Solution
10TH CBSE SCIENCE 02-07-25
Class 10 - Science
Section A
1.
(d) Addition of more active metal to a solution of a less active metal compound.
Explanation:
Reactions in which atoms or ions move from one compound to others to form a new compound are known as Displacement
reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented using a chemical equation as follows:
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not
displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taken place.
Example: When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
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(c) more number of OH– ions
Explanation:
A strong base that is completely ionized in aqueous solution. This means when the strong base is placed in a solution such as
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water, all of the strong bases will dissociate into its ions. The general equation of the dissociation of a strong base is:
XOH(aq) → X + (aq) + OH−(aq)
In aqueous medium, KOH dissociates completely to form a large number of OH– ions.
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3. (a) Nephron
Explanation:
Nephron
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4.
(b) Both concave
Explanation:
The mirror and the lens, both are concave. The distance of the principal focus measured from the pole is called the focal length.
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According to the New Cartesian Sign Convention, the focal length of a concave mirror as well as a concave lens is considered
negative.
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5.
(b) 7.5 m
Explanation:
The reason being, the image formed by a plane mirror is the same distance behind the mirror as it is between the object and the
mirror. A distance of 5 m between man and his image means that the distance between him and the mirror = = 2.5 m
5
Thus, the distance he should walk = 10 - 2.5 = 7.5 m
6. When a single reactant breaks down to give simpler products.
Heat
2FeSO4 (s) −−→ Fe2 O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
7. The metal in compound A is lead (Pb).
Therefore, we can write
Reaction 1 as
Δ
2Pb(NO3)2 ⟶ 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Reaction 2:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → Pbl2 + 2KNO3
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Compund A - lead nitrate: Pb(NO3)2
Compound B - nitrogen dioxide- NO2
Reaction 1 is thermal decomposition, whereas,
reaction 2 is double decomposition reaction.
8. Ammonium hydroxide , ammonia, pyridine
9. The phenomenon of splitting of water molecules using light energy from the sun absorbed by chlorophyll molecules is known as
photolysis.
10. Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in headlights of cars. When a bulb is located at the focus of the concave mirror, the light
rays after reflection from the mirror travel over a large distance as a parallel beam of high intensity.
Section B
11. Fill in the blanks:
(i) 1. Diverging
(ii) 1. Power
12. (i) Burning is a rapid process, rusting is a slow process.
(ii) Burning releases light during the process, rusting does not.
(iii) Burning can speed up with addition of more external conditions, rusting can not be speed up greatly by addition of external
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materials.
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(iv) Burning results in release of large amounts of heat, rusting results very little amount of heat.
13. When a base is dissolved in water,
H2 O
NaOH (s) −−→ Na+(aq) + OH− (aq)
This is dissociation reaction .
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15. Refraction of light takes place when it travels from one medium to another because the speed of light is different in the two media.
16. In figure the refracted ray parallel to the principal axis. So, the incident ray must be appearing to meet at the principal focus of
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concave lens. To find the incident ray, F2 is joined to C and produced as shown in the figure.
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Section C
17. Balanced chemical equations are as follow:
i. P4(s) + 10Cl2(g) ⟶ 4PCl5(s)
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ii. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ⟶ CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + Heat energy
iii. C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) + 6H2O ⟶ 6CO2(aq) + 12H2O (l) + Energy
18. I. Uses of acid:
i. Hydrochloric acid is used in many industries like cleaning boilers from the inside, cleaning sinks and sanitary, etc.
ii. Nitric acid is used for making fertilizers, and cleansing of ornaments of gold and silver.
iii. Sulphuric acid is used in cells, car batteries etc. It is known as the King of Chemicals.
II. Uses of bases:
i. Sodium hydroxide is used to make soaps, in paper industry and in the textile industry.
ii. Calcium hydroxide is used to remove the acidity of soil. It is an important constituent of lime and pesticides.
iii. Milk of magnesia (Magnesium hydroxide) is used as an antacid.
III. Uses of salts:
i. Calcium carbonate is used to make floors.
ii. In metallurgy for extraction of iron and in the making of cement.
iii. Silver nitrate is used in photography, Ammonium nitrate is used as an explosive and in making fertilizers.
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20. 1. If image is of same size, laterally inverted and erect, it is plane mirror.
2. If image is bigger or smaller in size and inverted or erect, it is concave mirror.
3. If image is smaller in size and erect as in rear view mirror , it is convex mirror.
Section D
21. i. The process in which the addition of Oxygen and removal of hydrogen to a substance take place is called oxidation.
ii. Food becomes rancid when fat and oils present in the food are oxidised.
iii. Rancidity can be prevented by packaging fat and oil-containing food in Nitrogen gas.
OR
Rancidity spoils those food materials that are prepared in the fats and oils which have been kept for a considerable time and
make them unfit for eating.
22. i. i. Groups A and B - less than 7
ii. Group C - greater than 7
ii. pH paper and universal indicator.
iii. a. Copper vessel is tarnished due to formation of basic copper oxide.
b. Lemon juice being acidic react with copper oxide and the salt formed is washed away.
OR
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a. An optimal pH is required for digestion.
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b. Change in pH can cause tooth decay.
c. Animals and plants defend themselves through change in pH.
d. Survival of aquatic life becomes difficult when pH of river water becomes low.
23. a. i. Renal Artery
b.
ii. Glomerulus
Urinary bladder
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Nervous control
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c. Filtration: Nitrogenous wastes such as urea or uric acid are removed
Reabsorption: Glucose, amino acids, salts/some useful materials and major amounts of water reabsorbed
OR
Tubular part of nephron.
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The amount of water absorbed depends on:
how much water is there in the body.
how much dissolved waste is there to be excreted.
24. i. Convergent
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ii. f (m) = = 1
P
1
2.5
= 0.4 m or 40 cm
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iii.
OR
i. Convex lens - magnified
Concave lens - diminished
ii. Convex - object between O and F
Concave - object anywhere between optical centre and infinity.
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