Chapter Outline

▪ Introduction

▪ Constant Compositional Expansion Test

▪ Differential Vaporization Test

▪ Constant Volume Depletion Test

▪ Separator Test
Introduction

― Laboratory PVT analysis is to determine the properties

and behavior of reservoir fluids throughout the
production phase
― PVT analysis results are used in:
 Material balance calculations for reserves estimation
 Multiphase flow calculations for field development
planning, production management and system
reliability management

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Laboratory PVT Analysis Procedure
PVT ANALYSIS

SAMPLING BLACK OIL GAS CONDENSATE SPECIAL STUDY

Surface Quality check Quality check Quality check

•Separator
Compositional Compositional Wax & Asphaltene
•Wellhead analysis analysis Deposition

Subsurface Constant Constant Effect of Injection

composition composition Gas on Fluid
•Open hole
expansion expansion Properties
•Cased hole
Differential Constant Volume Effect of Injection
Vaporisation Test Depletion Chemical on Fluid
Properties
Viscosity Test

Separator Test

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 PVT Analysis for Separator Samples
Separator
samples

No Quality check
satisfied?
Constant Composition Expansion

Yes

Compositional Differential Vaporisation

Collect new samples
analysis

Viscosity Test
Recombination

Separator Test

No Yes
Adjust Psat Pb @ Treservoir
? Constant Volume Depletion

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PVT Analysis for Bottom Hole Samples

Bottom
hole
samples

No Yes Compositional
Quality check
analysis

Constant Composition Expansion

Collect new samples

Differential Vaporisation

Viscosity Test

Separator Test

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 Laboratory PVT Analysis Report

PVT REPORT

QUALITY COMPOSITIONAL PV DIFFERENTIAL CONSTANT

SEPARATOR VISCOSITY
CHECK ANALYSIS RELATIONSHIP LIBERATION VOLUME
TEST TEST
TEST DEPLETION

• Popening • Separator gas • Pb or Pd • Oil density • GOR • Oil viscosity • Retrograde liquid
• Sample volume • Separator oil • Oil compressibility • Oil FVF • Separator FVF • Gas viscosity
• Pb @ Tsep • Bottom hole sample • Relative volume • Solution GOR • Gas composition
• Pb @ Tres • Gas FVF
• Gas gravity
• Z factor

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Quality Check

 The opening pressure should be the same as or less than

10% deviation from the shipping pressure

 The bubble point pressure of separator oil should be the

same as or less than 10% deviation from the separator
pressure

 The theoretical and measured K-values during compositional

analysis should be the same.

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 Bubble Point Pressure Check
The bubble point pressure is the
intercept between two straight
lines representing P-V relationship
above and below the bubble point

 This method is accurate for

black-oil systems but yields big
error for volatile oil

 This method is not valid for gas

condensate or gas

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 Quiz - Quality Check

Two separator oil were collected from the test separator (p=125 psig,
T=90oF). The bubble point pressure determination was conducted at
separator temperature. Examine the quality of the samples.
Sample A Sample B
Pressure Pump Reading Pressure Pump Reading
(psig) (cc) (psig) (cc)
1500 248.0 745 245.6
1200 247.0 520 244.0
1000 245.0 290 242.0
800 243.0 200 241.1
600 240.0 170 240.6
400 237.0 160 237.0
200 232.0 155 233.0
150 228.0 150 230.0

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Multi-Stage Pressure Experiments

Laboratory Black oil Gas condensate

Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)  

Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)  

Differential Liberation (DL)  N

Multistage Separation Test (Separator Test)  

: Standard

: Can be performed

N: Not recommended

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Constant Composition & Differential Data

 Quiz: Why both CCE and CVD/DL?

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Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)

 Composition is constant (above the saturation pressure)

 Saturation volume is used as a normalization volume to

calculate a relative volume

 Undersaturated and total fluid compressibility are

calculated from the measured volumes and pressures

 The saturation pressure is also determined in this

experiment

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Quiz for CCE test

 What is the saturation volume?

 What is the saturation pressure? List the names of

saturation pressure?

