CONTENTS

PART I: PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ............................ 1

PART II: GENERAL GUIDELINES ...................................................................................... 4
PART III - FIRST YEAR COURSE CONTENTS ................................................................... 13
SUBJECT: ANATOMY ................................................................................................................ 13
SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY............................................................................................................ 17
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES................................................. 22
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC PHYSICS AND RADIATION SAFETY................................................. 27
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING ................................................................................. 30
FIRST YEAR - SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS ....................................................................................... 33
PART IV - SECOND YEAR COURSE CONTENTS .............................................................. 40
SUBJECT: BASIC AND APPLIED PATHOLOGY ........................................................................... 40
SUBJECT: PATIENT CARE IN RADIOLOGY ................................................................................. 45
SUBJECT: EQUIPMENT FOR RADIO-DIAGNOSIS ........................................................................ 51
SUBJECT: SPECIAL PROCEDURES AND FLUOROSCOPY............................................................ 55
SECOND YEAR- SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS ................................................................................... 59
PART V: THIRD YEAR COURSE CONTENTS.................................................................... 64
SUBJECT: IMAGING INFORMATICS AND QUALITY CONTROL ................................................... 64
SUBJECT: MODERN IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................ 67
SUBJECT: CROSS SECTIONAL IMAGING ................................................................................... 71
THIRD YEAR- SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS ....................................................................................... 75
PART VI: INTERNSHIP .................................................................................................. 77
 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
(BSc MIT)
Revised scheme 1 (RS1)
2024-25

PART I: PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

INTRODUCTION
The [Link]. in Medical Imaging Technology is a 4-year program (3 years + 1-year internship)
designed to equip students with the knowledge and technical skills necessary for various
imaging modalities. Graduates of this program will be proficient in operating high-tech
imaging equipment, ensuring patient safety, and producing diagnostic images of the
highest quality. They will be essential in the healthcare industry, both locally and
internationally, in roles that demand expertise in modern imaging technologies.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO):

At the end of the BSc Allied Health Sciences graduate program, the graduate will:
PO1 Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skill to support patient care
PO2 Demonstrate competent technical skills to support patient care
PO3 Demonstrate critical thinking and problem-solving skills
PO4 Practice good hospital infection control, safety, biomedical waste disposal and
other health care system protocols
PO5 Collaboratively work in a healthcare team, exhibiting good leadership and
management qualities
PO6 Exhibit effective communication skills and social responsibilities towards
preventive and rehabilitative healthcare services
PO7 Exhibit professional and ethical attributes
PO8 Develop the attitude of being a researcher and lifelong learner

1
Description of Program outcomes:
PO1 Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and skill to support patient care:
Graduate will possess comprehensive knowledge and skills of basic and clinical
sciences to organise, apply and implement the prescribed investigative and
management plans to support effective patient care.
PO2 Demonstrate competent technical skills to support patient care: Graduate will
possess appropriate technical skills to perform basic procedures, handle and
maintain various equipment appropriately in patient care.
PO3 Demonstrate critical thinking and problem-solving skills: Graduates will utilize
basic science knowledge, acquire critical thinking and problem-solving skills to
assess patient conditions, recognize various emergencies/complications, follow
management protocols, effectively document and maintain the medical records.
PO4 Practice good hospital infection control, safety, biomedical waste disposal and
other health care system protocols: Graduate will adhere to policies and
regulations of healthcare system and follow infection control, safety and
biomedical waste disposal practices to improve patient outcomes.
PO5 Collaboratively work in a healthcare team, exhibiting good leadership and
management qualities: Graduate will collaboratively work with other healthcare
professionals to provide holistic patient care. Graduate shall possess the ability to
identify priorities and effectively manage resources/ medical supplies to ensure the
maintenance and enhancement of the quality of care adhering to the policies of
healthcare system.
PO6 Exhibit effective communication skills and social responsibilities towards
preventive and rehabilitative healthcare services: Graduate will effectively
communicate with patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals and other
members of the community to support ideal psycho-social health of patients at
individual and community levels considering cultural, economic and environmental
factors.
PO7 Exhibit professional and ethical attributes: Graduate will exhibit professional
qualities demonstrating high standards of morality, integrity, commitment and
adhere to professional and medical ethics in holistic patient care.
PO8 Develop the attitude of being a researcher and lifelong learner: Graduate will be
committed to continuous improvement in knowledge and skills by appraising
scientific literature while harnessing modern tools and technology.

2
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO):
At the end of the BSc Medical Imaging Technology program, the graduate should be able
to:
PSO1. Demonstrate the knowledge and skill to handle and maintain radiological
equipment, workflow management, maintaining the infection control and quality
control standards.
PSO2. Demonstrate the knowledge and ability to acquire technical skills to perform
various imaging techniques including radiography, CT, MRI, various imaging guided
interventions and special procedures in an appropriate manner
PSO3. Demonstrate the knowledge and skill to use emergency drugs and organise
emergency crash carts as a member of health care team.
PSO4. Demonstrate the capability to assess patient conditions during the radiological
procedures, recognize various complications, document and maintain the medical
records appropriately.

3
 PART II: GENERAL GUIDELINES
1. NAME OF THE PROGRAM: Bachelor of Science in Medical Imaging Technology (BSc
MIT)
2. DURATION: 4 (Four) years including 1 Year Internship.
3. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION: English
4. INTAKE: 15 seats/year
5. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION:
a. A candidate seeking admission to the Bachelor of Science Degree Programs in
Allied Health Sciences of SDM University, shall have studied English as one of the
principal subjects during the tenure of the course.
b. Regular entry:
Two-year Pre-University examination or equivalent as recognized by Pre-University
Board or equivalent authority with, Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal
subjects of study.
OR
Any equivalent examination recognized by the SDM University for the above
purpose with Physics, Chemistry and Biology as principal subjects of study.
c. Lateral entry (Direct entry to second year of the BSc AHS program) shall be given
to candidates with two years diploma from a recognized Government Board and
as recognized by SDM University in a subject for which the candidate desires to
enrol, in the respective Allied Health Sciences program. Candidate shall have
passed plus 12 [10+2] with Physics, Chemistry and Biology, as principal subjects.
Such candidates are eligible for Lateral entry to second year for Allied Health
Science courses fulfilling the conditions specified above, only in the same
subject/stream studied during Diploma. This will be applicable to only those
programs which are having diploma degrees.
d. Selection of the candidates and admission process will be as per the SDM university
rules and regulations.
Note:
a. The candidate shall have passed individually in each of the principal subjects.
b. Candidates who have completed diploma or vocational course through
correspondence shall not be eligible for any of the programs mentioned above.

4
6. DISTRIBUTION OF COURSES AND TEACHING HOURS:
First Year:
Sl Subject Theory Practical/ Clinical Total
No. Demonstrations/ postings
Tutorial
1 Anatomy 70 30 - 100
2 Physiology 70 30 - 100
2 Radiographic Image 70 30 150 250
Processing Techniques
3 Radiographic Physics 70 30 150 250
and Radiation Safety
4 Radiographic 70 30 150 250
Positioning
5 Subsidiary subjects 100 - - 100
450 hours 150 hours 450 hours 1050 hours
6 Exams - IA/FA/UE* - - - 80
7 Self-directed learning/ - - - 60
Library**
8 Extracurricular - - - 60
activities/Sports
Total 1250 hours
*IA – Internal assessment/FA-Formative assessment/UE – University examination
**SDL hours can be shared between all courses equally

Subsidiary subjects: 100 hours

Sl No Subject Teaching hours

1 English and Communication Skills 20
2 Indian constitution 20
3 Environment science 20
4 Computer basics 20
5 Health care system and Nursing care 20

5
Second Year:
Sl Subject Theory Practical/ Clinical Total
No. Demonstrations postings
Tutorials
1 Basic and Applied 70 30 - 100
Pathology
2 Patient care in 70 30 200 300
Radiology
3 Equipment for Radio- 70 30 200 300
diagnosis
4 Special procedures and 70 30 200 300
Fluoroscopy
5 Subsidiary subjects 80 - - 80
360 hours 120 hours 600 hours 1080 hours
6 Exams - IA/FA/UE* - - - 80
7 Self-directed learning/ - - - 60
Library**
8 Sports and - - - 60
extracurricular activities
Total 1280 hours
*IA – Internal assessment/FA-Formative assessment/UE – University examination
**SDL hours can be shared between all courses equally

Subsidiary subjects: 80 hours

Sl No Subject Teaching hours

1 Sociology 30
2 Clinical psychology 30
3 Medical ethics and Medical records 20

6
Third Year:
Sl No. Subject Theory Practical/ Clinical Total
Demonstrations/ postings
Tutorials
1 Imaging Informatics and 70 30 250 350
Quality Control
2 Modern Imaging 70 30 250 350
Technology
3 Cross Sectional Imaging 70 30 250 350
4 Subsidiary subjects 60 - - 60
270 hours 90 hours 750 hours 1210 hours
5 Exams - IA/FA/UE* - - - 80
6 Self-directed learning/ - - - 60
Library**
7 Sports and - - - 60
extracurricular activities
Total 1310 hours
*IA – Internal assessment/FA-Formative assessment/UE – University examination
**SDL hours can be shared between all courses equally

Subsidiary subjects: 60 hours

Sl No Subject Teaching hours

1 Research methodology and Biostatistics 30
2 Hospital protocols and Basic Life support skills 30

7. SCHEME OF EXAMINATION:
a. Internal Assessments:
- There shall be 2 internal assessment exams (IA) in a year. Formative
assessments (FA) shall be conducted throughout the year in the form of class
tests, assignments, seminars, journal/logbook assessment etc.
- IA marks for all courses/subjects shall be computed on the basis of a
continuous evaluation of the student in internal assessment exams and
formative assessments together. Each IA marks shall include 30% FA marks in
both theory and practical.
- Final IA marks shall be calculated as average of two IA marks.
7
b. Final University Examination (UE):
Final University examination (UE) shall be conducted at the end of each academic
year.
Resit examination (RE) shall be conducted within 2 months of the announcement
of results, as per SDM university guidelines. The students who are absent in the
main examination he/she will be appearing under the term as the “Supplementary”
examination.

c. Eligibility criteria to appear for Final UE shall be as follows-

i. Attendance eligibility criteria:
- Candidates should get 75% attendance in Theory and Practical separately for
each subject to be eligible to appear for the university examinations (UE).
- 75% attendance in each departmental postings is a prerequisite to appear for
university examination. This attendance may be considered for the main
subjects which have got clinical postings. This attendance will apply for the
eligibility of all the papers of that subject in that particular year.
- Only such candidates are eligible to appear for the university examinations in
their first attempt. A candidate lacking in prescribed percentage of attendance
in any subjects either in theory or practical will not be eligible to appear for the
University Examination in that subject.

ii. Internal assessment eligibility criteria:

- Students must score 50% in theory and 50% practical separately to be eligible
to appear for the university examinations (average of two IAs).
- The marks of the internal assessment must be displayed on the notice board
of the college within a fortnight from the date of assessments. Remedial
exams may be conducted as per the rules of SDM University.
- The IA marks shall be communicated to the SDM University at least 15 days
before the commencement of the University examination. The University shall
have access to the records of all such periodical tests.

