1) g(1) = –4
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DETERMINANT
cos(x ) cos(x ) cos(x ) 25
1
28. If f(x) = sin(x ) sin(x ) sin(x ) and f(2) = 6, then find
5
f(r) ,
r 1
sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
(1 x)a1b1 (1 x)a1b2 (1 x)a1b3
29. Find the coefficient of x in the determinant (1 x)a 2 b1 (1 x)a 2 b2 (1 x)a 2 b3 , where ai, bj N
(1 x)a3b1 (1 x)a3b2 (1 x)a3b3
1 cos cos
30. If p, q R and p2 + q2 – pq – p – q + 1 0, = 0, then cos p cos = 0.
cos cos q
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. D 11. A 12. A 13. C
14. A 15. A 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. A
27. D 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D 36. D 37. A 38. B 39. D
40. B 41. B 42. D 43. A
EXERCISE - 2 : PART # I
1. ABCD 2. AC 3. BD 4. ACD 5. AC 6. ABC 7. BD 8. AB 9. ABCD
10. AB 11. BC 12. ACD 13. AD 14. BC 15. AC 16. BD 17. ABCD 18. AC
19. ABCD 20. AC
PART - II
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. C
EXERCISE - 3 : PART # I
1. Ar Bs Cp Dq 2. Aq Bp Cs Ds
PART - II
Comprehension # 1 : 1. C 2. A 3. A Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. D 3. C
Comprehension # 3 : 1. A 2. B 3. C
EXERCISE - 5 : PART # I
1. 1 2. 1 3. 4 4. 1 5. 1 6. 4 7. 1 8. 4 9. 4 10. 1 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2
14. 3 15. 2
PART - II
1. x = n, n I
2. If = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,
1 1
y (3K 4) and x (5K 2) where K R
2 2
1 1
If 5 , system is consistent with unique solution given by z (1 ); x ( 2) and y = 0.
3 3
4. B 5. D 6. A. D B. A 7. 3 8. AB 9. BC 10. 2 11. BCD
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DETERMINANT
MOCK TEST
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. A
10. A 11. ABCD 12. BCD 13. BCD 14. ABD 15. ABCD 16. D 17. A 18. D
19. C 20. A
21. A p B q,s C r,t 22. A p,t B q C r D p,t
23. 1. A 2. B 3. D 24. 1. C 2. B 3. D 25. 1. C 2. D 3. C
26. 4 27. 1 28. 3 29. 0 30. 0
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HINTS & SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE - 1
Single Choice
3u 2 2u 3 1
2 3
3v 2v 1
12. =0
a1 a2 a3 3w 2 2w 3 1
7. D= 5 4 a6 R1 R1 – R2 and R2 R2 – R3
a7 a8 a9
u 2 v2 u 3 v3 0
20 1 v2 w 2 v3 w 3 0
Since an = ,d = =0
n 20 w2 w3 1
20 20 1 1
20 1 uv u 2 v 2 vu 0
2 3 2 3 2 2
20 20 20 (20)3 4 2 vw v w vw 0
1 =0
Hence, D = w2 w3 1
4 5 6 4 7 5 3
20 20 20 7 7 R1 R1 – R2
1
7 8 9 8 9
u w (u 2 w 2 ) v (u w) 0
R1 R1 – R2 and R2 R2 – R3
vw v 2 w 2 vw 0
=0
w2 w3 1
–3 –1
0
10 3
1 uwv 0
(20)3 –3 –1 50
= 1 = 2
v w v w vw 0 2
4×7 40 9 21 [D] = 2 (Sol) =0
7 7 w2 w3 1
1
8 9 (v2 + w2 + vw) – (v + w) [(v + w) + u] = 0
v2 + w2 + vw = (v + w)2 + u (v + w)
sin cos sin sin cos
uv + vw + wu = 0
8. D = cos cos cos sin – sin
– sin sin sin cos 0
a 2 (1 x) ab ac
2
13. = ab b (1 x) bc
cos sin cos ac bc 2
c (1 x)
cos sin – tan
= sin2 cos
– sin cos 0 (1 x) 1 1
1 (1 x) 1
Applying R1 R1 – R2 = a 2 b 2c 2
1 1 (1 x)
0 0 cot tan
Applying C1 C2 + C3
cos sin – tan
= sin2 cos
– sin cos 0 1 1 1
= sin 1 (1 x) 1
a2b2c2(3+x)
1 1 (1 x)
10. Applying R3 R3 – 3R1 – 2R2 we get = 0
Applying R1 R1–R2, R2 R2 – R3
infinite solution.