 The CCE experiment measures isothermal compressibility

for undersaturated oil or saturated oil?

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 CCE Test for Oil
 A known amount of reservoir fluid is
charged into the PVT cell.
PV RELATION TEST@ CCE TEST
 The fluid volume is measured at or
above reservoir pressure and the mass P > Pb P = Pb P < Pb
GAS
is quantified by measuring the fluid OIL OIL
PISTON
OIL
PISTON
density at these conditions. PISTON

DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT

FLUID FLUID FLUID

 The cell volume is increased stepwise

until the maximum cell volume

 At each step the total fluid volume,

liquid and gas (if any) volume are
measured
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CCE Data Analysis
 Relative volume (Vrel)  Y Function

Vrel - Relative volume.

Vt - Total volume.
Vsat - Saturation volume.

 Oil density
ρ : Density at (p,T)  Adjusted Vrel
ρsat : Density at saturation
pressure.

 Isothermal compressibility

Y - Y function
[Link] - Adjusted relative volume below Pb
Yreg - Regressed Y = a + b*p

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Quiz: Calculate co and Y Function
Pressure-volume relation of reservoir fluid
Relative Volume Isothermal
Pressure Y
(V/Vsat) compressibility

psig - psi-1 -
5000 0.9639
CCE DATA (RESERVOIR-FLUID) FOR GOOD OIL CO. WELL 4 OIL
4500 0.9702 SAMPLE
4100 0.9756
4000 0.977
Fluid: Good Oil
3500 0.9845 o
Reservoir temperature: 220 F
3000 0.9928
Initial Rsservoir Pressure: 4100 psig
2900 0.9946
2800 0.9964 Saturation (bubble-point) pressure: 2620 psig
2700 0.9984
2620 1
2605 1.0021
2591 1.0042
2516 1.0157
2401 1.0353
2253 1.0648
2090 1.1041
1897 1.1627
1698 1.2415
1477 1.3611
1292 1.5
1040 1.7839
830 2.1709
640 2.7603
472 3.6961

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Adjusting Vrel data below Pb
Step 1: Calculate the Y-function for all pressure below the
saturation pressure.
Step 2: Plot Y-function versus pressure on a Cartesian
scale.
Step 3: Determine the coefficients a, b (Y = a + bp) of the
best straight fit of the data.
Step 4: Recalculate the relative volumes by the following
equation:

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 Exercise
Pressure Oil volume Gas volume
psig cc cc
8000 44.09 0
 Determine the Pb
7500 44.39 0
 Calculate the Vrel 7000 44.86 0
6800 45.07 0
 Estimate the isothermal
6700 45.19 0
compressibility of oil co above 6600 42.82 2.51
6500 41.71 3.77
the bubble point pressure
5400 40.89 4.75
 Calculate Y-Function and 6200 39.61 6.36
6000 38.56 7.81
adjust Vrel for data below
5800 37.68 9.10
bubble point pressure 5300 36.16 11.79
5000 35.52 13.31
4500 34.23 16.80
4000 33.55 19.80
3000 31.97 29.53
2000 31.29 46.12

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 CCE Test for Gas Condensate
 To determine dew point pressure
Pd.
PV RELATION TEST@ CCE TEST
 The pressure in the PVT cell is
P > Pd P = Pd P < Pd P << Pd
initially greater than the Pd.
Gas Gas Gas Gas
 The volume of liquid drop out from PISTON PISTON Oil Oil
PISTON PISTON

gas increase with the decreasing of DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT

FLUID FLUID FLUID FLUID

pressure.