8
d. Final University exam and Internal Assessment Marks distribution:

First Year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Anatomy 70 - 30 100 - - - 100
Physiology 70 - 30 100 - - - 100
Radiographic Image 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Processing
Techniques
Radiographic Physics 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
and Radiation Safety
Radiographic 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Positioning
Grand Total Marks 500 150 650

Second Year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total

(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Basic and Applied 70 - 30 100 - - - 100
Pathology
Patient care in 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Radiology
Equipment for Radio- 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
diagnosis
Special procedures 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
and Fluoroscopy
Grand total Marks 400 150 550

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Third Year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total (Th+Pr)
(UE)
Imaging Informatics and 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Quality Control
Modern Imaging 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Technology
Cross Sectional Imaging 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Grand total Marks 300 150 450

8. EXAMINERS
a. Appointment of Examiners: Examiners shall be appointed by the University to
conduct the Final University practical examinations, from the panel of examiners
approved by the Board of Studies/Board of appointment of examiners. For Practical
examinations, there shall be one external examiner and one internal examiner.
Theory paper shall be valued by both the examiners.
b. Qualification and Experience of Examiners: (Internal and External examiner)
Post graduation MSc in the respective field with two years of teaching experience.
Relaxation can be done in case of non-availability of examiners and with the
approval of board of appointment of examiners.
Post MD/MS/PhD – can be appointed as examiners after completion of their
MD/MS/PhD
9. PASS CRITERIA:
a. For pass in a subject student has to get minimum 40% marks in University Theory
paper and 40% marks in university practical exam separately.
b. Where the subject has only Theory component and NO practical component,
student has to get minimum 40% marks in University Theory paper and 50% marks
in Theory aggregate, i.e., Theory marks in UE + Final IA marks added together, to be
declared PASS in university examination.
c. Where the subject has BOTH Theory and Practical component, A total aggregate
of 50% marks in Theory (Theory marks in UE + Viva voce + IA) and 50% aggregate
marks in Practical (Practical marks in UE + IA) separately is required for the
candidate to be declared PASS in university examination.
10
 d. If the student fails in either Theory or practical component of a subject paper, the
he/she has to appear for both Theory and Practical exam in the next resit
examination. If student fails in resit exam also, then he/she will be promoted to next
year based on carry over guidelines.

10. CARRYOVER CRITERIA:

a. 1st Year – Student can carryover 50% of subjects after university exam (UE) and
Resit exam (RE) results to next year. These students can be promoted to 2nd year as
ATKT (Allowed to keep term) students. These ATKT students shall be permitted to
attend classes of next year.
b. 2nd year – Student can appear for 1st year failed subjects and 2nd year subjects
together during 2nd year university exam (UE) and also 2nd year Resit exam.
i. If student does not clear all 1st year subjects even after 2nd year resit exam, then
he/she will not be promoted for 3rd year. Student has to clear all the 1st year
subjects to be promoted to 3rd year.
ii. However, if student clears all 1st year subjects in university exam or after Resit
exam, he/she can carryover 50% of 2nd year subjects to next year. These
students can be promoted to 3rd year as ATKT students.
c. 3rd year - Student can appear for 2nd year failed subjects ONLY during 3rd year
university exam. He/she can appear for 3rd year subjects in subsequent university
conducted exams only after he/she clears all the 2nd year subjects. Student has to
PASS in all the 3rd year subjects to start his/her internship.

11. DECLARATION OF CLASS:

The class shall be awarded to a candidate who passes all the main subjects in the
first attempt on the basis of percentage obtained as follows:
a. First Class with Distinction = 75% and above
b. First Class = 65% to 74.9%
c. Pass Class = 50% to 64.9%

12. INTERNSHIP
Twelve months (one year) internship shall be mandatory after successful completion
of third year. The 'Internship Completion Certificate' shall be issued by the college and
copy of same is submitted to the University.

11
13. MAXIMUM DURATION FOR COMPLETION OF COURSE
A candidate shall complete the course within six years from date of admission
(excluding internship), failing, which candidate shall re-register for the course.

14. AWARD OF DEGREE

A candidate who has passed in all the subjects of all the years and has successfully
completed the internship shall be eligible for award of degree.
*****

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 PART III - FIRST YEAR COURSE CONTENTS
SUBJECT: ANATOMY
Total Teaching Hours: 100 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical/Demonstrations: 30 hours
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
CO1. Acquire knowledge of basic terminologies, normal disposition, functional and
clinical inter relationships of basic structures of human body.
CO2. Comprehend the normal features of bones and joints of human body,
components of musculoskeletal system and nervous system to analyze the
integrative and regulative functions of the organs and systems.
CO3. Describe the structure and function of the human body, including the
organization of the various body systems (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive, nervous and sense organs).
CO4. Identify the parts of Microscope and various instruments used in Histology.
CO5. Describe the histology of basic tissues of human body, tissue processing, H&E
and special stains used in histology.
CO6. Identify the plain and contrast radiographs of various regions of human body
CO7. Apply anatomical concepts and principles to the diagnosis and treatment of
medical conditions.

Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
Unit I- General Anatomy (18 hours)
1. Introduction
- Definition of anatomy and its divisions, terms of location, positions
and planes.
- Cell and its organelles
- Epithelium-definition, classification, describe with examples, functions
- Glands- classification, describe serous, mucous & mixed glands with examples
- Basic tissues – classification with examples
- Related clinical aspects

2. Skin and Fasciae:

- Structure of Skin, types with examples
- Appendages of Skin
- Superficial Fascia - Definition, structure and function
- Deep Fascia - Definition, structure, modifications and function
- Related clinical aspects
13
 3. Connective tissue:
- Cartilage – types with examples & histology
- Bone – Classification, names of bone cells, parts of long bone, microscopy of
compact bone, names of all bones, vertebral column, intervertebral disc,
fontanelles of fetal skull
- Joints - Classification of joints with examples, synovial joint
- Related clinical aspects

4. Muscular System:
- Definition, types, classification and histology of muscles
- Muscles of the body
- Related clinical aspects

5. Circulatory System:
- Types of circulation
- Types of blood vessels, classification with examples and histology of blood
vessels
- Related clinical aspects

6. Lymphatic System:
- Components
- Structure and histology of lymphoid organs
- Related clinical aspects

7. Nervous System:
- Parts and classification of nervous system
- Structure and classification of neurons and neuroglia
- Structure of typical spinal nerve
- Autonomic nervous system
- Related clinical aspects

Unit II - Organ systems: Respiratory and Cardiovascular System (14 hours)

- Nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs, pleura
- Bronchopulmonary segments, diaphragm
- Paranasal air sinuses
- Heart-size, location, chambers, exterior and interior, pericardium
- Blood supply of heart, great vessels of the Heart
- Arteries and veins of the body
- Related clinical aspects

14
 Unit III- Organ systems: Gastro-intestinal system, Urinary system, Reproductive system
(16 hours)
- Oral cavity, lip, tongue (with histology), tonsil, dentition, pharynx, salivary glands,
Waldeyer’s ring
- Oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas,
spleen, peritoneum & reflections.
- Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, male and female urethra
- Male reproductive system - testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate
- Female reproductive system - uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary
- Mammary gland – gross anatomy
- Related clinical aspects

Unit IV- Organ systems - Endocrine glands, Central and Peripheral nervous system,
Sensory organs (16 hours)
- Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas and suprarenal gland in
detail – gross & histology
- Cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord with spinal
nerves
- Meninges, ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid, Names of basal ganglia nuclei
- Blood supply of brain
- Cranial nerves
- Sympathetic trunk and names of parasympathetic ganglia
- Eye: Parts of eye and lacrimal apparatus, Extra-ocular muscles
- Ear: Parts of ear- external, middle and inner ear and contents

Unit V- Anatomical techniques (6 hours)

- Embalming of human cadaver.
- Museum specimen’s preparation techniques.
- Histological techniques- Instruments used in histology, tissue processing, and
tissue section cutting, preparation procedure of H&E stains, mounting of tissue.
- Special stains used in histology.

Practical/Demonstrations- 30 hours
1. Identification and demonstration of human skeleton and individual bones.
2. Identification and demonstration of individual organs of all the systems and various
regions of human body.
3. Identification and demonstration of Instruments and H&E stains used in
histology.
4. Demonstration of H&E slides of basic tissues of human body
5. Tissue Processing, section cutting and H&E slide preparation

15
Final University Examination (UE): First year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Anatomy 70 - 30 100 - - - 100

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

NO PRACTICAL UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR ANATOMY SUBJECT

Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage
of marks
1 UNIT I - General Anatomy 16-20
2 UNIT II - Organ systems: Respiratory and Cardiovascular 12-16
System
3 UNIT III - Organ systems: Gastro-intestinal system, 14-18
Urinary system, Reproductive system
4 UNIT IV - Organ systems- Endocrine glands, Central and 14-18
Peripheral nervous system, Sensory organs
5 UNIT V - Anatomical techniques 04-06
Note: LEQ can be asked from Unit I, II, III & IV.

Recommended textbooks:
1. B.D Chaurasia’s handbook of general anatomy, 6th edition
2. Quick Review of Human Anatomy, 2nd Edition, Authors - Dr. Vidya C S, Dr. Asha Rani
S K, Dr. Ravi Shankar M.V.
3. Basics in Human Anatomy for [Link]. Para medical courses, 2nd Edition, Authors -Dr.
Priya Ranganath, Dr. Leelavati
4. Manipal Manual of Anatomy for Allied health science courses, 3rd Edition, Authors
- Dr. Sampath Madhyastha
*****

16
 SUBJECT: PHYSIOLOGY
Total Teaching Hours: 100 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical/Demonstrations: 30 hours

Course outcomes (CO):

At the end of the course the student should be able to,
CO1. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of homeostatic control of cell, blood & its components & applied
aspects
CO2. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of homeostatic control of gastrointestinal system & renal system &
applied aspects
CO3. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of homeostatic control of cardiovascular system & respiratory system
& applied aspects
CO4. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of homeostatic control of central nervous system & special sensory
organs & applied aspects
CO5. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of homeostatic control of various endocrine glands & nerve & various
muscle, reproductive organs & applied aspects
CO6. Describe the normal functions, regulatory mechanisms, basic principles &
mechanism of temperature regulation
CO7. Observe and
CO8. analyze the reports of various physiological experiments

Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
1. General Physiology:(4 hours)
- Cell physiology
- Homeostasis & Feedback Mechanisms
- Transport across cell membrane: Passive transport- diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, osmosis; Active transport-primary and secondary active transport
- Body fluids: Distribution of total body water, ionic composition of body fluids

17
2. Blood (10 hours)
- Composition and functions of blood
- Plasma proteins and their functions
- Red Blood Cells: Erythropoiesis- Stages and regulation
- Hemoglobin: Normal values, variations and functions
- Blood indices, erythrocytes sedimentation rate and packed cell volume
- White Blood Cells: Types, normal values and functions
- Immune System - Cellular and humoral immunity
- Platelets: Normal range, functions, purpura
- Hemostasis – Stages, Coagulation or clotting of blood: Clotting factors,
Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, hemophilia
- Anticoagulants: Classification and examples
- Blood groups: ABO and Rh systems, importance of blood grouping, hazards of
blood transfusion, erythroblastosis fetalis
- Functions of lymph

3. Nerve and muscle physiology (4 hours)

- Resting membrane potential and Action potential
- Neuron: Structure and function, neuroglia
- Nerve fibers – Classification and properties
- Muscle: Classification, characteristic features of skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscles
- Skeletal muscle: Structure, types of muscle fibers, neuromuscular
transmission, excitation contraction coupling, rigor mortis

4. Cardiovascular system (10 hours)

- Structure and Innervation of heart and blood vessels
- Cardiac muscle: Properties, transmission of cardiac impulse
- Cardiac cycle
- Heart sounds: Differences between first and second heart sounds
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): waves, intervals and uses
- Heart rate: Normal value, variations, regulation
- Cardiac output: Definition, normal value, variations and regulation,
- Blood pressure: Definition, normal value, factors influencing BP, short- term
and long-term regulation
- Special circulation-Coronary, Cerebral

