QUARTER 1 WEEK 5

DAY 1
NON-MENDELIAN
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY

INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
❖ IS A PATTERN OF INHERITANCE
IN WHICH NEITHER GENE IS
TOTALLY DOMINANT OVER
OTHER RESULTING IN AN
INTERMEDIATE FORM OF THE
OTHER TWO PHENOTYPES
 a

A Blended
Dominance
heterozygous
allele pair

K
Incomplete
A Semi-
Dominance Dominance

Partial
Dominance
 Petal
Coloration
W R RW

White Red Pink

Mirabilis
jalapa
 Pure red flower x Pure white flower First Parent
Genes

RR x WW P1
Test Cross

First filial
Method
R R W W Generation
Gametes

Genotypes

RW RW RW RW F1 Phenotype-
All Pink
Phenotype
 Punnett
R Square
Pure Red flower(R) x Pure White flower
(W) R
Genotype Phenotype

1. Rr
RW
2. Rr
RW
1. Pink
2. Pink W RW RW
3. Rr
RW 3. Pink
4. Rr
RW 4. Pink

GR: 4:0 PR: 4:0

Probability: W RW RW
4RW=100%
 ➢ Other
Genus
Antirrhinum examples:
Human
Curly Hair

human
hypercholesterolemia
NON-MENDELIAN
PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY

CODOMINANCE
CODOMINANCE
❖ IS A PATTERN OF
INHERITANCE IN WHICH
BOTH ALLELES ARE
EXPRESSED EQUALLY IN THE
PHENOTYPE OF THE
HETEROZYGOTE.
 Petal Coloration
White Camellia Red Camellia

W R
Red and
White
Camellia
flower
RW
Cross between a white camellia flower and red camellia
flower produces red and white camellia flower
 First
Pure red flower (RR) x Pure white flower (WW) Parent
Genes

RR x WW P1
First filial
R R W W Generation
Gametes
Test Cross
Method

Genotypes

White &red
RW RW RW RW F1 Camellia
Phenotype flower
Punnett Square R
Pure Red flower(R) x Pure White flower
(W)
R
Genotype Phenotype

1. RW
2. RW 1. Red & white flower
W RW RW
3. RW 2. Red & white flower
3. Red & white flower
4. RW 4. Red & white flower

GR: 4:0 PR: 4:0

Probability: W RW RW
4RW=100%
DAY 2
#MULTIPLE ALLELES
• GENES THAT HAVE MORE
THAN TWO ALLELES
#A,B,AB,&O
• IN HUMANS, THERE ARE FOUR
BLOOD TYPES A, B, AB, O.
• PHENOTYPES
#A,B,&O
• BLOOD TYPE IS CONTROLLED
BY THREE ALLELES: A, B, O.
#O
• O IS RECESSIVE, TWO O ALLELES
MUST BE PRESENT FOR A PERSON
TO HAVE TYPE O BLOOD.
#A&B
• A AND B ARE CODOMINANT. IF A
PERSON RECEIVES AN A ALLELE
AND A B ALLELE, THEIR BLOOD
TYPE IS TYPE AB.
 The ABO blood system
Genotypes Phenotypes (Blood types)
IA IA A
IA IB AB
IAi A
IB IB B
IBi B
ii O
Note:
 Blood types A and B have two possible genotypes – homozygous and
heterozygous
 Blood types AB and O only have one genotype each.
#ABO BloodSystem
• THE IA, AND IB ALLELES ARE DOMINANT OVER THE I ALLELE,
WHICH IS ALWAYS RECESSIVE.
• HOWEVER, WHEN THE IA, AND IB ALLELES ARE INHERITED
TOGETHER, BOTH ALLELES ARE EXPRESSED EQUALLY.
• THIS ALSO MAKE IA, AND IB CODOMINANTS OF EACH
OTHER.
 Blood types and transfusions

 Blood types vary and your immune

system recognises your own blood
type = self
 Other blood types = non-self
 If a blood, which is incompatible with
your body is transfused, it will result in
the agglutination of the foreign red
blood cells.
Agglutination