 When the retrograde liquid drop

reaches its maximum, further
reduction in pressure reduces the
volume of the liquid drop out.
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Quiz: Calculate cg
Pressure-volume relation of reservoir fluid
Relative Gas
Volume of
Pressure Volume compressibility
retrograde liquid
(V/Vsat) cg
psig - - %
7975 0.9395 CCE DATA (RESERVOIR-FLUID) FOR GAS CONDENSATE
SAMPLE
7540 0.9599
A North Sea Gas
Fluid:
7250 0.9765 Condensate
o
7183 0.9787 Reservoir temperature: 250 F
7105 0.9826 Initial Rsservoir Pressure: 7183 psig
6960 0.9935 Saturation (dew-point) pressure: 6822 psig
6822 1
6743 1.0068 0.3
6598 1.0174 0.82
6380 1.0312 1.73
6090 1.055 2.92
5655 1.0971 4.79
5075 1.1687 7.18
4495 1.2632 9.4
3915 1.3959 11.02
3335 1.5841 12.4
2610 1.9773 13.5

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 Differential Liberation Experiment (DLE)

 As shown in figure, the experiment

starts at bubble point pressure The
pressure is dropped below Pb and the
volume of gas and oil are recorded.

 At each stage (up to 8 or 10 times), the

total amount of gas liberated is
removed and recorded.

 The gas is subjected to the

compositional analysis using gas
chromatograph.

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 Data Obtained from DV/DL Test

 Amount of gas in solution as a function of pressure

 The shrinkage in the oil volume as a function of

pressure

 Properties of the evolved gas including the

composition, Z factor, gas specific gravity

 Density of the remaining oil as a function of pressure

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 Differential Liberation Test at Reservoir
Temperature
Oil Formation Volume Factor at 200 F

1.600

Oil Formation Volume Factor bbl/stb

1.500
 Pb = 2450 psig
1.400
 Above bubble point pressure,
Bo increases as pressure 1.300

decreases. Why?
1.200

 Below bubble point pressure,

1.100
Bo decreases as pressure
decreases. Why? 1.000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig

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 Differential Liberation Test at Reservoir
Temperature
Oil Density at 200 F

0.850
0.840
0.830
 Pb = 2450 psig 0.820
0.810

Oil Density,g/cc
0.800
 Above Pb, the oil density 0.790
decreases. Why? 0.780
0.770
0.760
 Below Pb, the oil density 0.750
0.740
increase. Why? 0.730
0.720
The reduction of mass is minimal 0.710
0.700
compare to oil volume decrease
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig

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Differential Liberation Test at Reservoir
Temperature

Solution Gas Oil Ratio at 200 F

 Pb = 2450 psig
600
 Above bubble point 550

Solution Gas Oil Ration scfl/stb

pressure, Rs is constant. 500

Why? 450
400
350
 Below bubble point
300
pressure, Rs decreases as 250
pressure decreases. Why? 200
150
It will continue to vapourise 100
until no gas come out from 50
the oil at the atmospheric 0
pressure 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure, psig

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Sample DL Data
DLE DATA FOR GOOD OIL CO. WELL 4 OIL SAMPLE
Relative Gas
Relative
Solution Oil Oil Z Gas Formation Oil
Pressure Temp Total
GOR (Rsd) Volume Density Factor Gravity Volume Viscosity
Volume (Btd)
(Bod) Factor
o
psig F scf/bbl RB/bbl RB/bbl g/cm3 - - cP
5000 220 0.45
4500 220 0.434
4000 220 0.418
3500 220 0.401
3000 220 0.385
2800 220 0.379
2620 220 1.6 1.6 0.6562 0.373
2350 220 763 1.554 1.665 0.6655 0.846 0.825 0.00685 0.396
2100 220 684 1.515 1.748 0.6731 0.851 0.818 0.00771 0.417
1850 220 612 1.479 1.859 0.6808 0.859 0,797 0.00882 0.442
1600 220 544 1.445 2.016 0.6889 0.872 0.791 0.01034 0.469
1350 220 479 1.412 2.244 0.6969 0.887 0.794 0.01245 0.502
1110 220 416 1.382 2.593 0.7044 0.903 0.809 0.01552 0.542
850 220 354 1.351 3.169 0.7121 0.922 0.831 0.02042 0.592
600 220 292 1.32 4.254 0.7198 0.941 0.881 0.02931 0.654
350 220 223 1.283 6.975 0.7291 0.965 0.988 0.05065 0.783
159 220 157 1.244 14.693 0.7382 0.984 1.213 0.10834 0.855
0 220 0 1.075 0.7892 2.039 1.286
0 60 1