a2b2c2(3+x) x2
11. Directly open by R1 to get a form of sin (A – B) etc
Which is divisible by x2
286
DETERMINANTS
using R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2x
16. f(x) = sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x apx bqy crz
sin 2 x 2
cos x 1 4sin 2x =2 p q r
x y z
Applying C1 C1 + C2 + C3
using R1 R1 + R2 + R3
1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
B = 2 det. A = 2 · 6 = 12
= (2 + 4 sin2x) 1 1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x = (2 + 4 sin2x)
2 a b ab
1 cos x 1 4sin 2x
23. Using: C3 C3 – (C1 + C2), D1 = c d cd
a b ab
1 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
0 1 0 a c ac
0 0 1 and D2 = b d bd
a c abc
f(x) = (2 + 4sin 2x)
D1 2b(ad bc)
f(x)max = 6 D 2 = b(ad bc) = – 2
18. a = a0.r1p–1 log a = (p – 1) log r1 + log a0
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 (2 x 2 ) (1 x)2 (1 x)2 1 2x
b = a0.r1q–1 log b = (q – 1) log r1 + log a0
27. 2x 1 3x 1 5 x 2x 1 3x 3x 2
c = a0r1r–1 log c = (r – 1) log r1 + log a0
x 1 2x 2 3x x 1 2x 2x 3
log a 0 p 1 log r1 p 1
Since two columns are same in above determinants
log a 0 q 1 log r1 q 1
therefore we can add them along C3.
log a 0 r 1 log r1 r 1
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 (x 1) 2
log a 0 p 1 p 1 p 1
2x 1 3x (1 2x) 0
= log a 0 q 1 log r1 q 1 q 1 = 0
x 1 2x (1 x)
log a 0 r 1 r 1 r 1
0=0 infinite solution
21. A is non singular det A 0
n 1 5
Given AB – BA = A hence AB = A + BA = A(I + B) 2
30. Un = n 2N 1 2N 1
det. A · det. B = det. A · det. (I + B)
n3 3N 2 3N 1
det. B = det. (I + B) ....(1)
(as A is non singular) N(N 1)
1 5
again AB – A = BA 2
A(B – I) = BA N(N 1)(2N 1)
N (2N 1) (2N 1)
(det. A) · det.(B – I) = det. B · det. A Un = 6
n 1 2
det. (B – I) = det. (B) ....(2) N(N 1)
3N 2 (3N 1)
from (1) and (2) 2
det. (B – I) = det. (B + I)
1 1 5
22. Consider the det. B, using R1 R1 + R2 + R3
N(N 1)(2N 1) 1
= 1 1
apx bqy crz 2 3
B=2 ax by cz N(N 1)
3N 2 3N 1
ap bq cr 2
287
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
Applying R1 R1 – R2 38. | A | = 2 ; | B | = 3 ; | C | = 5
| A |2 | B | 4·3 12
2 det(A2BC–1) = | A2BC–1| = = =
0 4 |C| 5 5
3
1 N
39. Multiply R1 by a, R2 by b & R3 by c & divide the
N(N 1)(2N 1) 1 1 2
2
3 =2 n
n 1
determinant by abc. Now take a, b & c common from c1,
N(N 1) c2 & c3. Now use C1 C1 + C2 + C3 to get
3N 2 3N 1
2
1 1 1
2 2
(a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) b b 1 b2 = 1.
1 2 3 4 2 3
c2 c 2 2
c 1
31. = 1 p 2 x = 3 p 2
1 4 3 4 Now use c1 c1 – c2 & c2 c2 – c3
we get 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
1 4 3 1 2 4 a = b = c = 0 (D)
y = 1 3 2 z = 1 p 3
1 3 1 4 3 sin 0 2
For infinite no. of solution = x = y = z = 0 40. D = cos sin 0
0 cos 2
= 2, p = 4
sin (2 sin) + 2cos2 = 2
32. R3 R1 + R3
1 2 1