18
5. Respiratory system (8 Hours)
- Organization: air passages, lungs, respiratory membrane, differences between
pulmonary & alveolar ventilation, dead space
- Mechanism of breathing: pressure- volume changes, Muscles involved
- Lung volumes and capacities, Spirogram
- Oxygen transport: Forms, oxygen dissociation curve
- Carbon dioxide transport: Forms of transport, mechanism
- Regulation of respiration: neural and chemical regulation
- Cyanosis, hypoxia-types, acclimatization , Definitions of apnea, dyspnea,
asphyxia

6. Gastrointestinal physiology (5 hours)

- Salivary secretion: Composition, functions
- Deglutition: stages
- Stomach: Functions, gastric juice- Composition & functions, gastric motility
and emptying
- Pancreatic secretion: composition, function
- Functions of liver and gall bladder, Bile: composition, function
- Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
- Small intestine: types of movements, secretion
- Large intestine: Functions, movements and secretion, Physiology of
Defecation

7. Endocrinology (6 hours)
- Major endocrine glands and hormones
- Hormones secreted by pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal
gland and pancreas: functions

8. Reproductive system (5 hours)

- Sex determination and differentiation, Puberty – stages and changes
- Male reproductive system: structure and functions, Spermatogenesis,
Endocrine functions of testis-actions of testosterone
- Female reproductive system: Structure and functions, Menstrual cycle- ovarian
and uterine cycles, hormonal control, Indicators of ovulation
- Physiology of pregnancy and lactation: functions of placenta and milk ejection
reflex
- Contraception

19
9. Renal physiology (8 hours)
- Functions of kidneys, structure of nephron, Juxtaglomerular apparatus, renal
blood flow
- Glomerular Filtration: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)-Factors affecting,
determination of GFR
- Reabsorption and secretion in renal tubules
- Concentration of urine: counter-current multiplier and counter-current
exchanger
- Innervation of bladder, Micturition reflex
- Renal regulation of Acid base balance, Renal function test, dialysis
- Functions of skin & temperature regulation
10. Central Nervous system (6 hours)
- Organization of nervous system - Cerebral Cortex function, Autonomic nervous
system, CSF
- Sensory receptors: Classification & functions
- Synapse: types & Mechanism of synaptic transmission
- Reflex: Definition, components of basic reflex arc, classification
- Ascending and descending pathways
- Physiology of pain- pathway & types
- Thalamus, Basal ganglia, cerebellum, Hypothalamus -Functions
11. Special senses (4 hours)
- Vision: Anatomy of eye, Functions of aqueous and vitreous humor, IOP
- Visual pathway, Accommodation, refractory errors of the eye
- Hearing: Structure and functions of external, middle and inner ear
- Physiology of taste and smell
Practical/ Demonstration- 30 hours
1. Study of compound microscope, hemocytometry
2. Estimation of Haemoglobin
3. Determination of White blood cell count
4. Determination of Red blood cell count
5. Determination of Blood Groups
6. Differential WBC Count
7. Determination of Bleeding time and clotting time
8. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
9. Calculation of Blood indices
10. Pulse and Blood Pressure recording
11. Auscultation of Heart sounds
12. Basic life support
13. Artificial Respiration

20
Final University Examination (UE): First year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Physiology 70 - 30 100 - - - 100

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

NO PRACTICAL UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR PHYSIOLOGY SUBJECT

Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:

[Link]. Systems/ Topics Weightage of Marks
1 General Physiology 02-04
2 Blood* 10 - 12
3 Gastro Intestinal system 04-06
4 Respiratory System* 10-12
5 Cardio Vascular System* 10-12
6 Nerve Muscle Physiology 04-05
7 Central Nervous System 06-08
8 Special Senses 04-06
9 Endocrine System 07-08
10 Reproductive System 04-05
11 Renal System* 10-12
Note: *LEQ can be asked from Blood, CVS, RS and Renal system.

Recommended textbooks:
1. Text and Practical Physiology for MLT – A.K. JAIN – Arya Publishing Company
(Recent edition)
2. Essentials of Physiology for Dental students – K. Sembulingam- JAYPEE publishers
(Recent edition)
3. Solved question bank in physiology – [Link] V- JAYPEE publishers
(Recent edition)
*****

21
 SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
Total Teaching Hours: 250 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 150 hours

Course Outcomes (CO):

At the end of the course the student should be able to,
CO1. Describe basics of photographic processes, materials, and their applications in
medical imaging, including light-sensitive materials and X-ray films.
CO2. Apply film processing techniques to produce high-quality radiographs,
understanding key factors like density and development.
CO3. Evaluate the sensitivity of film materials, intensifying screens, and cassettes,
focusing on their impact on image quality.
CO4. Manage darkroom operations and film processing equipment, ensuring efficient
processing and storage in radiographic departments.
CO5. Describe radiographic image components (density, contrast, detail) and identify
factors contributing to unsharp images.
CO6. Demonstrate competence in special imaging processes like fluorography and
xeroradiography, recognizing their applications in advanced studies
CO7. Identify and troubleshoot common film faults, ensuring consistent high-quality
radiographic image production.
CO8. Implement quality control techniques to maintain and enhance radiographic image
quality for better diagnostic outcomes.

Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
Unit I - Introduction to Photographic processes and materials (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Photographic Process

- Introduction, visible light, images produced by radiation.

- Light-sensitive photographic materials.
- Photographic Emulsions
- Photographic latent image.
- Positive process.
22
2. Film Materials in X-ray Film
- History, structure of X-ray film, single-sided films, types of films.
- Graininess, speed, and contrast of photographic materials.
Unit II - Sensitometry and Film processing (Theory: 16, Practical: 6)
1. Characteristic Curves

- Variation with development.

- Comparison of emulsions by characteristic curves.
- Information derived from characteristic curves.
2. Film Processing
- Development process: nature, manual, automatic.
- The pH scale in development.
- Development time, factors affecting developer use.
- Processing systems and chemicals.
3. Film Fixing
- Fixing solution role, constitution, and properties.
- Automatic processing fixers, factors affecting use.
- Regeneration of fixing solution.
- Silver recovery methods.
Unit III - Film Storage, Intensifying screens and Cassettes (Theory: 12, Practical: 4)
1. Film and Radiograph Storage
- Storage of unprocessed films.
- Radiograph storage.
2. Intensifying Screens and Cassettes
- Luminescence: fluorescence and phosphorescence.
- Construction of intensifying screens.
3. Fluorescent Materials
- Types of intensifying screens, intensification factor.
- Influence of kV, scattered radiation, detail, sharpness, speed, crystal size,
reciprocity failure.
-
23
4. Cassette Design and Care
- Design, care, and mounting of intensifying screens.
- Tests to check screen-film contact and light leakage.
Unit IV - Dark Room and Processing equipment (Theory: 16, Practical: 8)
1. Dark Room Layout and Planning
- Dark room construction: floor, walls, ceiling, and radiation protection.
- Types of entry, door design, illumination.
2. Dark Room Equipment
- Equipment layout, location of pass-through boxes or cassette hatches.
3. Film Processing Equipment
- Materials for processing equipment.
- Processors for manual operation, hangers.
- Control of chemical temperature: heating, thermostat, immersion heaters, cooling
methods.
- Maintenance, common faults.
Unit V- Radiographic Image and Viewing (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)
1. The Radiographic Image
- Components: density, contrast, and detail.
- Factors contributing to unsharpness.
- Identification markers, orientation, documentary preparation.
- Viewing boxes, magnifiers, and conditions for viewing
- Formation of light images, image formation by mirrors and lenses.
- Aberrations of lenses.
Unit VI - Special Imaging Processes and Quality Management (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)
1. Fluorography
- Optical systems for image intensifiers, fluorography.
- Cameras for fluorography, sensitometer response of fluorographic film.
- Processing equipment and procedures, graininess in fluoro-grams.

24
2. Special Imaging Processes
- Xeroradiography: technique and application.
- Copying radiographs: technique and application.
- Subtraction techniques in radiography and applications.
- Due to manufacturing and chemical processing.
- Quality control techniques and measures.

Practical/ Demonstrations- 30 hours

1. Identify X-ray film types, their structure, and how graininess, speed, and
contrast affect image quality.
2. Perform film development techniques, focusing on pH, temperature
control, and the role of fixing solutions.
3. Practice proper storage of films and maintain intensifying screens and
cassettes for better image quality.
4. Plan and maintain the dark room, managing equipment layout and
chemical temperature control.
5. Identify and perform image quality control, addressing density, contrast,
sharpness, and common film faults.

Final University Examination (UE): First year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Radiographic 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Image
Processing
Techniques

25
Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:
I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

Practical university examination pattern:

Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva - 10 marks

Weightage of marks/blue print for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: Introduction to Photographic Processes 10-12
and Materials
2 Unit II: Sensitometry and Film Processing 16-18
3 Unit III: Film Storage, Intensifying Screens, and 12-14
Cassettes
4 Unit IV: Dark Room and Processing Equipment 16-18
5 Unit V: Radiographic Image and Viewing 08-10
6 Unit VI: Special Imaging Processes and Quality 08-10
Management

Note: LEQ can be asked from Units – 1,2,3,4.

Recommended textbooks:
1. Chesney’s Radiographic Imaging: John Ball & Tony Price
2. Fundamental of X- Ray and Radiation Physics: Joseph Selmen
3. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology: Thomas curry, James Dowdey, Robert
C Murry
*****

26
 SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC PHYSICS AND RADIATION SAFETY
Total Teaching Hours: 250 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 150 hours

Course outcomes (CO):

At the end of the course the student should be able to,
CO1. Demonstrate an understanding of radiation physics principles, including atom
structure, X-ray production, and dosimetry.
CO2. Apply advanced radiographic techniques using films and grids, focusing on
exposure factors and image characteristics.
CO3. Describe the key phenomena of radiation interaction, including attenuation,
absorption, and scattering, and their implications for patient exposure.
CO4. Apply the principles of radiation safety, including the ALARA principle and relevant
radiation protection standards.
CO5. Assess the importance of shielding materials and design considerations in the
planning of radiation facilities.
CO6. Implement radiation monitoring procedures and personnel safety measures in
medical imaging environments.

Course Content
Theory - 70 hours
Unit I -Radiation physics (Theory: 8, Practical: 3)
1. Fundamentals of Radiation: Structure of the atom, electromagnetic radiation.
2. Production of x-rays: Diagnostic Xray tube, Process of X-ray generation
Unit II - Imaging with X-rays (Theory: 12, Practical: 4)
1. X-ray Interaction with the matter
2. Attenuation of x-rays and scatter radiation
3. Image Quality Factors: Magnification, distortion, unsharpness, blurring.

