|| Jai Sri Gurudev||

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

( AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE UNDER VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI,
APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI, RECOGNIZED BY UGC, ACCREDITED BY NAAC, WITH ‘A+’ GRADE, ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL BOARD OF
ACCREDITATION)
NO. 67, BGS HEALTH & EDUCATION CITY, DR. VISHNUVARDHAN ROAD, KENGERI, BENGALURU-560060

Module-2
Vector Spaces and Linear Transformations
Prepared by: Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj,
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
Vector Space: A vector space is a nonempty set V of
objects, called vectors, on which are defined two
operations, called addition and multiplication by scalars
(real numbers), subject to the ten axioms (or rules)
listed below. The axioms must hold for all vectors u, v,
and w in V and for all scalars c and d.
1. The sum of u and v, denoted by u  v, is in V.
2. u  v  v  u.
3. (u  v)  w  u  (v  w) .
4. There is a zero vector 0 in V such that
u  (u)  0 .
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
5. For each u in V, there is a vector u in V
such that u  (u)  0 .
6. The scalar multiple of u by c, denoted by cu, is
in V.
7. c(u  v)  cu  cv .
8. .
9. .
10. 1u  u .

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Example

• The space Rn, where n≥1, are the premier

examples of vector spaces.
• The geometric intution developed for R3 will
help to understand and visualize many
concepts

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Subspace:
Definition: A subspace of a vector space V is a subset
Fof V that has three properties:
a. The zero vector of V is in F.
b. F is closed under vector addition. That is, for
each u and v in F, the sum u  v is in F.
c. F is closed under multiplication by scalars.
That is, for each u in F and each scalar c, the
vector cu is in F.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Properties (a), (b), and (c) guarantee that a
subspace F of V is itself a vector space,
under the vector space operations already
defined in V.

 Every subspace is a vector space.

 Conversely, every vector space is a subspace

(of itself and possibly of other larger
spaces).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Problems
1) Prove that the set of all solutions (a, b, c) of the
equation a+b+2c=0 is a subspace of V3( R) or R3.
Sol.: Let S={(a, b,c)/a,b,cϵR and a+b+2c=0}
To prove that S is a subspace of R3.
Let α=(a1, b1,c1) and β =(a2, b2,c2) ϵ S then
a1+b1+2c1=0 and a2+b2+2c2=0.
α + β =(a1+ a2, b1 +b2 ,c1 + c2)
=(a1+ a2+ b1 +b2 +2(c1 + c2) )
=(a1+ b1 + 2c1 )+(a2+ b2 +2c2) )= 0+0=0 ϵ S
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
cα =c(a1, b1,c1)= (ca1, cb1, cc1)= (ca1+ cb1+2 cc1)
= c (a1+ b1+2 c1)= c(0)=0 ϵ S

For a, b ϵ R
Consider a α + b β =a(a1, b1,c1)+b (a2, b2,c2)
= (aa1+ab1+2 ac1)
+ (ba2+bb2+2bc2)
=a(a1+b1+2c1)
+b(a2+b2+2c2)
=a(0)+b(0)
=0 ϵ S
Therefore S is a subspace of R3.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. , SJBIT

2) Prove that the intersection of two subspaces of a
vector space V over a field F is a subspace of V.
Sol.: Let S and T be any two subspaces of V.
S∩T=,α / αϵS and αϵT}
We have to prove that ɏ α , β ϵ S∩T
aα+bβ ϵ S∩T where a, b ϵ F
α+β ϵ S∩T => α , β ϵ S and α , β ϵ T
aα+bβ ϵ S and aα+bβ ϵ T
Since S and T are subspaces.
aα+bβ ϵ S∩T.
Therefore V is a subspace of V.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

3) Prove that w={(x,y,z)/x,y,z ϵ F and 15x+4y+z=0} is a subspace of
V(F).
Sol.: Let w is a non empty subset of R3, since atleast one element
(0,0,0) ϵ w, such that 15(0)+4(0)+0=0.