ab 2 c 2 abc a(b c)
1 41. D = 2 1 2 which vanishes ;
33. D = bc 2 a 2 bca b(c a ) 1 3 3
abc
ca 2 b 2 cab c(a b)
hencefor atleast one solution D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
(R1 aR1, R2 bR2, R3 cR3) a 2 1
D1 = b 1 2 = 0 a – b + c = 0
bc 1 ab ac
c 3 3
= abc ca 1 bc ab
Note : Same condition is obtained by putting
ab 1 ca cb
D2 = 0 or D3 = 0
bc 1 1
42. 1st two columns of 1st determinant are same as 1st two
= abc(ab bc ca) ca 1 1 (C3 C3 + C1)
rows of 2 nd. Hence transpose the 2nd. Add the two
ab 1 1
determinants and use C1 C1 + C3 D = 0
=0
43. x17 = kl = 100x + 10 + 7
35. = 0 3y6 = km = 300 + 10y + 6
sin cos 1 12z = kn = 100 + 20 + z
use R2 R2 + 100R1 + 10R3 to get the result
36. for non trivial solution cos sin = 0 ; this
1 cos
gives 2 cos (2 + + 1) = 0
37. D = cos – cos2 + 6 0 since D 0
only trivial solution is possible (A)
288
DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 2
Part # I : Multiple Choice 0 1 0
2 1 cos 2 A 2sin4 =0
5. Get Result R1 2R1 – R2 and R2 R2 – R3 1 cos 2 A 1 2sin4
–x a b 1 a b 2(1+2sin4) – 2sin4 = 0
6. = b –x a = (a + b – x) 1 –x a 1 + sin4 = 0
a b –x 1 b –x sin4 = –1
Applying R2 R2 – R1 , R3 R3 – R1 3
4 = – or 4 =
2 2
1 a b
3
= (a + b – x) 0 –(x a) a – b = (a + b – x) {(x + a) =– or = & A R
8 8
0 b–a –(x b)
(x + b) + (a – b)2} a1 b1 a 2 b2
13. Let A = and B =
If a = b then x = a, –b, (a + b) c1 –a1 c
2 –a 2
a a2 0 1 a 0 a a b 2 c 2 a1b 2 b1a 2 0 0
AB = 1 2 =
2 c1a 2 – a1c 2 c1b 2 a1a 2 0 0
8. = 1 2a b (a b) 2 = a 1 (2a b) (a b)
0 1 2a 2b 0 1 2a 3b a1a2 + b1c2 = a1b2 – b1a2 = c1a2 – a1c2 = c1b2 + a1a2 = 0
R2 R2 – R1 a a b 2 c1 a 2 b1 – b 2 a1 0 0
BA = 2 1 =
c 2a1 – a 2c1 c 2 b1 a 2 a1 0 0
1 a 0
= a(a + b) 0 ab (a b) 2
15. x + y = 3 .......(i)
0 1 2a 3b
(1 + K)x + (K+2)y = 8 .......(ii)
1 a 0 x – (1+K)y = –K – 2 .......(iii)
= a(a + b) 0 1 (a b) If system is consistent then = 0
0 1 2a 3b on solving we get
5
1 a 0 K = 1,
3
= a(a + b) 0 1 (a b) = a (a + b) (2a + 3b – a – b)
0 1 2a 3b a2 b a2 b
19. = 2
b b 2 4b
= a(a + b) (a + 2b)
a2 b2 = b 2 b2 (a2 1) = 0
a = 1 or 1 & b = 0,
1 sin 2 A cos 2 A 2sin4
9. 2
sin A 1 cos 2 A 2sin4 =0 if a = 1 then 2 + 4 b = b b2 b2 + 3 b + 2 = 0
sin 2 A cos 2 A 1 2sin4 b = 2 or 1 ;
if a = 1 then b = 2 or 1
C1 C1 + C2
20. Start : p = a ; q = a + d ; r = a + 2d ; s = a + 3d
2 cos 2 A 2sin4
f (x) = 2 d2
2 1 cos 2 A 2sin4 =0
1 cos 2 A 1 2sin4 Also use R1 R1 – R2 and R2 R2 – R3
R1 R1 – R2
289
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
Part # II : Assertion & Reason EXERCISE - 3
Part # II : Comprehension
2. Statement-I : B1 = c2a3 – a2c3 Comprehension # 1
B2 = a1c3 – c1a3, B3 = a2c1 –a1c2
1 1
a1B1 = a1a3c2 – a1a2c3 2
1 1 =( – 1) (+ 2)
a2B2 = a1a2c3 – a2a3c1 1 1
a3B3 = a1a2c3 – a1a3c2 1. 0 unique solution
Statement-II is obviously true.