27
Unit III – Filters, Beam Restrictors and Grids (Theory: 14, Practical: 5)
1. Filters: Types and its effects.
2. Beam Restrictors and its types
3. Grids: Terminology, evaluation of grid performance and grid cut-off
4. Air gap techniques
Unit IV – Radiation Dosimetry (Theory: 6, Practical: 4)
1. Radiation quantities and units and guidelines of radiation exposure
Unit V – Effects of radiation (Theory: 14, Practical: 6)
1. Early effects of radiation
2. Acute radiation syndrome
3. Late effects of radiation
Unit VI – Radiation safety (Theory: 16, Practical: 8)
1. Radiation monitoring device
2. Radiation protection organisations
3. Cardinal principles of radiation protection and ALARA
4. Equipment’s for radiation safety
5. X-ray room layout
Practical/ Demonstration- 30 hours
1. Use lead aprons, thyroid and gonadal shields to minimize patient exposure during
radiographic procedures.
2. Employ radiation grids to minimize scattered improving image clarity and lowering
unnecessary radiation exposure.
3. Properly adjust collimators to focus the x-ray beam only to the area of interest thus
reducing radiation exposure.
4. Use dose-monitoring tools to ensure radiation exposure is within safe limits
following ALARA principals.
Final University Examination (UE): First year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Radiographic 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Physics and
Radiation Safety
28
Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:
I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva - 10 marks

Weightage of marks/blue print for each topic in theory examination:
Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: Radiation Physics 08-10
2 Unit II: Imaging with X-rays 12-14
3 Unit III: Filters, Beam Restrictors and Grids 14-16
4 Unit IV: Radiation Dosimetry 06-10
5 Unit V: Effects of radiation 14-16
6 Unit VI: Radiation safety 16-18
Note: LEQ can be asked from Unit 1,2,3,5,6
Recommended textbooks:
1. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology – Thomas S. Curry. III, James E.
Dowdey
2. Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography– Mary Alice Statkiewicz and Paula
J.
*****

29
 SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING
Total Teaching Hours: 250 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 150 hours
Course Outcomes (CO):
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
CO1. Demonstrate proficiency in standard radiographic techniques for imaging the
skeletal system, including both upper and lower limbs.
CO2. Apply advanced positioning techniques for shoulder girdle, thorax, abdomen
and vertebral column imaging to obtain clear diagnostic images.
CO3. Perform specialized chest radiography techniques to assess lung conditions,
fluid levels, and other thoracic pathologies.
CO4. Execute radiographic techniques for imaging the pelvic girdle, hip region, and
lumbosacral joints with precision.
CO5. Develop skills in radiographic techniques for complex structures.
CO6. Ensure patient safety and radiation protection while performing specialized
and routine radiographic procedures.
CO7. Analyse and evaluate radiographic images to ensure diagnostic quality,
recognizing common errors in positioning and exposure.
Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
Unit I – Positioning Terminologies (Theory: 5, Practical: 2)
1. Anatomical Position
2. Planes of the body
3. Projection terminologies
4. Body Positions
Unit II – Thorax and Abdomen (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Related Radiological Anatomy
2. Chest: Routine and Special Views
3. Abdomen: Routine and Special Views
Unit III – Pelvic and Shoulder Girdle (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Related Radiological Anatomy
2. Pelvic Girdle: Routine and Special Views
3. Shoulder Girdle: Routine and Special Views

30
Unit IV – Cranium, Facial bones, Paranasal Sinuses and Dental Radiography (Theory: 15,
Practical: 6)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Cranium: Routine and Special Views
3. Facial Bones: Routine and Special Views
4. Paranasal Sinuses: Routine and Special Views
5. Dental Radiography: Intra-oral and extra-oral
Unit V - Vertebral Column (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Routine and Special Views
Unit VI - Upper Limb and Lower Limb (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Upper Limb: Routine and Special Views
3. Lower Limb: Routine and Special Views
Unit VII – Miscellaneous (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)
1. Paediatric and trauma radiography
2. Immobilisation techniques
3. Mammography: Routine and Special views

Practical/Demonstrations- 30 hours
1. Ensure proper patient positioning for accurate imaging, adjusting for specific
radiographic techniques.
2. Use the correct exposure settings (kVp and mAs) based on the body part's thickness
and density.
3. Operate X-ray equipment proficiently, adjusting tube angulation, collimation, and
distance as needed.
4. Evaluate image quality for proper positioning, contrast, and sharpness, avoiding
artifacts.
5. Ensure proper patient positioning and exposure settings during paediatric radiography.
6. Follow radiation safety protocols, using shielding and minimizing exposure according to
ALARA principles.

31
Final University Examination (UE): First year
SUBJECT Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
PAPERS (Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Radiographic 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Positioning

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical- 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing a Procedure- 30 marks
Theory Viva - 10 marks

Weightage of marks / blue print for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage
of marks
1 Unit I: Positioning Terminologies 05-07
2 Unit II: Thorax and Abdomen 10-12
3 Unit III: Pelvic and Shoulder Girdle 10-12
4 Unit IV: Cranium, Facial bones, Paranasal Sinuses and 15-20
Dental Radiography
5 Unit V: Vertebral Column 14-16
6 Unit VI: Upper Limb and Lower Limb 10-12
7 Unit VII: Miscellaneous 10-12
Note: LEQ can be asked from Units II, III, IV, V, VI, VII

Recommended textbooks:
1. Merrill’s Atlas of Radiographic Positioning & Radiological Procedure: Philip W Ballinger
& Ergene D Frank
2. Text Book of Radiographic Positioning & Related Anatomy: Kenneth L Bontrager
3. Clarks Positioning in Radiography: R. A. Swallow, E Naylor

*****
32
 FIRST YEAR - SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

Sl No Subject Teaching hours

1 English and Communication Skills 20
2 Indian constitution 20
3 Environment science 20
4 Computer basics 20
5 Health care system and Nursing care 20

1. ENGLISH AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS (20 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Speak and write proper English
2. Read, understand and comprehend English
3. Good in Letter writing, Note making, Essay writing, Report writing, etc.
4. Communicate in the right way

Course contents:
ENGLISH
1. Functional English – Grammar – Parts of speech
2. Components of a sentence – Verb - Transformation of sentences – Voice - Reported
speech - Positive/ negative -Statement/ Interrogative - Subject verb agreement -
Common errors – Exercises
3. Paragraph writing – Structure and essential elements
4. Writing skills: Teaching the different methods of writing like Note making,
Summarizing, Report writing, Letter writing, E-mails, Medical transcription - case
study, collecting the patient data and report writing.
5. Reading: What is efficient and fast reading? - Awareness of existing reading habits
- Tested techniques for improving speed - Improving concentration and
comprehension through systematic study
6. Comprehension: Expansion of an idea - Exercises on reading passages and
answering questions based on the passage, Review of selected materials and
express oneself in one's words, Seminar for students on power point presentation
and book review.

33
 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Basic concepts & principles of good communication
2. Special characteristics of health communication
3. Types & process of communication
4. Barriers of communication & how to overcome
5. Communication Skills With focus on speaking - Conversations, discussions,
dialogues, short presentations, pronunciation
6. Speaking: Importance of speaking efficiently, Voice culture, Preparation of speech,
secrets of good delivery, Presentation skills - Conference/Interview technique, body
language, Audience psychology handling, Basics of nonverbal communication
7. Listening: Importance of listening - Self-awareness about listening -Action plan
execution - Barriers in listening - Good and persuasive listening

2. INDIAN CONSTITUTION (20 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Describe the fundamental rights and duties of Indian citizen
2. Understand the Directive Principles of States Policies
3. Develop awareness about special Rights created in Indian Constitution
4. Understand the Doctrine of Separation of Powers legislative, Executive and Judicial
and their functioning in India
Course Contents:
1. Meaning of the term ‘Constitution’ - Making of the Indian Constitution 1946‐1950
2. The democratic institutions created by the constitution Bicameral system of
Legislature at the Centre and in the States.
3. Fundamental Rights and Duties, their content and significance
4. Directive Principles of States Policies the need to balance Fundamental Rights with
Directive Principles.
5. Special Rights created in the Constitution for: Dalits, Backwards, Women and
Children and the Religious and Linguistic Minorities.
6. Doctrine of Separation of Powers legislative, Executive and Judicial and their
functioning in India
7. The Election Commission and State Public Service commissions
8. Method of amending the Constitution
34
 9. Enforcing rights through writs.
10. Right to information act, Consumer protection act
11. Constitution and sustainable development in India

Recommended books:
1. J.C. Johari: The Constitution of India‐ A Politico‐Legal Study‐Sterling Publication,
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
2. J.N. Pandey: Constitution Law of India, Allahbad, Central Law Agency, 1998.
3. Granville Austin: The Indian Constitution – Corner Stone of a Nation‐Oxford, New
Delhi, 2000.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (EVS) (20 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Describe various environmental factors affecting Health
2. Understand the importance of proper waste disposal
3. Develop awareness about housing standards to promote good health
4. Understand the modes of disease transmission and various control measures

Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Environment and Health - Health hazards and control of
environmental pollution
2. Water - The concept of safe and wholesome water, requirements of sanitary
sources of water, water Pollution – causes and effects on health
3. Understanding the methods of purification of water on small scale and large scale,
household purification, Various biological standards, including WHO guidelines for
third world countries, methods for assessing quality of water.
4. Air - Composition, Indices of Thermal Comfort, Air pollutants, Air Pollution – Health
effects, Environmental Effects, Green-house effect, Social & Economic Effects,
Monitoring, Prevention & Control.
5. Light, Noise, Radiation - Natural and Artificial light; Properties, sources, noise
pollution and its control, types, sources, biological effects and protection, Radiation
hazards
6. Waste Disposal - Disposal of Wastes - Solid Wastes, Health hazards, Methods of
Disposal; Dumping, Controlled tipping/sanitary landfill, Incineration, Composting.

35
 7. Excreta Disposal - Public health importance, Health hazards, sanitation barrier,
Methods of excreta disposal, unsewered areas and sewered areas, sewage, Modern
Sewage Treatment.
8. Awareness of standards of housing and the effect of poor housing on health- Social
goals of housing, Criteria for Healthful Housing by Expert Committee of the WHO,
Housing standards- Environmental Hygiene Committee, Rural Housing Standards,
Overcrowding, Indicators of Housing.
9. Role of arthropods in the causation of diseases, mode of transmission of
arthropods borne diseases, methods of control

Recommended Books:
1. Text Book of Environmental Studies for under graduate courses By Erach Bharucha
Reprinted in 2006, Orient Longman Private Limited /Universities Press India Pvt.
Ltd.
2. Park K. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine.