Let α , β ϵ w and a, b ϵ R.
α=(x1,y1,z1) such that 15x1+4y1+z1=0
β=(x2,y2,z2) such that 15x2+4y2+z2=0
a α+b β=a(x1,y1,z1)+b(x2,y2,z2)
=(ax1 +bx2 , ay1 + by2 , az1 +bz2 )
and 15(ax1 +bx2 )+4(ay1 + by2 )+(az1 +bz2 )
=a(15x1+4y1+z1)+b(15x2+4y2+z2)
=a(0)+b(0)=0. Therefore a α+b β ϵ w

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

α + β =(x1 +x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 +z2 )
and 15(x1 +x2 )+4(y1 + y2 )+(z1 +z2 )
=(15x1+4y1+z1)+(15x2+4y2+z2)
=(0)+(0)=0. Therefore α+ β ϵ w

cα =c(x1, y1,z1)= (cx1, cy1, cz1)=

= c (15x1+4y1+z1) =c(0)=0 ϵ w

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

4) If W is the set of all points in R3 satisfying the equation
lx+my+nz=0, then prove that W is a subspace of R3.
Sol.: Let w is a non empty subset of R3, since atleast one
element (0,0,0) ϵ w, such that l(0)+m(0)+n(0)=0.

Let α , β ϵ W and a, b ϵ R.
α=(x1,y1,z1) such that lx1+my1+nz1=0
β=(x2,y2,z2) such that lx2+my2+nz2=0
a α+b β=a(x1,y1,z1)+b(x2,y2,z2)
=(ax1 +bx2 , ay1 + by2 , az1 +bz2 ) and
l(ax1 +bx2 )+m(ay1 + by2 )+n(az1 +bz2 )
=a(lx1+my1+nz1)+b(lx2+my2+nz2)
=a(0)+b(0)=0. a α+b β ϵ w.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

α + β =(x1 +x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 +z2 )

=l(x1 +x2 )+m(y1 + y2 )+n(z1 +z2 )

=a(lx1+my1+nz1)+b(lx2+my2+nz2)
=(0)+(0)=0. α+ β ϵ w.

cα =c(x1, y1,z1)= (cx1, cy1, cz1)=

= c (lx1+my1+nz1)=c(0)=0 ϵ w

Therefore W is a subspace of R3.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

Linear Combination: Let V be a vector space over the
field F and let v1, v2,…vn ϵ V. Any vector of the form
a1v1+a2v2+…+anvn in V, where ai ϵ F is called a linear
combination of v1,v2,…,vn.
Linear Span: Let S be a subset of the vector space V over
the field F. The set of all linear combinations of vectors in
S is called a linear span of S and is denoted by L(S). If
S=ɸ, then L(S)=0.
Linear Dependent: Let V be a vector space over the field
F . The vectors v1, v2,…vn are said to be linearly
dependent over F, if thereexists scalars a1, a2,…,an ϵ F
not all zero but linear combination is zero.
i.e., a1v1+a2v2+…+anvn =0, ai≠0, where i ϵ N.
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
Linear independent: Let V be a vector space over the field F .
The vectors v1, v2,…vn are said to be linearly independent over
F, if thereexists scalars a1, a2,…,an ϵ F such that
a1v1+a2v2+…+anvn =0, ai=0, where i ϵ N.
Basis of vector space V: Let V be a vector space over the field
F. The set of vectors {v1, v2,…vn } is called a basis of V, if
(i) v1, v2,…vn are the linearly independent.
(ii) v1, v2,…vn span V. i.e., each vector of V can be uniquely
expressed as linear combination of v1, v2,…vn .
Dimension of a vector space V: Number of elements in a
basis of vector space V is called the dimension of V and is
denoted by dimV. If V contains a basis with n elements then
the dimV=n.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Problems
1) Determine whether the vectors V1 = (1, 2, 3), V2 =
(3, 1, 7), and V3 = (2, 5, 8) are linearly dependent or
linearly independent?
Sol.: xv1+yv2+zv3=0
x (1, 2, 3)+y(3, 1, 7)+z(2, 5, 8) =(0, 0, 0)
x+3y+2z=0; 2x+y+5z=0; 3x+7y+8z=0.