m 2 1
2. = –2 = 0, 1 = n 1 2
p 1 1
1 = 3 (m + n + p) 0
1 0
Hence no solution
3. x+y+z=m
x+y+z=p
mp no solution
Comprehension # 3
Hint :
= (x – y)(y – z)(z – x)[xyz(xy + yz + zx) – (x + y + z)]
290
DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 4
Subjective Type 1 ca ab
1 ab bc
3. a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
1 bc ca
2 2 2
a (b c )cos ab(1 cos ) ac(1 cos )
= ba (1 cos ) b 2 (c2 a 2 )cos bc(1 cos ) Operate : R2 R2 – R1 ; R3 R3 – R1
2 2 2
ca (1 cos ) cb(1 cos ) c (a b )cos
1 ca ab
1 0 bc ca
D = 2(a + b + c)
= 0 ba cb
abc
a 3 a(b 2 c 2 ) cos b 2 a(1 cos ) ac 2 (1 cos ) bc ca
ba 2 (1 cos ) b 3 b(c 2 a 2 )cos bc 2 (1 cos ) = 2(a + b + c) 1. b a c b open w.r.t. R1
2 3 2 2
ca (1 cos ) cb(1 cos ) c c(a b ) cos
= 2(a + b + c) [(b – c) (c – b) – (c – a) (b – a)]
Applying C1 C1 + C2 + C3 = 2(a + b + c) [bc – b2 – c2 + cb – (cb – ac – ab + a2)]
= 2(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
a2 (b2 c2 )cos b2 (1 cos ) c2 (1 cos )
abc a2 (1 cos ) b2 (c2 a2 )cos c2 (1 cos ) n n n
abc 2
a (1 cos ) 2
b (1 cos ) c (a2 b2 )cos
2
n 2 r 1 2 3 r 1 4(5 r 1 )
10. D r = r 1 x r 1 r 1
= (a2 + b2 + c 2) r 1 y z
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
1 b 2 (1 cos ) c 2 (1 cos )
1 b 2 (c 2 a 2 ) cos c2 (1 cos )
2
1 b (1 cos ) c (a 2 b 2 ) cos
2
1 2 ...2 n 1 2 1 3...3 n 1 4 1 5 ...5 n 1
= x y z
Applying R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1 n n n
2 1 3 1 5 1
(a2 + b 2 + c2)
1 b 2 (1 cos ) c 2 (1 cos ) 2n 1 2(3 n 1) 4(5 n 1)
0 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) cos 0 2 1 3 1 5 1
= =0
0 0 (a b c2 ) cos
2 2 x y z
n n
2 1 3 1 5n 1
= (a2 + b 2 + c2) cos2 = cos2
This is independent from a, b, c. 0 ab 2 ac 2
a 2b 0 bc2
11. Let =
bc ca a b a 2 c cb 2 0
ca ab bc
6. Let = Take : a2, b2 and c2 respectively common from
a b bc ca
C1, C2 and C3.
Operate : C1 C1 + C2 + C3
0 a a
2(a b c) c a a b b 0 b
= a2 b 2 c 2
2(a b a) a b b c c c 0
= = 2(a + b + c)
2(a b c) b c c a
operate : C2 C2 – C3
291
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
0 0 a 1 1 1
= a 2 b 2 c2
b b b 14. (a) D = 2 1 1 = 3
c c 0 1 1 2
Expand by R1
6 1 1
b b D1 = 1 1 1 = 3
= a2 b2 c2.a = c c = 2a3 b3 c3.
3 1 2
xy x x
1 6 1
12. Let = 5x 4y 4x 2x
D2 = 2 1 1 = 6
10x 8y 8x 3x
1 3 2
Operate : R2 R2 – 2R1; R3 R3 – 3R1
Similarly D3 = 9
xy x x so consistent having x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
3x 2y 2x 0
= 7 7 5
7x 5y 5x 0
(d) D = 3 1 5 =0
Expand by C3 2 3 5
3x 2y 2x
=x
7x 5y 5x 3 7 1
= x[5x(3x + 2y) – 2x(7x + 5y)] D1= 7 1 1 = 24
= x[15x2 + 10xy – (14x2 + 10xy)] = x3 5 3 1
Inconsistent system
13. a, b, c are in A.P.
b–a=c–b ...(i)
1 1 ( 1 2 )2 ( 1 2 )2
x 1 x 2 x a
15.
2 2 ( 1 2 )2 4 1 2 (1 2 )2 412
x 2 x 3 x b
Now L.H.S. = b2 / a 2 q 2 / p2
x 3 x 4 x c
b 2 / a 2 4c / a q 2 / p 2 4r / p
Operate : R1 R2 – R1 ; R3 R3 – R2
b 2 b 2 4ac b 2 4ac
x 1 x 2 x a q 2 q 2 4rp q 2 4rp
1 1 b–a
=
1 1 c–b
x 1 x 2 x a
1 1 b–a
= [Using (1) ]
1 1 b–a
= 0 [ R2 and R3 are identical]
= R.H.S.
292
DETERMINANTS
EXERCISE - 5
Part # I : AIEEE/JEE-MAIN 1 (1 b 2 )x (1 c 2 )x
0 1x 0
a a2 1 a a2 a3 0 0 1x
3. b b2 1 + b b2 b3 = 0
= (1 – x)2 so degree is 2
c c2 1 c c 2
c 3
6. For no solution
2 2 – 0 and x or y or z at least one is not zero.
1 a a 1 a a
1 b b 2 + abc 1 b b2 = 0 1 1
1 c c2 1 c c2 = 1 1 =0
1 1
1 a a2 at = 1 their are 3 row are identical so factor of
1 b b 2 (1 + abc) = 0 determinant ( – 1)2
2
1 c c and other factor will be find out by R1R1+R3+R3
( + 2) ( – 1)2 = 0
(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (1 + abc) = 0
= – 2, 1
but a b c so abc = – 1
but at = 1
4. If a1, a2, ..... an, ..... are in G.P. all equation are same so at = 1 system of equation
then log a1, log a2 , ..... log an, ..... are in A.P. infinite solution and
A, A + D, ................ at = – 2
Let common difference of A.P. is D
3 1 1
log a n log a n 2 log a n 4
x = 3 2 1
so log a n 6 log a n 8 log a n 10 3 1 2
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 16
– 3(4 – 1) – 1(6 + 3) + 1 (– 3 + 6)
A A 2D A 4D – 9 – 9 + 3 = – 15 0
A 6D A 8D A 10D so at = – 2 system have no solution.