4. COMPUTER BASICS (20 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Achieve computer literacy in an inclusive manner
2. Understand data, information and file management
3. Create documents using Word processor, Spreadsheet & Presentation Software
4. Understand computer networks, Browse the internet, content search, email and
collaborate with peers
Course contents:
1. Introduction to computer: Introduction, characteristics of computer, block diagram
of computer, generations of computer, computer languages.
2. Input output devices: Input devices (keyboard, point and draw devices, data
scanning devices, digitizer, electronic card reader, voice recognition devices,
vision-input devices)
3. Output devices (monitors, pointers, plotters, screen image projector, voice
response systems).
4. Processor and memory: The Central Processing Unit (CPU), main memory.
5. Storage Devices: Sequential and direct access devices, magnetic tape, magnetic
disk, optical disk, mass storage devices.
36
 6. Introduction of windows: History, features, desktop, taskbar, icons on the desktop,
operation with folder, creating shortcuts, operation with windows (opening,
closing, moving, resizing, minimizing and maximizing, etc.).
7. Introduction to MS-Word: introduction, components of a word window, creating,
opening and inserting files, editing a document file, page setting and formatting
the text, saving the document, spell checking, printing the document file, creating
and editing of table, mail merge.
8. Introduction to Excel: introduction, about worksheet, entering information, saving
workbooks and formatting, printing the worksheet, creating graphs.
9. Introduction to power-point: introduction, creating and manipulating presentation,
views, formatting and enhancing text, slide with graphs.
10. Introduction of Operating System: introduction, operating system concepts, types
of operating system.
11. Computer networks: introduction, types of network (LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet,
12. Intranet), network topologies (star, ring, bus, mesh, tree, hybrid), components of
network.
13. Internet and its Applications: definition, brief history, basic services (E-Mail, File
Transfer Protocol, telnet, the World Wide Web (WWW)), www browsers, use of the
internet.
14. Application of Computers in clinical settings.
Practical on fundamentals of computers -
1. Learning to use MS office: MS word, MS PowerPoint, MS Excel.
2. To install different software.
3. Data entry efficiency
5. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND NURSING CARE (20 HOURS)
Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Define Health and understand various concepts of Health
2. Describe Health care delivery system in India
3. Describe various National Health Programmes of India
4. Develop skills of basic nursing care of patients and First Aid Principles and
guidelines

37
Course contents:
Health Care system:
1. Health
- Definition of Health, Medicine in antiquity, Indigenous system of Medicine,
Dawn of scientific medicine.
- Changing concepts in Public Health, Health for All, MDG and SDG.
2. Determinants of health and Health indicators
- Health determinants
- Characteristics of Indicators of health and types of indicators -Mortality and
Morbidity indicators
3. Health care delivery system in India
- History of Public Health in India
- Health system in India – At the Centre, State and District levels
- Concepts and levels of healthcare
- Primary health care – Elements and principles of primary health care
- Health care services – Primary health care in India, Staffing pattern at Primary
health centre
- Health team concept
- Working in a health care team - working as a healthcare team at a primary health
centre with the job description of the staff at PHC and working as a health care
team at field level/ community setting – Camp approach
4. National health policy
- Introduction to National Programs, National AIDS Control Program
- National Blindness Control Program
- National Programs related to Maternal and Child Health
5. Population of India and Family Welfare Programs in India
- Definition of Population explosion, Reasons for Population explosion and
Impact of Population explosion
- Family planning program in India

38
Nursing care:
1. Nursing principles, Inter-Personnel relationships.
2. Simple aseptic technique, sterilization and disinfection.
3. Lifting and Transporting Patients: Lifting patients up in the bed. Transferring from
bed to wheel chair. Transferring from bed to stretcher.
4. Bed making, Nursing Position, prone, lateral, dorsal, dorsal recumbent, Fowler's
positions, comfort measures.
5. Bed Side Management: Giving and taking Bed pan, Observation of stools, urine.
understand use and care of catheters, enema giving.
6. Methods of Giving Nourishment: Feeding, Tube feeding, drips, transfusion
7. Medication and their administration - Routes of administration – Topical, Oral,
Parenteral route, intravenous, Intramuscular, subdermal routes
8. Recording of body temperature, respiration and pulse rate
9. Bandaging: Basic turns, Bandaging extremities; Triangular Bandages and their
application.
10. First Aid: Syllabus as for Certificate Course of Red Cross Society of St. John's
Ambulance Brigade.
Reference Books:
1. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by [Link]
2. Counseling & Communicate skills for medical and health, Bayne- Orient Longman
Pvt. Ltd

THERE SHALL BE NO UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

*****

39
 PART IV - SECOND YEAR COURSE CONTENTS
SUBJECT: BASIC AND APPLIED PATHOLOGY
Total Teaching Hours: 100 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical/ Demonstrations: 30 hours

Course outcomes (CO):

At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Describe the normal blood constituents, urine constituents, body fluid
compositions and their basic laboratory investigations
CO2. Describe haemostatic, fibrinolytic mechanisms and lab tests to evaluate them.
CO3. Discuss the process of blood bank and comprehend basic quality control and
BMW management
CO4. Describe various ways of cellular adaptation, types of necrosis and
calcification.
CO5. Describe inflammation, regeneration and repair mechanism, various
haemodynamic disorders and thrombosis.
CO6. Describe the components and biological role of immune system and
associated disorders
CO7. Describe the hallmarks of neoplasia, carcinogenesis, etiology and markers of
oral and breast carcinoma
CO8. Describe various bleeding disorders and disorders of RBCs, WBCs.
CO9. Discuss various disorders of lung, blood vessels, heart, Liver, biliary tract and
pancreas, diabetes mellitus and its pathophysiological effects.
CO10. Describe various disorders of renal system, female and male genital tract,
nervous system.

40
Course contents:
Theory – 70 hours
Unit I: Clinical Pathology
1. Introduction to pathology department
2. Introduction to Clinical Pathology - Processing of various clinical specimens,
3. Urine Examination – Collection, Transportation and Preservation of urine
4. Urine Examination – physical, Chemical and Microscopic examination of urine.
5. Examination of body fluids, Examination of cerebro spinal fluid (CSF),
6. Sputum Examination, Examination of faeces
Unit II: Haematology
1. Introduction to Haematology and Collection of Blood samples, Various
Anticoagulants,
2. Instruments and glassware used in Haematology and its uses
3. Normal constituents of Blood, Structure and function of RBC, WBC and Platelets in
detail
4. Hb, PCV and ESR - Definition, different methods and procedures in detail of each
5. Normal Haemostasis with blood coagulation mechanism, fibrinolytic system.
6. Lab investigations - BT, CT, PT, APTT
7. Special stain used in cytology
Unit III: Blood Bank
1. Introduction to blood bank -Blood grouping and Rh Types and Cross matching
Unit IV: General Pathology
1. Cell Injury and Repair - Adaptation, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy and
Metaplasia Necrosis and Apoptosis - Differences Between Apoptosis and Necrosis
2. Acute and Chronic Inflammation; Five Cardinal Signs of Inflammation, Outcomes
Of Acute Inflammation and Chronic Inflammation, Granulomatus Inflammation and
Acute Phase Proteins
3. Tissue Repair, regeneration and Cutaneous wound Healing, Hemodynamic
Disorders (Hyperemia, Congestion, Thrombosis, Virchow's Triad, Embolism,
Infarction), Shock - Definition, causes and pathogenesis
4. Diseases Of Immune System - Hypersensitivity Reaction Type I, II, III and IV. AIDS -
very brief about Virus, risk factors, pathogenesis and opportunistic infection.

41
 5. Neoplasia - Definition of Neoplasia. Differences Between Benign and Malignant
Tumour, Metastasis, Carcinogenesis – Causes
6. Carcinoma Of Oral Cavity, Causes, Etiology of Carcinoma Cervix, Type of Virus
Implicated, Virus Serotype, Screening Investigations, Breast Carcinoma - Risk
Factors

Unit V: Systemic Pathology

1. Disorders of RBC: Anaemia – Definition, classification and diagnosis, Iron
Deficiency Anaemia, Megaloblastic anaemia, Haemolytic anaemia and
Polycythemia
2. Bleeding Disorders: Thrombocytopenia, Bleeding and Coagulation disorders –
Definition, causes, classification and effects. Tests for bleeding disorders, Uses of
Bleeding time, clotting time, PT and aPTT
3. WBC disorders: Leukocytosis, Agranulocytosis, acute and chronic Leukemias,
Causes of splenomegaly
4. Disease of the GIT: Peptic ulcer, Carcinoma stomach, Intestinal obstruction, acute
appendicitis, Colonic carcinoma – causes
5. Diseases of Liver, Biliary tract and Pancreas: Jaundice – classification based on
pathophysiology; Cirrhosis – Definition and causes; Hepatitis – Types of viral
hepatitis and transmission;
6. Endocrine System: Diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus, Major subtypes of
diabetes mellitus, Differences between type I and Type II diabetes mellitus,
Complications of diabetes mellitus
7. Blood vessels: Atherosclerosis – Risk factors; Hypertension – diagnostic criteria,
types and causes; Thrombophlebitis and Phlebothrombosis, Aneurysms- definition,
classification, pathology and complications
8. The Heart: Heart failure; Name congenital heart diseases, IHD: definition, types,
pathophysiology, pathology - Myocardial infarction – causes, laboratory changes
and complications; Cor- pulmonale - Definition and causes. Cardiomyopathy -
definition, types, causes and significance; Pericardial effusion- causes, effects,
diagnosis.
9. Diseases of the Lung: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; obstructive vs
restrictive diseases; Asthma – pathogenesis; Pneumonia – lobar and
bronchopneumonia; pneumoconiosis - definition and causes, pulmonary
congestion and edema; Lung carcinoma – Incidence and Causes; pleural effusion-
causes, effects and diagnosis

42
 10. The Kidney and Lower urinary tract: Acute Renal failure – definition and causes of
pre-renal, renal and post-renal ARF; Chronic renal failure – definition and causes;
End stage renal disease - definition, causes effects and role of dialysis and renal
transplantation and management.
11. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis; Acute nephritic syndrome; Nephrotic
syndrome – definition and causes; Acute tubular necrosis – definition and causes;
Obstructive uropathy - definition and causes; Urolithiasis – types of stones
12. Female genital tract: Endometriosis, Adenomyosis and Leiomyoma – Definition of
each. Carcinoma of Cervix and Uterus: different types. Male genital tract:
Carcinoma penis – causes; Testicular tumors – Classification terminology;
Prostatic Hyperplasia – Causes, symptoms, Definition of Carcinoma of prostate
in brief
13. Nervous system: Intracerebral, Subarachnoid and Subdural haemorrhage,
Meningitis and Encephalitis – Bacterial and viral causes and CSF findings; Epilepsy
– Causes and classification. Coma and CNS tumors - enlist few CNS tumors.

Practical / Demonstrations- 30 hours

1. Urine analysis- Physical, Chemical and Microscopic
2. Blood grouping and Rh typing
3. Hb estimation, packed cell volume (PCV), Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate (ESR)
4. Bleeding time and Clotting time

Final University Examination (UE): Second year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Basic and Applied 70 - 30 100 - - - 100
Pathology

43
Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:
I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

NO PRACTICAL UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR BASIC AND APPLIED PATHOLOGY

SUBJECT

Weightage of marks/blue print for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage
of marks
1 UNIT I: Clinical Pathology 10-15
2 UNIT II: Haematology 10-15
3 UNIT III: Blood Bank 05-08
4 UNIT IV: General Pathology - Cell injury, Inflammation, 20-25
Hemodynamic disorders, Immune system, Neoplasia
5 Unit V: Systemic Pathology 25-30
Note: LEQ can be asked from Unit I, II, IV, V.