Let AX=0 where A=

R2->R2-2R1
R3->R3-3R1

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

=

R2-> -R2; R3->-R3/2

=

R2<->R3
=

R3->R3 -5R2
=

Rank[A]=3=Number of unknowns.
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
Homogeneous system of linear equations possesses unique
solution.
i.e., x=0, y=0, z=0.
So vectors v1, v2, v3 are linearly independent.
2) Determine whether the vectors v1=(1,4,9), v2=(3,1,4), v3=(9,3,12)
are linearly dependent or linearly independent.
Sol.: xv1+yv2+zv3=0
x (1, 4,9)+y(3, 1, 4)+z(9,3,12) =(0, 0, 0)
x+3y+9z=0; 4x+y+3z=0; 9x+4y+12z=0.
Let AX=0 where A=

R2->R2-4R1
R3->R3-9R1

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. , SJBIT

=

R2-> -R2 /11; R3->-R3/23

=

R3->R3 -R2
=

Rank[A]=2<3(Number of unknowns)
So one unknown is constant and hence not always zero.
So the vectors are linearly dependent.
(OR) v3=3v2. Vectors v1, v2, v3 are linearly dependent.
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT
3) Write the vector v=(4,2,1) as a linear combination of the
vectors u1=(1,-3,1), u2=(0,1,2), u3=(5,1,37).

Sol.: xu1+yu2+zu3=0

x (1,-3,1)+y(0,1,2)+z(5,1,37) =(4,2,1)

x+0y+5z=4; -3x+y+z=2; x+2y+37z=1.

Let AX=B where A=

X=

B=

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Consider,

R2->R2+3R1; R3->R3-R1

R3->R3-2R2

Rank*A+=2 ≠Rank*A:B+=3. Since Rank*A+ ≠Rank*A:B+.

Hence the system of linear equations is inconsistent. i.e., solution does not exist.

Therefore v cannot be expressed as linear combination of the vectors u1, u2, u3.
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
4) Let W be the subspace of R5, spanned by x1=(1,2,-1,3,4),
x2=(2,4,-2,6,8), x3=(1,3,2,2,6), x4=(1,4,5,1,8), x5=(2,7,3,3,9). Find
a subset of vectors which forms a basis of W.
Sol.:

R2->R2-2R1; R3->R3-R1; R4->R4-R1; R5->R5-2R1

R4->R4-2R3; R5->R5-3R3

Number of non zeros=3.

Therefore dim W=3 and {x1,x2,x3} forms a basis in W.
Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
5) Find the dimension of the subspace spanned by the
vectors (1,0,2),(2,0,1),(1,0,1) in V3(R).
Sol.: Let x1= (1,0,2),x2= (2,0,1), x3=(1,0,1)
Let A be the matrix represented by the given vectors,
i.e.,
1 0 2  1 0 2
A  2 0 1 A  2 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1

Therefore A is singular. Hence the given three vectors

forming A are linearly dependent and so the given three
vectors do not form the basis of the subspace in V3(R).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

R2  R2  2 R1 ;
R3  R3  R1
1 0 2 
A 
0 0  3


0 0  1

R2
R2  
3
1 0 2 
A 
0 0 1 

0 0  1

R3  R3  R2
1 0 2
A 
0 0 1


0 0 0

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT
Since x1 = 0 and x3 = 0.

So the vectors (1,0,2),(2,0,1),(1,0,1) are linearly independent.

Number of non zeros=2.

Therefore dim W=2 and {x1,x2,x3} forms a basis of the subspace

of V3(R).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 Home Work

6) Prove that in V3(R), the vectors {(1,2,1), (2,1,0),(1,-1,2)}

are linearly independent.
7)Determine whether the vectors V1 = (2, 5, 3), V2 = (1, 1, 1),
and V3 = (4, −2, 0) linearly independent?
8)Express the vector (3,5,2) as a linear combination of the
vectors (1,1,0), (2,3,0),(0,0,1) of V3(R).
9) Find the dimension and basis of the subspace spanned by
the vectors (2,4,2),(1,-1,0),(1,2,1) and (0,3,1) in V3(R).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Linear Transformations

Let V and W be any two subspaces over the field

F. A mapping T from V to W is called a linear
transformation if,
i) v1,v2 ϵV
T(v1+v2)=T(v1)+T(v2)
ii) For all a ϵ F and forall v ϵ V
T(av)=aT(v)

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

Algebra of linear transformations:
Sum of linear transformations: Let T1: U  V and T2: U  V be two
transformations where U and V are two vector spaces over the field F. We
define the sum of T1 and T2 by T1+T2: U  V , such that
(T1+T2)(u)=T1(u)+T2(u),u ϵ U.