A 12D A 14D A 16D
9. x – cy – bz = 0
C2 2C2 – (C1 + C3) cx – y + az = 0 x 0 ; y 0, z 0
bx + ay – z = 0
A 0 A 4D
these system is homogeneous
A 6D 0 A 10D
=0 so x = y = z = 0
A 12D 0 A 16D
and at = 0 system have non zero solution.
5. a 2 + b 2 + c2 = – 2
applyingC1 C1 + C2 + C3 1 –c b
= c 1 a =0
1 (1 b 2 )x (1 c 2 )x b a 1
2 2
= 1 1b x (1 c )x
1 – a2 + c (– c – ab) – b (ac + b) = 0
2
1 (1 b )x 1 c2 x
1 – a2 – b2 – c2 – abc – abc = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
R2 R2 – R1
R3 R3 – R1
293
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
12. = 0 (For Non zero solution)
sin( ) cos 1
4 K 2 cos( ) sin 1
K 4 1 =0 0 0 1 sin cos
2 2 1 = (1 + sin – cos) [–sin sin( – ) + cos cos( – )]
8 – K (K – 2) + 2(2K – 8) = 0 = (1 + sin – cos) cos(2 – ) 0
8– K2 + 2K + 4K – 16 = 0 Hence P, Q, R are non collinear.
–K2 + 6K – 8 = 0
(b) x – 2y + 3z = –1, –x + y – 2z = k
K2 – 6K + 8 = 0
& x – 3y + 4z = 1
(K – 4) (K – 2) = 0
K = 2, 4 Two solution 1 2 3 1 3 1
= 1 1 2 0 & 1 2 k 3 k
13. For Trivial soln 0
1 3 4 1 4 1
1 K 1
Hence if k = 3 then system will have infinite solutions
K 3 K
0 and k 3 then system will have no solution. so S(I) &
3 1 1
S(II) both are true & (II) is correct explaination for (I).
(–3 + K) + K(–K + 3K) + (K – 9) 0
7. (y + z) cos3 = (xyz) sin3 ...(i)
2K2 + 2K – 12 0
K2 + K – 6 0 2 cos3 2sin3
x sin3 ...(ii)
(K + 3) (K – 2) 0 y z
K –3 (xyz)sin3 = (y + 2z)cos3 + ysin3 ...(iii)
K2 where yz 0 and 0 < <
So Ans. R – {2, –3}
from (i) & (iii)
(y + z) cos3 = (y + 2z) cos3 + y sin3
Part # II : IIT-JEE ADVANCED
z cos3 + y sin3 = 0 ...(iv)
n
6. (a) Method : 1 from eq (ii)
P (–sin( – ), –cos) (x1, y1), 2z cos3 + 2y sin3 = xyz sin3 ...(v)
from equation (iv) & (v)
Q (cos( – ), sin) (x2, y2)
xyz sin3 = 0
and R (x2cos + x1sin, y2cos + y1sin)
x sin3 = 0 as yz 0
We see that
Possible cases are either x = 0 or sin 3 = 0
x 2 cos x 1 sin y 2 cos y 1 sin Case (1) : if x = 0
T , and
cos sin cos sin y + z = 0 y = –z
n
P, Q, T are collinear P, Q, R are non–collinear from eq (iv) cos 3 = sin 3
Method : 2 5 9 5 9
3 , , , ,
4 4 4 12 12 12
sin( ) cos 1 Case (2) : if sin 3 = 0
cos( ) sin 1 2
,
cos( ) sin( ) 1 3 3
But these values does not satisfy given equations.
Applying R3 R3 + R1sin – R2cos Hence, total number of possible values of are 3.