Recommended textbooks:
1. Harsh Mohan – Textbook of Pathology for Nursing
2. Textbook of Pathology for Allied Health Sciences by Ramadas Nayak
3. Basic and Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Histopathology and Cytology by
Pranab Dey
*****

44
 SUBJECT: PATIENT CARE IN RADIOLOGY
Total Teaching Hours: 300 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 200 hours
Course outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Understand the role and ethical responsibilities of a imaging
technologist within the healthcare team, including patient rights and
medico-legal aspects
CO2. Develop effective communication skills for interacting with patients,
families, and healthcare professionals in various clinical scenarios.
CO3. Apply safe patient handling techniques, including transfers and
positioning, to ensure patient comfort and prevent injury.
CO4. Implement infection control measures and aseptic techniques to
maintain a safe radiological environment
CO5. Demonstrate the correct administration of medications relevant to
radiological procedures, including proper documentation.
CO6. Recognize and respond to acute medical emergencies, providing
appropriate support.
CO7. Perform and manage gastrointestinal radiographic examinations using
contrast media, ensuring proper patient preparation and follow-up care.
CO8. Execute specialized imaging techniques and contrast media
procedures, ensuring patient safety in special settings like mobile and
ICU radiography.
Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
Unit I – The Imaging Technologist as a member of the health care system/team (theory:
8, practical: 4)
1. The Health Care Team
2. Ethical and Medico-legal Consideration
3. Code of Ethics
4. Self-Care
45
 5. Care of Supplies and Equipment
6. Patient Rights
7. Malpractice
Unit II - Attitudes and communication in patient care (theory: 10, practical: 4)
1. The Health-Illness Continuum
2. Developing Professional Attitudes
3. Dealing with Dying and Death
4. Communication with Patients
5. Challenges in Communication: Children and Adolescents, Geriatric Patients, Altered
States of Consciousness, and Patients Who Do Not Speak Vernacular Language
6. Communication with Patients' Families
7. Communication with Co-workers
8. The Chart as a Resource
9. Problem-Oriented Medical Recording

Unit III - Safety, transfer and positioning (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)

1. Fire Prevention and Fire Protocol
2. Other Common Hazards
3. Body Mechanics
4. Patient Transfer: Wheelchair Transfer, Stretcher Transfer
5. Positioning for Safety and Comfort
6. Skin Care
7. Safety Straps and Rails
8. Restraints and Immobilization Methods
9. Accident and Incident Reports

Unit IV - Evaluating and meeting physical needs (Theory: 8, Practical: 2)

1. Meeting Personal Needs
- Serving as a Physician Stand-in
- Current Status and Physical Signs
- Vital Signs

46
2. Infection control
- The Cycle of Infection
- Practical Asepsis
- Handling Linen
- Disposal of Contaminated Waste
- Environmental Asepsis
- Isolation Techniques
- The Isolation Patient in the Radiology Department
- Precautions for Compromised Patients
- Surgical Asepsis
Unit V - Medication and their administration (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)
1. The Role of the Radiographer
2. Medication Information
3. The Topical Route
4. The Oral Route
5. The Parenteral Route
6. Preparation of Injection
7. The Intravenous Route
8. Charting
Unit VI - Dealing with acute situations (Theory: 10, Practical: 6)
1. Accident Victims
2. Head Injury
3. Spinal Injury
4. Extremities Fracture
5. Oxygen Administration
6. Life-Threatening Emergencies
7. Respiratory Arrest
8. Heart Attacks and Cardiac Arrest
9. Shock

47
 10. Other Medical Emergencies: Nausea, Epistaxis, Postural Hypotension and Vertigo,
Seizures, Diabetic Coma and Insulin Reaction, Asthma, Wound Dehiscence,
Multiple Emergencies
UNIT VII - Preparation and Examination of Special Procedures (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Preparations for Examination: Diet, Cathartics, Enemas
2. Contrast Media for Gastrointestinal Examinations: Barium Sulphate, Iodinated
Media, Air Contrast
3. Examination of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Barium Enemas, Double-Contrast
Barium Enemas
4. Upper Gastrointestinal Studies: Routine Upper Gastrointestinal Studies, Double-
Contrast Gastrointestinal Studies, Hypotonic Duodenography
5. Ensuring Compliance with Preparation Orders
6. Follow-up Care
7. Iodinated Contrast Media
8. Aqueous Iodine Compounds for Intravascular Injection
9. Reaction to Contrast Media
10. Contrast Examination of the Urinary System: IVU
11. Retrograde Pyelography
12. Contrast Examination of the Biliary System: Oral Cholecystography, Intravenous
Cholangiography, PTC
UNIT VIII - Hospital procedures and records (Theory: 8, Practical: 2)
1. Scope of Services: Outpatient and inpatient departments, diagnostic services.
2. Medical Records: Patient data entry forms and formats, maintaining patient
medication information sheets.
3. Medical Records Maintenance: Health Information System (HIS) and Lab
Information System (LIS), intranet usage and applications.
4. Hospital Statistics: Computation, data management, storage, and retrieval.
5. Electronic Health Records: Data entry and management on electronic health record
systems.

48
Practical/ Demonstration- 30 hours
1. Implement safety measures for patient transfers and hazard management.
2. Apply aseptic techniques and waste disposal methods in radiology.
3. Manage acute situations effectively, including trauma and emergencies.
4. Prepare patients for gastrointestinal examinations and contrast media use.
5. Explain and obtain consent from the patient for various radiological procedure and
manage contrast media reaction.

Final University Examination (UE): Second year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Patient care in 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Radiology

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

Practical university examination pattern:

Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva- 10 marks

49
Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:
Sl No Topics Weightage
of marks
1 Unit I: The Imaging technologist as a member of the 08-10
health care system/team
2 Unit II: Attitudes and communication in patient care 10-12
3 Unit III: Safety, transfer and positioning 08-10
4 Unit IV: Evaluating and meeting physical needs 08-10
5 Unit V: Medication and their administration 08-10
6 Unit VI: Dealing with acute situations 10-12
8 Unit VII: Preparation and examination of Special 10-12
Procedures
9 Unit VIII: Hospital Procedures and Records 08-10
Note: LEQ can be asked from Units II, V, VI, VIII

Recommended textbooks:
1. Patient Care in Radiology with and introduction to medical imaging: Ruth Ann Ehrlich
*****

50
 SUBJECT: EQUIPMENT FOR RADIO-DIAGNOSIS
Total Teaching Hours: 300 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 200 hours
Course outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Explain the operation and types of high-tension generators and X-ray tubes.
CO2. Describe the components and control mechanisms in X-ray circuits.
CO3. Assess methods for managing scattered radiation in X-ray imaging.
CO4. Identify and operate specialized X-ray equipment, including portable and
fluoroscopic units.
CO5. Describe the principles and equipment used in tomography and serial
radiography.
CO6. Recognize cranial and dental radiography equipment, their applications and
perform cranial and dental radiography
CO7. Evaluate the function of image intensifiers in fluoroscopy.
CO8. Implement safety protocols for various X-ray imaging techniques.

Course contents:
Theory- 70 hours
Unit I- High tension generators and X-ray tubes (Theory: 14, Practical: 6)
1. High tension generators:
- Self-rectified high-tension circuit
- Half-wave rectified circuit.
- Four-valve full-wave rectified circuit.
- Three-phase full-wave rectified circuit.
- Voltage waveforms in high tension generators.
- Constant potential circuits.
- Rectifiers – valves and solid-state.
- High-frequency generators, advancements, and newer developments.

51
2. The X-ray Tube:
- General features of the X-ray tube.
- Fixed anode X-ray tube.
- Rotating anode X-ray tube.
- Rating of X-ray tubes.
- Focal spot sizes.
- Methods of heat dissipation in X-ray tubes.
- Common tube faults.
- Developments in rotating anode tubes
- Tube stands and ceiling tube supports.
Unit II - Components and control in X-ray circuits (Theory: 14, Practical: 6)
1. Components and control in the X-ray circuits
- High tension transformer.
- Rectification of high tension.
- Control of kilovoltage and kilovoltage indication.
- Filament circuit and control of tube current.
- Exposure timers (electronic and automatic).
- Main voltage compensation.
- Mains supply and X-ray set.
2. Control of scattered radiation:
- Significance of scatter.
- Beam-limiting devices (cones, diaphragms, collimators).
- Beam centring devices.
- Secondary radiation grid: types and components.
- Grid movements and assessment of grid functions.
Unit III - Specialized X-Ray equipment (Theory: 16, Practical: 8)

1. Portable and Mobile X-ray Units

- Main requirements.
- Portable X-ray machines
- X-ray equipment for operation theatres.
2. Fluoroscopic equipment
- Structure of a fluorescent screen.
- Fluoroscopic image.
- Fluoroscopic table.

52
 - Spot film devices and exploratory.
- Protective measures.
- Physiology of vision.
Unit VI - Tomographic and Serial radiographic equipment (Theory: 14, Practical: 6)
1. Tomographic Equipment:
- Principle of tomography
- Various types of tomographic movements
- Multi-section radiography
- Transverse axial tomography
- Equipment for tomography
2. Equipment for Rapid Serial Radiography:
- AOT changer
- Roll film
- Cut film changer
- Rapid cassette changer
Unit V - Cranial and Dental radiography equipment (Theory: 12, Practical: 4)
1. Skull table
2. General dental X-ray equipment.
3. Specialized dental X-ray equipment.
Practical/ Demonstrations- 30 hours
1. Perform setup and operation of various x-ray tubes.
2. Demonstrate control of kilovoltage, tube current and exposure setting in x-ray
circuits.
3. Apply beam limiting devices and grids to manage scattered radiation.
4. Operate portable and mobile x-ray unit in various clinical settings.
5. Perform fluoroscopic procedures and operate image intensifiers.
6. Operate cranial and dental radiographic equipment for diagnostic images.
7. Implement safety protocol during radiographic procedure ensuring dose reduction.

Final University Examination (UE): Second year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Equipment for 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Radio-diagnosis

53
Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:
I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks
Theory Viva- 10 marks

Weightage of marks/ blueprint for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: High tension generators and x-ray tubes 14-16
2 Unit II: Components and control in x-ray circuits 14-16
3 Unit III: Specialized x-ray equipment 16-18
4 Unit IV: Tomographic and serial radiographic 14-16
equipment

Note: LEQ can be asked from Units I, II, V

Recommended textbooks:
1. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology: Thomas Curry, James
Dowdey, Robert C Murry
2. Essential Physics of Medical Imaging: Jerrold T Bushberg, J Antony Seibert, Edvin
M Leidholdt
3. Fundamental of X-Ray and Radiation Physics: Joseph Selman
*****

54
 SUBJECT: SPECIAL PROCEDURES AND FLUOROSCOPY
Total Teaching Hours: 300 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 200 hours
Course outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Execute comprehensive radiographic assessments including patient preparation.
CO2. Apply advanced techniques to enhance diagnostic imaging.
CO3. Conduct procedures ensuring adherence to safety protocols and efficient equipment
management.
CO4. Perform specialized procedures with a clear understanding of contrast media and
patient indications.
CO5. Implement double contrast barium studies, recognizing the procedural requirements
and potential contraindications.
CO6. Demonstrate competence in radiological procedures understanding their indications
and techniques.
Course contents:
Unit I – Contrast Media (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)
1. Classification
2. Chemistry
3. Physiology
4. Toxicity and treatment
Unit II – Urinary system (Theory: 18, Practical: 5)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Intravenous Urography: Definition, indications, contraindications, preparation,
contrast media, procedure, filming techniques, modifications, complications and
aftercare.
3. Micturating cystourethrogram: Definition, Indication, contrast media, procedure and
complications.
4. Retrograde pyeloureterography: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast
media, procedure, aftercare and complications
55
Unit III – Barium studies (Theory: 20, Practical: 10)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Barium Swallow: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast media,
procedure, specific conditions, aftercare and complications
3. Barium meal: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast media, procedure,
aftercare and complications.
4. Barium meal follow through: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast
media, procedure, aftercare and complications.
5. Enteroclysis: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast media, procedure,
aftercare and complications.
6. Barium enema: Definition, indications, contraindication, contrast media,
procedure, aftercare and complications.
Unit IV – Reproductive system (Theory: 12, Practical: 5)
1. Related radiological anatomy
2. Hysterosalpingography: Definition, indications, contraindication, equipment,
procedure, technique, aftercare, complications and Sion test
3. Fallopian tube recanalization: Definition, indications, contraindication, timing of
study, instrumentation, preparation, premedication, technique, other methods,
post procedure follow up, complications.
Unit V – Miscellaneous (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)
1. Related radiological anatomy.
2. Sialography: Definition, indications, equipment, preparation, procedure.
3. Dacrocystography: Definition, indications, materials, technique, complications and
other techniques.
4. Others: Sinography, Fistulography, Myelography etc.