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Differential Liberation Test
DLE DATA FOR GOOD OIL CO. WELL 4 OIL SAMPLE
Relative Gas
Relative
Solution Oil Oil Z Gas Formation Oil
Pressure Temp Total
GOR (Rsd) Volume Density Factor Gravity Volume Viscosity
Volume (Btd)
(Bod) Factor
o
psig F scf/bbl RB/bbl RB/bbl g/cm3 - - cP
5000 220 Residual oil? 0.45
4500 220 0.434
4000 220 0.418
3500 220 0.401
3000 220 0.385
2800 220 0.379
2620 220 854 1.6 1.6 0.6562 0.373
2350 220 763 1.554 1.665 0.6655 0.846 0.825 0.00685 0.396
2100 220 684 1.515 1.748 0.6731 0.851 0.818 0.00771 0.417
1850 220 612 1.479 1.859 0.6808 0.859 0,797 0.00882 0.442
1600 220 544 1.445 2.016 0.6889 0.872 0.791 0.01034 0.469
1350 220 479 1.412 2.244 0.6969 0.887 0.794 0.01245 0.502
1110 220 416 1.382 2.593 0.7044 0.903 0.809 0.01552 0.542
850 220 354 1.351 3.169 0.7121 0.922 0.831 0.02042 0.592
600 220 292 1.32 4.254 0.7198 0.941 0.881 0.02931 0.654
350 220 223 1.283 6.975 0.7291 0.965 0.988 0.05065 0.783
159 220 157 1.244 14.693 0.7382 0.984 1.213 0.10834 0.855
0 220 0 1.075 0.7892 2.039 1.286
0 60 1

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The Differential Liberation Test

 The symbols and are used to represent the

solution gas-oil ratio and formation volume factor
determined from the differential liberation test

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 The Differential Liberation Test

The two-phase formation volume factor from

differential liberation is calculated by:

where:

• = Total (two-phase) FVF, bbl/STB

• = gas formation volume factor, bbl/scf

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The Differential Liberation Test
 The gas formation volume factor :

Where:
 = gas formation volume factor, ft3/scf
 = temperature, °R
 = cell pressure, psia
 = standard temperature, °R
 = standard pressure, psia

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 The Differential Liberation Test
 The gas deviation -factor

Where:
 = volume of the liberated gas in the PVT cell at
and
 = volume of the removed gas

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Quiz

 What is the main difference between CVD and CCE

experiment?

 What is the CVD test used for?

 Below the dew-point pressure, which test is recommended

to perform? Why?

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Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
 CVD experiment is the most important PVT experiment
for gas condensate reservoirs.
 Designed to provide volumetric and compositional data
for gas condensate and volatile oil reservoirs producing
by pressure depletion.
 Extract reservoir engineering quantities:
• Recovery vs. reservoir pressure.
• Produced well stream composition (surface product)
vs. pressure.
• Average oil saturation in the reservoir during
depletion.
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 Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
 The experiment starts with a single
phase gas sample.

 Pressure is reduced resulting in gas

expansion and oil (when the
pressure is below the dew point).

 Generally between 5 to 10 pressure

reduction steps.

 At the end of each step, the gas is

removed from the cell so that the
volume of fluid in the cell returns
the original value.
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Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)

CVD • Gas condensates

• Volatile oils
experiments

• Reservoir depletion
performance
Simulate • Compositional
variation

• Reservoir
Provide engineering
information calculations

7 steps
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Step 1

P: dew-point
pressure

T: reservoir temp

Sample
fluid

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Step 2

Sample
fluid

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Step 3

Retrograde liquid
VL

retrograde liquid
saturation

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Step 4

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Step 5
Calculate

Composition Yi

Volume (Vgp)sc

Moles

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Step 6

Gas compressibility factor:

Two-phase compressibility factor:

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Step 7

Gas compressibility factor:

Two-phase compressibility factor:

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Sample CVD Data
CVD DATA FOR GOOD OIL CO. WELL 7 GAS-CONDENSATE SAMPLE 2
Reservoir Pressure, psig
Component 5713 4000 3500 2900 2100 1300 605 0
CO2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21
N2 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14
C1 61.72 61.72 63.1 65.21 69.79 70.77 66.59
C2 14.1 14.1 14.27 14.1 14.12 14.63 16.06
C3 8.37 8.37 8.26 8.1 7.57 7.73 9.11
i-C4 0.98 0.98 0.91 0.95 0.81 0.79 1.01
n-C4 3.45 3.45 3.4 3.16 2.71 2.59 3.31
i-C5 0.91 0.91 0.86 0.84 0.67 0.55 0.68
n-C5 1.52 1.52 1.4 1.39 0.97 0.81 1.02
C6 1.79 1.79 1.6 1.52 1.03 0.73 0.8
C7+ 6.85 6.85 5.9 4.41 2 1.06 1.07
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
C7+ molecular weight 143 143 138 128 116 111 110
C7+ specific gravity 0.795 0.795 0.79 0.78 0.767 0.762 0.761
Equilibrium gas deviation factor, Z 1.107 0.867 0.799 0.748 0.762 0.819 0.902
Two-phase deviation factor, Z 1.107 0.867 0.802 0.744 0.704 0.671 0.576
Wellstream produced, cumulative
0 5.374 15.438 35.096 57.695 76.787 93.515
% of initial
From smooth compositions
C3+, gal/Mscf 9.218 9.218 8.476 7.174 5.171 4.49 5.307
C4+, gal/Mscf 6.922 6.922 6.224 4.98 3.095 2.37 2.808
C5+, gal/Mscf 5.519 5.519 4.876 3.692 1.978 1.294 1.437

Retrograde liquid volume,

0 3.3 19.4 23.9 22.5 18.1 12.6
% hydrocarbon pore space

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Calculated recoveries from CVD results

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Retrograde liquid volume

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LIQUID SHRINKAGE DURING CCE/CVD

44%

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 Multi-stage Separation Test (Separator
Test)
 The objective of this test is to
GOR and stock tank oil density.
temperature on oil shrinkage.

 First, the pressure and

temperature are equilibrated to
the conditions of separator.

 The volume of liberated gas

and oil are then measured at
cell condition after the gas and
oil are in equilibrium condition

 The liberated gas is then

removed from the cell and its
volume at standard condition is
measured
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Sample Separator Test
SEPARATOR TESTS (RESERVOIR FLUID) OF GOOD OIL CO. WELL 4 OIL SAMPLE
Stock Separator Flashed
Separator Separator b c d
GOR GOR Tank FVF Volume Gas
Pressurea Temperature
Gravity Factore Gravity
o
psig F scf/bbl scf/stb oAPI bbl/stb bbl/stb -
50 75 715 737 1.031 0.84
to
0 75 41 41 40.5 1.481 1.007 1.338
100 75 637 676 1.062 0.786
to
0 75 91 92 40.7 1.474 1.007 1.363
200 75 542 602 1.112 0.732
to
0 75 177 178 40.4 1.483 1.007 1.329
300 75 478 549 1.148 0.704
to
0 75 245 246 40.1 1.495 1.007 1.286
aGauge.

bIn cubic feet of gas at 60oF and 14.65 psia per barrel of oil at indicated pressure and temperature.
c
In cubic feet of gas at 60oF and 14.65 psia per barrel of stock-tank oil at 60oF.
d
In barrels of saturated oil at 2620 psig and 220oF per barrel of stock-tank oil at 60oF.
eIn barrels of oil at indicated pressure and temperature per barrel of stock-tank oil at 60oF.

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 Sample Separator Test
 The test involves placing a hydrocarbon sample at its
saturation pressure and reservoir temperature in a
PVT cell.

Vsat=The volume of the sample, STB

(Vo )st=The volume of the remaining oil in the last stage, STB
(Vg )sc = total volume of gas removed from separators, scf

 This laboratory procedure is repeated at a series of

different separator pressures and a fixed temperature.
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