STATISTICAL INFERENCES
University of the People
MATH 1281-01 - AY2025-T5-Math Assignment
Professor: Mihir Panchal
Unit 4
12.07.2025
PART I
(a) Hypotheses:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no difference in the average
scores of students in the reading and writing exams.
Mathematically, H0: μ_read - μ_write = 0.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a difference in the
average scores of students in the reading and writing exams.
Mathematically, H1: μ_read - μ_write ≠ 0.
(b) Checking Conditions:
1. Independence: The sample of 250 students must be
randomly selected; if it is, we can assume the samples are
independent.
2. Normality: The distribution of the differences should be
approximately normal. Based on the histogram of differences,
if the shape appears roughly symmetric with no extreme
skewness, this condition is satisfied.
3. Scale of Measurement: The scores must be on a continuous
scale, which they are.
(c) Calculations:
1. T-test Calculation:
2. Degrees of Freedom: 𝑑 𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 250 − 1 = 249
3. P-value Conclusion: Given that the p-value is 0.39:
This p-value is greater than common significance levels (like
0.05 or 0.01), thus we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no statistically significant evidence to
suggest a difference in average scores between reading and
writing exams.
(d) Type of Error:
The error we might have made is a Type II error. This means
that we failed to reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact,
false. In the context of this application, it implies that we
concluded there is no difference in average scores between
the reading and writing exams when there might be a
significant difference.
(e) Confidence Interval Expectation:
Based on the results of this hypothesis test and the p-value of
0.39, it is likely that a confidence interval for the average
difference between the reading and writing scores would
include 0. This is because the lack of evidence to reject the
null hypothesis generally indicates that there is no significant
difference, suggesting that the interval likely includes the
possibility of no difference (0).
PART II
To analyze the difference in average fuel efficiency of cars with
manual and automatic transmissions, we can follow the steps
outlined below.
(1) State the Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis ( 𝐻 0): There is no difference in average city
transmissions. 𝜇 automatic = 𝜇 manual
fuel efficiency between cars with automatic and manual
Alternative Hypothesis ( 𝐻 𝑎): There is a difference in average
transmissions. 𝜇 automatic ≠ 𝜇 manual
city fuel efficiency between cars with automatic and manual
(2) Calculate the T-statistics
The formula for the T-statistics when comparing two independent
samples is:
Where:
𝑋 ¯ 1 = Mean of Manual (19.85)
𝑋 ¯ 2 = Mean of Automatic (16.12)
𝑆 1 = Standard deviation of Manual (4.51)
𝑆 2 = Standard deviation of Automatic (3.58)
𝑛 1 = Sample size of Manual (26)
𝑛 2 = Sample size of Automatic (26)
Calculations steps
1. Compute the numerator: 19.85 − 16.12 = 3.73
2. Compute the variances:
3. Computing the components in the square root
4. Finally, we compute T:
(3) Calculate the Degrees of Freedom
For the two-sample t-test, the degrees of freedom can be
𝑑 𝑓=𝑛 1 + 𝑛 2 − 2
calculated using the following formula:
𝑑 𝑓=26 + 26 – 2=50
Substituting the values:
(4) Conclusion to the Hypothesis Test
At a common significance level (example., 𝛼 = 0.05), we reject
Given the p-value of 0.0029:
the null hypothesis because the p-value (0.0029) is less than
0.05.
This indicates strong evidence of a difference in the average
city fuel efficiency between cars with manual and automatic
transmissions. Thus, we conclude that there is a statistically
significant difference between the two groups.
References
Diez, D., Cetinkaya-Rundel, M., Barr C. D., & Barr, C. D.
(2019). OpenIntro statistics - Fourth edition. Open Textbook
Library. Please access it from the homepage.
Goss-Sampson, M. A. (2022). Statistical analysis in JASP: A guide
for students (5th ed., JASP v0.16.1 2022).