56
Practical/ Demonstrations- 30 hours
1. Ensure proper patient preparation for various special procedure.
2. Adequately arrange the equipment needed.
3. Conduct the procedures effectively with required filming.
4. Manage the complications of contrast media.
Final University Examination (UE): Second year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Special procedures 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
and fluoroscopy

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva- 10 marks

57
Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:
Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: Contrast media 10- 12
2 Unit II: Urinary system 18-20
3 Unit III: Barium studies 20- 25
4 Unit IV: Reproductive system 12- 15
5 Unit V: Miscellaneous 10- 12
Note: LEQ can be asked from Unit 1,2,3,4,5.
Recommended textbooks:
1. Radiological procedures: A Guideline – Dr. Bhushan N Lakhkar.
*****

58
 SECOND YEAR- SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

Sl No Subject Teaching hours

1 Sociology 30
2 Clinical psychology 30
3 Medical ethics and Medical records 20

1. SOCIOLOGY (30 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to-
1. Understand basic sociology concepts, principles and social process.
2. Describe the role of social institutions in relation to the individual, family and
community.
3. Discuss various social factors affecting the family in rural and urban communities
in India.
Course content:
1. Introduction:
- Meaning, Definition and scope of sociology. Its relation to Anthropology,
Psychology, Social Psychology
- Importance of its study with special reference to health care professionals
2. Social Factors in Health and Disease:
- Meaning of social factors, Role of social factors in health and illness
3. Socialization:
- Meaning and nature of socialization
- Primary, Secondary and Anticipatory socialization
4. Social Groups:
- Concepts of social groups, influence of formal and informal groups on health
and sickness. The role of peoples involved in the primary and secondary health
care groups in the hospital and rehabilitation setup.

59
5. Family:
- The family, meaning and definitions, Functions of types of family, Changing
family patterns
- Influence of family on the individual’s health, family and nutrition, the effects of
sickness in the family and psychosomatic disease and their importance to
physiotherapy.
6. Community:
- Rural community: Meaning and features – Health hazards to rural communities,
health hazards to tribal community.
- Urban community: Meaning and features – Health hazards of urbanities
7. Culture and Health:
a. Concept of Health, Concept of culture
b. Culture and Health, Culture and Health Disorders
8. Social Change:
- Meaning of social changes.
- Human adaptation and social change
- Social change and stress.
- Social change and health programme
- The role of social planning in the improvement of health and rehabilitation.
9. Social Problems of disabled: Consequences of the following social problems in
relation to sickness and disability, remedies to prevent these problems.
- Population explosion
- Poverty and unemployment, Problems of women in employment
- Juvenile delinquency, Geriatric problems, Problems of underprivileged.
- Alcoholism
10. Social Work:
- Meaning of Social Work
- The role of a Medical Social Worker

60
Recommended Books:
1. Sachdeva & Vidya bhushan, Introduction to the study of sociology

2. Indrani T.K., Text book of sociology for graduates’ nurses and Physiotherapy
students, JP Brothers, New Delhi 10 46

2. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY (30 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course the student should be able to,
1. Understand basic concepts, scope, and significance of psychology, particularly in
health sciences.
2. Analyse stages of growth and development, and examine the roles of heredity,
environment, and the nature vs. nurture debate.
3. Comprehend theories of motivation and emotions, manage stress, and understand
learning processes and factors influencing learning.
4. Explore types of thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving strategies, and assess
intelligence through various theories and tests.
5. Understand personality development, different personality theories, and
assessment methods, and learn clinical methods and counselling techniques.
Course content:
1. Introduction to psychology
- Scope and Significance of psychology in health sciences
2. Growth and development
- Hereditary and Environment: definition, their role in growth and development
- Nature vs Nurture: definition, and the controversy
3. Motivation
- Motivation cycle (need, drive, incentive, and reward)
- Classification of motives
4. Emotions
- Three levels of analysis of emotions
- Theories of emotions
- Stress: definition, types, and management of stress
5. Thinking
- Definitions, types, and modes of thinking
- Reasoning: definition, deductive and inductive reasoning

61
 - Problem-solving: types of problems, the process of problem-solving, the
IDEAL method
6. Learning
- Understanding learning, definitions of learning
- Characteristics of learning
- Theories of learning: trial and error, classical conditioning, operant
conditioning
- Factors influencing learning
- Effective ways to learn
7. Intelligence
- Introduction to intelligence, definitions
- Factors influencing intelligence
- Assessment of intelligence
8. Personality
- Understanding personality
- Stages and processes involved in personality development
- Approaches to personality: Type, trait, behaviouristic, psychoanalytical,
humanistic
- Defence mechanisms
- Personality assessment
Recommended textbooks:
1. King, R. A., Morgan, C. T., Robinson, N. M., Wittig, A., & Davidoff, L. L. (2017).
Introduction To Psychology (7th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
2. Feldman, R. S. (2021). Understanding Psychology (15th ed.). McGraw Hill.
3. Mangal, S. K. (2002). Advanced Education Psychology (2nd ed.). PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd.

3. MEDICAL ETHICS AND MEDICAL RECORDS (20 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course, student should be able to,
1. Describe the basic concepts of medical ethics in patient care, research and medical
record maintenance.
2. Improve the quality of patient care by identifying, analyzing, and attempting to
resolve the ethical problems that arise in clinical practice.
3. Recognize the need to make health care resources available to patients fairly,
equitably and without bias, discrimination or undue influence.
4. Demonstrate an understanding and application of basic legal concepts of clinical
practice.
62
 Course Content:
1. Medical ethics
- Medical ethics - Definition - Goal - Scope
- Introduction to Code of conduct
- Duties and Responsibilities of health care team workers
- Basic principles of medical ethics – Confidentiality
- Malpractice and negligence
- Autonomy and informed consent - Right of patients
- Care of the terminally ill- Euthanasia
- Ethics in Organ transplantation
- Laws relevant to medical practice
- Professional Indemnity - insurance policy
- Medico-legal aspects and its relation to consumer protection act
2. Medical records
- Scope of services, Outpatient and Inpatient departments, Diagnostic services
- Medical records - Patient data entry forms and formats, Maintaining the
medication information sheets of patients
- Medical records maintenance - Health Information System (HIS) and Lab
information system (LIS), Intranet – How to use, applications.
- Computation of hospital statistics, data management, storage and retrieval.
- Data entry and management on electronic health record system.
- Medico legal aspects of medical records – Medico legal case and type, Records
and document related to MLC, Ownership of medical records – Confidentiality
& Privilege communication, Release of medical information - Unauthorized
disclosure, Retention of medical records, other various aspects.
Recommended books:
1. Essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology by K.S Narayan Reddy
2. Medical Law and Ethics by Bonnie F Fremgen.
3. Medical Law and Ethics by Herring.

THERE SHALL BE NO UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

****

63
 PART V: THIRD YEAR COURSE CONTENTS
SUBJECT: IMAGING INFORMATICS AND QUALITY CONTROL

Total Teaching Hours: 350 hours

Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 250 hours
Course outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Describe the fundamentals of image informatics, PACS and DICOM in radiology.
CO2. Demonstrate knowledge of image acquisition and storage techniques.
CO3. Apply basic image processing’s and enhancement including AI application.
CO4. Explore teleradiology principles and technologies for remote diagnosis.
Implement quality assurance protocol.

Course contents:
Theory-70 hours
UNIT I - Introduction to image informatics in radiology (Theory: 14, Practical:6)
1. Basics of Image Informatics
2. Definition and significance of image informatics in radiology
3. Importance of computer systems in managing radiology images
4. Overview of digital imaging systems in radiology
5. Introduction to PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems)
6. DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine)
7. Radiology Information Systems (RIS)
8. Role of RIS in managing patient data and radiology reports.
UNIT II - Image storage and management (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)
1. Techniques used for capturing images in CT, MRI, and X-rays.
2. Concepts of local and cloud-based storage solutions for medical images
3. Importance of long-term archiving and management of radiology images
4. Data Security: Overview of privacy measures, encryption, and data protection in
radiology.
64
UNIT III - Image processing and enhancement (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)
1. Techniques for improving image quality, including brightness and contrast
adjustment
2. Application of AI in analyzing and interpreting radiology images
3. Methods for measuring and analyzing radiology images for diagnostic purposes
UNIT IV- Tele-radiology and future trends (Theory: 10, Practical: 6)
1. Introduction to tele-radiology and its impact on remote diagnostics
2. Emerging Technologies
3. Overview of AI, machine learning, and their future applications in radiology
4. Exploration of challenges and advancements shaping the future of radiology
UNIT V- Quality assurance in radio-diagnosis (Theory: 14, Practical: 5)
1. Radiation safety guidelines by AERB, ICRP and NCRP
2. PCPNDT act
3. Aims of quality assurance in medical imaging.
4. Role of Radiation Safety Officer
5. Equipment Selection Phase: Criteria for selecting imaging equipment.
6. Equipment Installation and Acceptance Phase: Ensuring proper installation and
functionality.
7. Operational Phase: On-going monitoring and maintenance.
UNIT VI - Planning and layout of Department (Theory: 14, Practical: 4)
1. Location of the department.
2. Coordination with adjacent departments and areas.
3. Basics of imaging rooms and patient waiting areas.
4. Infrastructure requirements for imaging rooms.
Practical/ Demonstrations- 30 hours
1. Accurately acquire and transfer CT, MRI and Xray Images
2. Effectively store and manage radiological images
3. Use PACs and DICOM software
4. Document practical task and records

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Final University Examination (UE): Third year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Imaging 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Informatics and
Quality control

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks
Theory Viva- 10 marks

Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:

Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: Introduction to Image informatics in 14-18
Radiology
2 Unit IIImage storage and management 10-12
3 Unit III: Image Processing and enhancement 08-09
4 Unit IV: Tele radiology and future trends 10-12
5 Unit V: Quality assurance in radio-diagnosis 14-16
6 Unit VI: Planning in radio-diagnosis 14-16
Note: LEQ can be asked from Units I,IV,V,VI.
Recommended textbooks:
1. Christensen’s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology: Thomas Curry, James
Dowdey, Robert C Murry
2. Essential Physics of Medical Imaging: Jerrold T Bushberg, J Antony Seibert,
Edvin M Leidholdt
*****

66
 SUBJECT: MODERN IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
Total Teaching Hours: 350 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 250 hours
Course Outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Explain the principles and applications of ultrasonography, including Doppler
ultrasound and types of transducers.
CO2. Describe the fundamentals of nuclear medicine, including radionuclides, imaging
technology, and their clinical uses.
CO3. Explain the basic principles and advantages of PET scanning, including imaging
materials and technology.
CO4. Explain the procedures and imaging technology used in interventional radiology,
along with their clinical significance.
CO5. Describe digital radiography, including its principles, imaging plates, and clinical
applications.

Course contents:
Theory-70 hours
Unit I- Digital Radiography (Theory: 12, Practical: 5)
1. Computed radiography:
- Overview and history
- Principles of CR
- CR Technology:
- Photostimulable phosphor plates
- Image acquisition and processing
- CR readers and image extraction
- Factors affecting image quality
- Techniques for optimizing image quality

67
2. Digital Radiography (DR)
- Overview and history
- Principles of DR
- DR Technology:
- Flat panel detectors
- Direct vs. indirect systems
- Image acquisition and processing
- Factors affecting image quality
- Techniques for optimizing image quality

Unit II - Ultrasonography (Theory: 15, Practical: 8)

1. Principle of Ultrasound: Characteristics of sound waves
2. Transducer and piezoelectric crystal
3. Interaction between ultrasound and matter
4. Ultrasound display and controls
5. Doppler: Principle and types
6. Doppler Ultrasound: Principle of Doppler imaging to assess blood flow.