[Link]/.../ENV_immuno_1A/[Link].
 Donor-Recipient Compatibility
Recipient

Type A B AB O

Donor B

AB

= Agglutination
= Safe transfusion
 #UniversalDonor
• TYPE O BLOOD MAY BE
TRANSFUSED INTO ALL THE OTHER
TYPES = THE UNIVERSAL DONOR
 #UniversalRecipient
• TYPE AB BLOOD CAN RECEIVE
BLOOD FROM ALL THE OTHER
BLOOD TYPES = THE UNIVERSAL
RECIPIENT.
Show the possible alleles that can be found in each
offspring and write the blood type for each offspring.
Possible alleles from Father

A B O

Possible A
alles
from B
Mother
O
DAY 3
SEX
CHROMOSOMES
AND SEX
DETERMINATION
 REVIEW
• In humans, there are four blood types
(phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
• Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O.
• O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a
person to have type O blood.
• A and B are codominant. If a person receives an
A allele and a B allele, their blood type is type
AB.
VIDEO…
SEX DETERMINATION MECHANISMS

• Hermaphroditism: both sexes in the same organism

• Monoecious: both male and female reproductive

structures in the same organism

• Dioecious: either male or female reproductive

structures in one organism
Chromosomal Sex-Determination
Systems: Sex chromosomes
• XX-XO system: • XX-XY system:
• XX – female • XX – female
• XO – male • XY – male
Grasshoppers (karyotype)
Mammals
 Non-sex chromosomes:
AUTOSOME
• a chromosome other a sex
chromosomes
• the 22 pair of chromosomes
that do not determine sex
 CONCEPT:
• • Males have 44 body chromosomes and two
sex chromosomes X and Y. The males
determine the sex of their children.
• • Females have 44 body chromosomes and
two sex chromosomes, both X.
• • The total number in each cell of an individual
is 46. These chromosomes contain the genes,
which are the factors of heredity.
 The Role of Sex
Chromosomes
 The X chromosome contains genetic information
essential for both sexes; at least one copy of an X
is required.
 The male-determining gene is located on the Y
chromosome. A single Y, even in the presence of
several X, still produces a male phenotype.
 The absence of Y results in a female phenotype.
Activity: “Boy or Girl?”
Materials:
• Paper and Pen
Procedure:
A. Draw a Punnett square which shows the
inheritance of the sex chromosomes.
Represent the female sex chromosomes with
XX and the male sex chromosomes with XY.
 Questions:
Q12. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is
fertilized by a sperm that has a Y chromosome?
Q13. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in a
female child?
Q14. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent of children
would you expect to be male?
Q15. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and
female?
Q16. Infer which sex chromosomes determine a person’s sex
Q17. What are the other factors that may influence the
expression of human sexuality?
 Question & Answer
Q12. What will be the sex of a child produced when
an egg is fertilized by a sperm that has a Y
chromosome?
Male
Q13. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to
result in a female child?
X bearing sperm
 Question & Answer
Q14. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent
of children would you expect to be male?
50%
Q15. Which sex chromosome is present in both
male and female?
X chromosome
 Question & Answer
Q16. Infer which sex chromosomes
determine a person’s sex
Y chromosome
 Question & Answer
Q17. What are the other factors that may influence
the expression of human sexuality?
Environmental factors and the social interactions may
contribute to ascertain degree to the expression of
human sexuality.
Health and age of the mother during pregnancy may
also lead to aneuploidy where there is an excess or
lack of X and Y chromosome, which can affect
genital development during conception.
 Sex Chromosomes and Sex
Determination
Humans have 46 chromosomes
in each cell. Observation of the
human body cells shows 23 pairs
of chromosomes for both males
and females.
 Sex Chromosomes and Sex
Determination
Twenty-two pairs are somatic
chromosomes. The 23rd pairs consist of
sex chromosomes. Human male and
some other male organism, such as other
mammals and fruits flies, have non-
identical sex chromosomes (XY). Female
have identical (XX) sex chromosomes.
Sex Chromosomes and Sex
Determination
 ¼ Sheet of Paper:
How do sex chromosomes
function in determining the
sex of an organism?
 Assignment:
• What are the factors
that may influence the
expression of human
sexuality?
DAY 4
Sex-Linked,Sex-Limited &
Sex-Influenced Traits
 CONCEPT:
▪ Sex-Limited Traits
are those are expressed exclusively in one sex.
▪ Sex-influenced traits
are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in
the other sex.
Sex-linked traits
Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-linked gene.
Genes located on the Y chromosomes are called Y-linked genes.
 Inheritance
▪ For a number of traits, gene expression
differs in males and females
▪ The causes fall under 3 categories:
1) Sex-Linked
2) Sex-Limited
3) Sex-Influenced
 Sex-Linked Traits
▪ The pattern of inheritance for genes
located on sex chromosomes
Females- XX Males- XY
❑ Female are homozygous
❑ Male are heterozygous
 Sex-Limited Traits
▪ Phenotypic expression is limited to one sex
Ex. Milk production, and scrotal circumference
▪ These genes are not necessarily on the sex
chromosomes but are only expressed in the male or
female
▪ Thought to be hormonally conditioned
✓TESTOSTERONE
✓ ESTROGEN
 Expression of lactation in Cattle