294
DETERMINANTS
MOCK TEST
1 1 1 x3
3 3
10. x 2 4 1 8x 10 1. (C)
3 9 1 27x 3 1
|adj A–1| = |A–1|2 =
| A |2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 6 1
x 2 4 1x 2 4 8 10 |(adj A–1)–1| = = |A|2 = 22 = 4
| adj A 1 |
3 9 1 3 9 27
xk xk2 xk3 1 x2 x3
1 0 0 1 0 0 k k2 k 3 2
2. y y y = x ky k z k 1 y y3
x 3 2 2 1 x 6 2 2 6 10
zk zk 2 zk 3 1 z2 z3
3 6 2 3 6 24
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (xy + zy + zx) xkykzk at k = –1
6x3 + x3 – 5 = 0
6x6 + 6x3 – 5x3 – 5 = 0 1 1 1
= (x – y) (y – z) (z – x)
x y z
(6x3 –5) (x3 + 1) = 0
3. (A)
5
x3 = or x3 = – 1. Two real distinct values of x. pa qb rc
6
qc ra pb = pqr (a3 + b3 + c3) – abc (p3 + q3 + r3) = pqr
11. ax + 2y =
rb pc qa
3x – 2y =
(3 abc) – abc (3 pqr) = 0
2
= 2 6
3 2 a p x u f a p x u
=0 =–3 4. bq my vg = b q m y v
c r n z w h c r n z w
2
1 = 2 2 2 ( )
a p x f
3 bq my g
2 = 3 3 ( ) +
3 c r n z h
a p u a p x u
bq m v bq y v
= +
c r n w c r z w
a p f a p x f
bq m g b q y g
+ +
c r n h c r z h
Now each det. may splits in 2 det.
So, total determinants are 8.
295
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
5. (D) Aliter : observe that D = DT
2ABC is not defined and D DT D i.e. D D
there is no solution i.e. D is real
D is a conjugate of D
a a3 a 4 1
6. b b3 b 4 1 = 0 10. (A)
c c3 c 4 1
n x n y n z
a a 3
a 4 a a3 1 S1 : D = n 2x n 2y n 2y
3
b b 3
b4 = b b 1 n 3x n 3y n 3z
c c3 c4 c c3 1
n x n y n z
abc (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
= n 2 n x n2 ny n2 nz
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (a + b + c)
n 3 n x n 3 n y n 3 n z
abc (ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)
n x n y n z
7. (C)
= n 2 n 2 n 2 = 0
A2 = A2 – = O
n 3 n 3 n 3
(A + ) (A – ) = O
either |A + | = 0 or |A – | = 0 x a b 1 x a b 1
If |A – | 0, then (A + ) (A – ) = O x b 1 x xa 0 0
S2 : 0 = =
A + = O which is not so x 1 x µa xb 0
|A – | = 0 and A – O. 1 x µa b 0
8. f(x) = log10x, g(x) = eix = cosx + i sinx R 2 R 2 R1
f(10) = 1 g(10) = 1
R 3 R 3 R1
R R R
1 1 1 4 4 1
h(10) = 2 2 0 0
1 x a 0
3 3 1 R 2 R 2 R1
= ( – x) 1 µ a xb
R 3 R 3 R1
a 1 2i 3 5i 1 µa b
9. D = 1 2i b 7 3i
3 5i 7 3i c 1 x a 0
= ( – x) 0 µ x x b = ( – x) (µ – x) ( – x)
= abc – a(58) – (1 + 2i) {c(1– 2i) – (– 21 – 35i – 9i + 15)} 0 µx b
+ (3 – 5i) {(–7 + 14 i + 3i + 6) – 6(3 + 5i)}
= abc – 58a – (1 + 2i) (c – 2ic + 6 + 44i) – (3 – 5i ) (36 + a b c
56i) + (3 – 5i) (– 1+ 17i) S3 : b c a
= abc – 58a – c – 2ic + 2ic – 6 – 44i – 4c – 12i + 88 – 3 c a b
– 5i – 51i + 85 – 96 – 25b + 15ib – 15ib
abc
=– ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 ) < 0
= abc – 58a – 34b – c + 85 Purely real. 2
296
DETERMINANTS
(B) f(/2) = 12 sin2 (/2) cos (/2) = 0
1
nx xn (C) f(–x) = –f(x) odd function
x
1
S4 : f(x) = 1 (1) n = f (x) 2
n f (x)dx = 0
2 2
1 a a
(D) at x = 0, y = 0
dy
= 0 tangent at (0, 0)
dx 0,0
1 1
nx n 1
x2 x dy
1 y–0= (x – 0)
= 1 (1) n
f(n) (x) dx 0,0
n
1 a a2 y=0
13. (B, C, D)
x + 3y + 2z = 6 .......(i)
n! n (n 1) !
n 1
(1) n 1 (1) n! x + y + 2z = 7 .......(ii)
x xn
1 x + 3y + 2z = .......(iii)
= 1 (1) n
n
1 a a2 (A) If = 2, then D = 0, therefore unique solution is
not possible
(B) If = 4, = 6
(1) n n ! (1) n 1 (n 1) ! n!