Unit III – Digital Subtraction Angiography (Theory: 13, Practical: 5)

1. Definition and history
2. Principles of DSA
3. Equipment and setup
4. Image acquisition and processing
5. Factors affecting image quality

Unit IV- Interventional Radiology (Theory: 15, Practical: 6)

1. Vascular and non-vascular interventional procedures
2. Biopsy and FNAC
3. Catheter and its types

Unit V- Nuclear Medicine (Theory: 15, Practical: 6)

1. Fundamental concepts of nuclear medicine
2. Nuclear families
3. Modes of radioactive decay
4. Radionuclide and radiopharmaceuticals: production and transport

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 5. Radiation detectors
6. Gamma camera
7. Single photon emission computed tomography
8. Positron emission tomography

Practical/ Demonstrations- 30 hours

1. Perform imaging techniques focusing on patient positioning, scanning protocols,
and identification of common artifacts.
2. Execute procedures while ensuring correct equipment usage, recognizing
artifacts, and adhering to contraindications for patient safety.
3. Explain and obtain consent from the patient for various radiological procedure and
manage contrast media reaction.
4. Practice principles of radiation safety, including hazards, permissible dose levels,
and the importance of the ALARA principle.

Final University Examination (UE): Third year

SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Modern Imaging 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Technology

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations:

I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks

Practical university examination pattern:

Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva- 10 marks

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Weightage of marks/ blue print for each topic in theory examination:
Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: Digital Radiography 12-15
2 Unit II: Ultrasonography 15-18
3 Unit III: Digital Subtraction Angiography 13-15
4 Unit IV: Interventional Radiology 15-18
5 Unit V: Nuclear Medicine 15-18
Note: LEQ can be asked from Units I,II,III,IV, V

Recommended textbooks:
1. Essential Physics of Medical Imaging: Jerrold T Bushberg,J Antony Seibert, Edvin
M Leidholdt
2. Fundamental of X-Ray and Radiation Physics: Joseph Selman
3. Diagnostic U S Principle and Instruments: Dr. Frederick w kremkau
4. Physics in Nuclear medicine: Soroenson
*****

70
 SUBJECT: CROSS SECTIONAL IMAGING
Total Teaching Hours: 350 hours
Theory: 70 hours
Practical: 30 hours
Clinical postings: 250 hours
Course outcomes (CO):
At the end of this course student should be able to,
CO1. Describe the core principles and physics behind CT and MRI imaging systems.
CO2. Apply the techniques to optimize image acquisition and enhance image quality.
CO3. Implement radiation safety practices and dose reduction strategies for CT
CO4. Apply safety protocols to manage MRI-specific risks, including magnetic field
hazards and MR safety.
CO5. Differentiate normal and pathological findings on CT and MRI images.

Course contents:
Theory – 70 hours
Unit I: CT: Introduction and instrumentation (Theory:10, Practical:4)
1. History
2. CT Principle
3. CT Generations
4. CT Gantry
5. CT Detectors
6. Imaging System
7. CT Computer and Image Processing
8. Image Display, Storage, Recording, and Communications
9. CT Control Console
10. Options and Accessories for CT Systems

Unit II: Data Acquisition, image reconstruction and image display (Theory:8, Practical:4)
1. Basic Scheme for Data Acquisition
2. CT Detector Technology
3. Image Reconstruction from Projections
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 4. Reconstruction Algorithms
5. Types of Data
6. Image Formation and Representation
7. Image Processing
8. Image display: Pixel, Voxel, CT Number, Window Level and Window Width

Unit III: CT Artifacts and Image quality (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)

1. Classification
2. Types
3. Causes
4. Remedies
5. Qualities
6. Resolution
7. Contrast
8. Sharpness
9. Noise Properties in CT

Unit IV: Basic Principles of MRI (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)

1. Introduction to MRI
2. Atomic structure and motion within the atom
3. Hydrogen nucleus alignment and precession
4. Larmor equation and resonance
5. MR signal and free induction decay signal
6. Relaxation: T1 recovery and T2 decay
7. Pulse timing parameters

Unit V: Image Encoding and Data Collection (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)

1. Introduction to image encoding
2. Gradients: slice selection, frequency encoding, and phase encoding
3. Sampling and data collection
4. K-space and fast Fourier transformation
5. Matrix and scan timing
6. K-space filling and partial or fractional echo imaging & averaging
7. Pre-scan procedures and types of acquisition

72
 Unit VI: Imaging Parameters and Trade-offs (Theory: 8, Practical: 4)
1. Introduction to imaging parameters
2. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) & techniques to increase SNR
3. Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR)
4. Spatial resolution & techniques to increase spatial resolution
5. Scan time & techniques to reduce scan time
6. Trade-offs and decision making
7. Volume imaging

Unit VII: Pulse Sequences and Flow Phenomena (Theory: 10, Practical: 4)
1. Introduction to pulse sequences
2. Spin echo sequences: conventional spin echo, fast spin echo, inversion recovery,
STIR, FLAIR
3. Gradient echo pulse sequences: conventional gradient echo, steady state,
coherent/incoherent gradient echo, balanced gradient echo, SSFP, ultra-fast
sequences, EPI
4. Flow phenomena: mechanisms of flow, time of flight phenomenon, entry slice
phenomenon, intra-voxel dephasing
5. Flow compensation: gradient moment rephrasing, pre-saturation, even echo
rephrasing

Unit VIII: MRI and CT Protocols (Theory: 10, Practical: 5)

1. Related cross-sectional anatomy
2. Protocols

Practical/ Demonstrations - 30 hours

1. Perform imaging techniques focusing on patient positioning, scanning
protocols, and identification of common artifacts.
2. Execute scans while ensuring correct equipment usage, recognizing artifacts,
and adhering to contraindications for patient safety.
3. Explain and obtain consent from the patient for scans and manage contrast
media reaction.
4. Practice principles of radiation and MRI safety, including hazards, permissible
dose levels, and the importance of the ALARA principle.

73
Final University Examination (UE): Third year
SUBJECT PAPERS Theory (Th) Practical (Pr) Total
(Th+Pr)
UE Viva IA Total UE IA Total
(UE)
Cross Sectional 70 10 20 100 40 10 50 150
Imaging

Theory Question paper pattern for Final University examinations (70 marks)
I. Long Essay Questions (Answer 2 out of 3) : 02 x 10 marks = 20 marks
II. Short Essay Questions (Answer 6 out of 8) : 06 x 05 marks = 30 marks
III. Short Answer Questions (Answer all 10) : 10 x 02 marks = 20 marks
Total = 70 marks
Practical university examination pattern:
Practical – 40 marks
1. Spotters- 10 marks
2. Performing procedures/technique- 30 marks

Theory Viva- 10 marks

Weightage of marks and blue print for each topic in theory examination:
Sl No Topics Weightage of marks
1 Unit I: CT: Introduction and instrumentation 10-12
2 Unit II: Data Acquisition, image reconstruction 08-10
and image display
3 Unit III: Basic Principles of MRI 08-10
4 Unit IV: Image Encoding and Data Collection 08-10
5 Unit V: Imaging Parameters and Trade-offs 08-10
6 Unit VI: Pulse Sequences and Flow Phenomena 10-12
7 Unit VII: Basic Principles of MRI 08-10
8 Unit VIII: MRI and CT Protocols 10-12
Note: LEQ can be asked from Units I, VI, VII

Recommended textbooks:
1. MRI in Practice by Carolyn Roth, Catherine Westbrook and John Talbot
2. Computed Tomography: Euclid Seeram
*****

74
 THIRD YEAR- SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS
Sl No Subject Teaching hours
1 Research methodology and Biostatistics 30
2 Hospital protocols and Basic Life support skills 30

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS (30 HOURS)

Objectives:
At the end of the course, student should be able to,
1. Understand the basic principles of research and methods.
2. Apply the knowledge gained to draw inferences from the research findings.

Course contents:
1. Introduction to Research and Biostatistics
2. Research problems
3. Research designs
4. Types of data
5. Types and methods of data collection
6. Data presentation – tabular forms
7. Data presentation – graphical forms
8. Measures of central tendency
9. Measures of dispersion
10. Sampling need, Definition -Sampling, population, sampling frame, statistic and
parameter
11. Sampling – probability (Simple and stratified random sampling)
12. Sampling – probability (systematic random sampling and cluster sampling)
13. Sampling – probability (Multistage and multiphase sampling)
14. Sampling – non probability
15. Normal distribution and Sample size determination
16. Hypothesis- concept, procedure for testing hypothesis
17. Chi-square test
18. ANOVA
19. Correlation and Regression
20. Interpretation and report writing
21. Developing a research proposal
22. Uses of computer in research

75
Recommended books:
1. Methods in Biostatistics for medical students & Research workers, Mahajan B.K.-
6th edition
2. Research methodology – Methods & techniques, Kothari. C.R
3. Introduction to Biostatistics: A manual for students in health sciences, Sundar Rao
PSS, Richard. J
4. Text book of Preventive and social medicine, Park. E. Park

2. HOSPITAL PROTOCOLS AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT SKILLS (30

HOURS)

1. General rules, regulations and practices of hospital

2. Patient safety and Hospital Emergency codes
3. Hospital infection control practices and Biomedical waste management protocols
4. Dealing with acute situations
- Accident victims: Head injury/ Fractures/ Burns
- Life threatening emergencies: Respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, Shock, Stroke
- Other emergencies - Epitaxis, Postural hypotension and vertigo, Seizures,
Diabetic coma and insulin reaction, Asthma, anaphylactic reactions, adverse
drug reactions, poisoning
5. Intensive care unit care: Patient care, equipment care and workflow
6. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (C.P.R)
- Basics of CPR - How to give CPR, Precautions during CPR,
- Basic cardiac life support
- Advanced cardiac life support
Reference:
1. Hospital manual for rules and regulations, emergency codes, scope of services
and standard operating protocols

THERE SHALL BE NO UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION FOR SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

*****

76
 PART VI: INTERNSHIP
The internship will last for one year, requiring minimum 8 hours of practice daily. The
internship allows students to build confidence and enhance their simulation and treatment
delivery skills, demonstrating competence in basic and intermediate procedures while
observing advanced and specialized techniques. Students will apply all classroom and
clinical knowledge in practice, with the potential for managing difficult situations
depending on the demands of the healthcare setting.

By the end of internship, graduate shall acquire the following skills:

(as per the prescribed protocols and standard operating protocols)

I – Perform independently; S – Perform under supervision; O - Observe and assist

1. Operate and perform Imaging Techniques including Radiography, Fluoroscopy,

Mammography (I)
2. Operate and perform Imaging Techniques including Special Procedures, CT, MRI
and Nuclear Medicine (S)
3. Scheduling, Appointments, workflow management of Radiology Services (I)
4. Administration of contrast material as part of Special procedures, contrast CT and
MRI scans (S)
5. Identify contraindications of different imaging modalities and contrast
administration promptly (I)
6. Identify adverse reactions of contrast material and provide basic first aid promptly
(I)
7. Knowledge and use of emergency drugs and organise emergency crash carts (S)
8. Maintenance of registers and balance-sheets of consumables in Radiology
department (I)
9. Assist performance of various imaging guided interventions and post procedure
patient care (O)
10. Communicate with patients, superiors and contemporaries (I)
11. Maintain imaging equipment and premises with appropriate care and quality
control measures (S)
*****

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