▪ In cattle instance, lactation is expressed in

females but never in males. Both male and
female cattle however possess a gene pair
for lactation. The gene for lactation (L) is
dominant over the non-lactating gene (l).
Table 4.
Expression of lactation in Cattle
Female Genotype Female Phenotype
XXLL Female lactating
XXLl Female lactating
XXll Female not lactating
Male Genotype Male Phenotype
XYLL Male not lactating
XYLl Male not lactating
XYll Male not lactating
 Sex- Influence Traits
▪ Modes of gene expression differ
between males and females
▪ An allele may be expressed as a
dominant in one sex and a
recessive in the other
 Sex-Influenced Traits
▪ Also autosomal, it means that their
genes are not carried on to the sex
chromosomes. Again, what makes
these traits unusual is the way they are
expressed phenotypically. In this case,
the difference is in the ways the two
genders express the gene.
 Sex-Influenced Traits
▪ One classic example of a sex-influenced traits is
pattern baldness in humans, through the
condition is not restricted to males. This gene has
two alleles “bald” and “non-bald”. The behaviors of
the products of these genes are highly influenced
by the hormones in the individual, particularly by the
hormones testosterone.
 Sex-Influenced Traits
▪ All humans have testosterone, but male
have much higher levels of this hormones
than females do. The result is that, in
males, the baldness allele behave like a
dominant allele, while in females it
behaves like a recessive allele.
Study Table 5 which shows the
pattern of expression for baldness
Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male nonbald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female nonbald
XXbb Female nonbald
In what way are sex-limited and sex-
influenced characters similar?

“Sex-limited and sex-

influenced traits are similar
in that their expression
depends on whether the
person is male or female.”
 Sex-Linked Genes:
• Genes located on the X chromosomes are called X-
linked genes. Genes on the Y chromosomes are called Y-
linked genes.
 • An example of an X-linked trait in the human is
hemophilia. A person suffering from hemophilia could die
from loss of blood even from a small wound because the
blood either clots very slowly or does not clot at all.
 • Another example of an X-linked trait is color
blindness.
Genes that are carried on the
sex chromosomes (X & Y) are
called sex-linked genes
the traits they
control are called
sex-linked traits
there are both dominant
and recessive alleles for
sex-linked genes
sex-linked traits show up much more
often in a male because males do not
have a matching X chromosome to
mask a recessive allele
When a recessive allele
is present in a male it will
be expressed
red-green
colorblindness is a
sex-linked trait
Hemophilia (the
bleeder’s disease) is
also a sex-linked trait
A person who has an allele
for the trait but does not
show the trait is said to be
a carrier
Sex-linked traits are
passed from mother to
son and father to
daughter
Table 3. Genotype and phenotypes
of color blindness in human
Genotype Phenotype
1. X X Normal female
2. X X C Normal female, carries of the gene
3. XC XC Color-blind female
4. X Y Normal male
5. XC Y Color-blind male
 Figure 5 is an example of
Y-linked trait,
HYPERTRICHOSIS PINNAE
AURIS

• a genetic disorder in human that causes

hairy ears. Since the trait is found in the Y
chromosome, then only males can have
trait. A father who has the condition will
pass it on to all his sons, and they, in turn, will
pass it on to their own sons.
❑ What is the main difference between sex-
linked and sex-influenced traits

“Sex-limited traits are exclusively in

one sex and never in the opposite
sex. Sex-influenced traits are
expressed in both males and
females, only more frequently in one
sex than in the other.”
THANK
YOU!