x + 3y = 6 – 2z
1
1 (1) n
f(n) (1) = n x + 4y = 7 – 2z
2
1 a a y = 1 and x = 3 – 2z
substituting in equation (iii)
1
1 (1) n 3 – 2z + 3 + 2z = 6 is satisfied
n
1 infinite solutions
1 (1) n
n
= (–1) n ! n =0
1 a a2 (C) = 5, = 7
consider equation (ii) and (iii)
11. (A, B, C, D) x + 5y = 7 – 2z
Here, (a), (b), (c), (d) are the properties of adjoint. x + 3y = 7 – 2z
y=0 x = 7 – 2z are solution
2
2sin x sin x 0 sub. in (i)
12. f(x) = 1 2sin x sin 2 x = 2 sinx (4 sin2x – sin2x)
7 – 2z + 2z = 6 does not satisfy
0 1 2sin x
no solution
2 3 3
– sin x(2sin x) = 6sin x – 2sin x
(D) if = 3, =5
f(x) = 4 sin3x
then equation (i) and (ii) have no solution
f() = 12sin2x cos x
no solution
297
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
17. (A)
1/ x log x xn
14. f(x) = 1 1 / n (1)n A = – AT |A| = – |AT| = – |A|
1 a a2 2|A| = 0
|A| = 0
2 n 1
1 / x 1/ x nx
f(x) = 1 1 / n (1)n 18. (D)
1 a a2 A–1 exists only for non-singular matrix
AB = AC
2 / x3 1 / x 2 n(n 1)x n 2
B = C if A–1 exists
f(x) = 1 1 / n (1) n
1 a a2 If A–1 exists
19. (C)
n! n (1) n 1 (n 1)!
(1) n 1 n! det A 6
x xn det (AB –1) = det A . det B –1 = = =–3
1 1 / n (1) n det B 2
fn(x) =
1 a a2
a b c
20. = b c a = – (a3 + b 3 + c3 – 3abc)
(1) n n! (1) n 1 (n 1)! n! c a b
n
f (1) = 1 1 / n (1)n
= – (a + b + c)(a2 + b 2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) = 0
1 a a2
( a + b + c = 0) (non trivial)
1 1 / n (1) n
and a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca
n
= (–1)n n! 1 1 / n (1) =0 1
1 a a2 = {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2} > 0
2
and y = a (x – fn(1))
22. (A) (p, t), (B) (q), (C) (r), (D) (p, t)
y = ax
a11 a12 a13
15. (A, B, C, D) (A) |A| = a 21 a 22 a 23
Obvious ( using properties) a 31 a 32 a 33
1 k 3
a11 k 1a12 k 2 a13 k 2a11 k a12 a13
16. = 3 k 2 1
|B| = k a 21 a 22 k 1 a 23 = 3 k 2a 21 ka 22 a 23
2 3 4 k
k 2 a 31 k a 32 a 33 k 2a 31 ka 32 a 33
Applying R2 R2 – 3R1
= |A|
and R3 R3 – 2R1 then,
k1 |A| + k2 |B| = 0
1 ...... k ...... 3 k1 + k2 = 0
0 2k 11 1 1 1
=
(B) 1 1 1 = 4
0 3 2k 10 1 1 1
= 20k + 33 – 22k = 0 k = 33/2
298
DETERMINANTS
= p2
1 cos cos 0 cos cos
(C) cos 1 cos cos 0 cos a b c
cos cos 1 cos cos 0 If = b c a
c a b
sin 2 – cos ( co s – cos co s) +
cos (cos cos – cos) bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2
2
= – cos (– cos cos ) + cos (cos cos ) c = ca b ab c 2 bc a 2 = 3–1
2
sin 2 – cos 2 + 2 cos cos cos – cos 2 ab c bc a 2 ca b 2
= 2cos cos cos 2
2 2 2
a b c a b c a b c
sin = cos + cos
= = b c a = b c a × b c a
2
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 = 1
c a b c a b c a b
x2 x x 1 x2
(D) 2x 2 3x 1 3x 3x 3 a 2 b 2 c2 ab bc ca ab bc ca
2 2 2
x 2 2x 3 2x 1 2x 1 = ab bc ca a b c ab bc ca
ab bc ca ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2
R2 R2 – (R1 + R3)
p2 0 0
x2 x x 1 x2
x 1 x2 = 0 p 2
0 = p6
= 4 0 0 =4
2
2x 1 2x 1 0 0 p2
x 2x 3 2x 1 2x 1
l1 m1 n1 l1 m1 n1
x 1 3
=4 = (24x – 12) 2. l2 m2 n 2 l2 m2 n2
2x 1 0
l3 m3 n3 l3 m3 n3
A = 24, B = –12
A + 2B = 0
l12 m12 n12 l1l2 m1m3 n1n 2
= l1l2 m1m 2 n1n 2 l22 m 22 n 22
23.
l3l1 m3 m1 n 3 n1 l2l3 m 2 m3 n 2 n 3
1. (A)
b1 . C31 + b2 . C32 + b3 . C33 = l1l3 m1m3 n1n 3
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2 l2l3 m 2 m3 n 2 n 3
b1
b2 b 3 – b2 b1 b 3 + b3 b1 b2 = 0 l32 m32 n 32
2. (B) 1 0 0
Value of new determinant = 23 = 8 = 0 1 0 =1
0 0 1
3. (D) 2
a3 M13 – b3 . M23 + d3 . M33 = a3 C13 + b3 . C23 + d3 . C33 = l1 m1 n1
l2 m2 n2 1
by definition
24. l3 m3 n3
1. a + b + c = p, ab + bc + ca = 0
a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca)
= p2 – 0
299
MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
25.
l1 m1 n1
1. (C)
l2 m2 n2 = ± 1
As 2nd row of all the options is same, we are to look at
l3 m3 n3
the elements of the first row.
3. x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 a b c
3
Let left inverse be , then
(x – 1) + 8 = 0 d e f
(x – 1)3 = (–2)3
3
1 1
x 1 a b c 1 0
=1 d e f 1 1 =
2 2 3 0 1
x 1 a + b + 2c = 1
= (1)1/3 = 1, , 2
2
1 5c 1 c
x – 1 = –2, –2, –22 – a + b + 3c = 0 i.e. b = ,a=
2 2
or x = –1, 1 – 2, 1 – 22
Thus matrices in the options A, B and D are the
a = –1, b = 1 – 2, c = 1 – 22
inverses and matrix in option C is not the left inverse.
2
a b c
2. (D)
b c a
Let right inverse is
c a b
a b
a a b c b c c d
= b c a × b c a e f
c a b c a b
Now a – c + 2e = 1
aa c b b c b – d + 2f = 0
= b c a × b a c
(row by row) 2a – c + e = 0
c a b c b a 2b – d + f = 1
infinite solution
2bc a 2 c2 b2 so answer is (D)
= c2 2ac b 2 a2
3. (C)
b2 a2 c2
By observation there can’t be any left inverse for (B)
2 & (D) so we will check for (A) & (C) only.
a b c
= b c a a b
c a b
For (A) let left inverse be c d , then
e f
= (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)2
= {(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)}2 a b 1 0 0
c d 1 2 4
1 3 2 1 = 0 1 0
= (a + b + c)2{(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}2 e f 0 0 1
4
9 Now a – 3b = 1, 2a + 2b = 0
= {–12(1 + + 2)} = 0
4 and 4a + b = 0 which is not possible.
300
DETERMINANTS
29. (0) Let
1 4
a b c 1 0
For (C) 2 3 = a b a b2 a b3
d e f 5 4 0 1 (1 x) 1 1 (1 x) 1 (1 x) 1
a 2 b1 a 2 b2 a 2 b3
(1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
a + 2b + 5c = 1, 4a – 3b + 4c = 0, a3b1 a 3b 2 a3b3
(1 x) (1 x) (1 x)
d + 2e + 5f = 0, 4d – 3e + 4f = 1
there are infinite number of left inverses. = 0 + 1x + 2x2 + 3x3 + .....
for 1 differentiate w.r.t. x and put x = 0
1 4 1 0 0
2 a b c so 1 = 0
3
d e f = 0 1 0
0 0 1
5 4 30. p 2 + q 2 – pq – p – q + 1 0
or 2p 2 + 2q 2 – 2 pq – 2p – 2q + 2 0
a + 4d = 1, 2a – 3d = 0 and 5a + 4d = 0
or (p 2 + q 2 – 2 pq) + (p 2 – 2p + 1) + (q 2 – 2q + 1) 0
which is not possible
(p – q)2 + (p – 1)2 + (q – 1)2 0
There is no right inverse.
which is possible
26. (4) (p – q)2 + (p – 1)2 + (q – 1)2 = 0
On solving we get or p – q = 0, p – 1 = 0, q – 1= 0
(2 + 15) f(x + 1) – ( + 10) f(x + 8) – f(x + 1) = 0 p = 1, q = 1
(2 + 14) f(x + 1) = ( + 10) f(x + 8) 1 cos
cos 1 cos cos
Since f is periodic with period 7 Then, cos pcos = cos 1 cos
cos cos q cos cos 1
f(x + 1) = f(x + 8)
2 + 14 = + 10 = 1 + 2 cos cos cos – cos2 – cos2 – cos2
= 4 = 2 cos cos cos – (cos2 – sin2) – cos2
= 2 cos cos cos – cos( + )cos( – ) – cos2
27. (1) f(–x) = – f(x) = g(x)
= 2 cos cos cos – cos(–) cos( – ) – cos2
f(x) . g(x) = – (f(x))2
( + + = 0)
2
1 1 1 = cos{2 cos cos – cos( – ) – cos}
2
or f(1) g(1) = – (f(1)) = – 0 2 1 =–4 = cos{2 cos cos – cos( – ) – cos( + }
1 3 1 = cos(2 cos cos – 2 cos cos)
=0
f(1) g(1) = 4 (–4) = 4 = – 1
28. Clearly f(x) = 0
f(x) = c = 6
25 25
f (r) = 6 = 150
r 1 r 1
301
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