Scalar multiplication of Linear transformations: Let T: U  V the product

of linear transformation with a(a ϵ F) is defined by aT: U  V , such that
(aT)(u)=a(T(u)), for all u ϵ U.

Product of two linear transformations: Let U,V,W be three vector spaces

over a field F. We define T2T1 called the product of T2 and T1, by
(T2T1)(u)=T2(T1(u)).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Matrix of a linear transformation

Let T: U  V be the linear transformation, where U and V

are vector spaces over field F.
Let B={u1,u2,…,un} and B1={v1,v2,…,vm} be ordered basis for
the finite dimensional vector spaces U and V
respectively.
Since T(u1), T(u2),…,T(un) ϵ V and {v1,v2,…,vm} spans V, each
T(ui) can be expressed as a linear combination of the
vectors v1, v2,…,vm.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

Let T(u1)=a11v1+a21v2+…+am1vm
T(u2)=a12v1+a22v2+…+am2vm
…
T(un)=a1nv1+a2nv2+…+amnvm where aij ϵF.
The coefficient matrix of this system of the
equation is

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

The transpose of this matrix is a matrix representation of T,
called matrix of T with respect to ordered basis B and B1. It is
denoted by [T: B, B1] and is given by

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof., SJBIT

 Change of Coordinates
Let B  {u , u ,...,u } be a basis of n  dimensional vector space V and B  {v , v ,...,v }
1 1 2 n 2 1 2 n
be another basis of V. Then,each element in B can be expressed as a linear combination of
2
thevectorsin basis B .
1

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

Let v1  a11u1  a12u2  ... a1nun
v2  a21u1  a22u2  ... a2 nun
................
.................
vn  an1u1  an 2u2  ... an nun

 v1   11
a a12 ... a1n 
v  a21 a22 ... a2 n 
  2    ... ... ... ... 
 ... 
   ... ... ... ... 
vn  an1 an 2 ... an n 
Then the transporseof the matrix of coefficients in above system of equationsis
said to be the transitionmatrix or change of basis matrix form the old basis B1 to the new basis B2.
It is denoted by P and written as
 a11 a21 ... an1 
a 
 12 a22 ... an 2 
P   ... ... ... ... 
 ... ... ... ... 
a 
 1n a2 n ... an n 
Since the vectors in B2 are linearly independent, so the matrix P is invertible.
Its inverse P 1 is the transitionmatrix form the basis B2 to the basis B1.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

Range of a linear transformation:
Let T : V ( F )  W ( F ) be a linear transformation. Then, the set of all Y in W such that
Y  T ( X ) for some X in V , where Y is the image of X in W , is known as the range
of T and is denoted as R(T ).

In symbols, R(T )  {Y  W : T ( X )  Y for some X  V }.

Rank of T:
Let T be a linear transformation from a vector spaceV ( F ) int o a vector spaceW ( F ),
whereV ( F ) is a finitedimensional vector space. Then, the dimension of the range of
T is called the rank of T and is denoted by  (T ).

Thus,  (T )  rank of T  dim R(T ).

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

Kernel of linear transformation T:
Let T : VF  WF be a linear transformation. Then, the set of all the elements of V
which are mapped int o zero element of W is called the ker nel of T and is
denoted by K or K (T ) or kerT .

In symbols,
K (T )  {  V : T ( )  OW }, where OW is the zero vector in W .

Nullity of a linear operator

The dimension of K(T) is called nullity of T and is denoted by v(T)

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 Sylvester Law of Nullity
or
Rank-Nullity theorem
Statement:
Let V and W be two vector spaces over the field F and
let T be a linear transformation from V into W. If V is a
finite dimensional space, then
rank of T + nullity of T=dim V
(OR)

 T   v(T) dim V

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 Inner Product
Let V be a vector space over the field F . The field F is either the field of real numbers or the field
of complex numbers. Let a, b  F and  ,  ,   V . Suppose to each pair of vectors  ,   V ,
there is assigned a scalar denoted by
 ,  or ( ,  ) or ( /  )  V V . This function(or mapping) from V V int o F
is called an inner product on V , if it satisfiesthe following axioms:

1. Linearity: a  b ,   a  ,   b  , 

2. Symmetry:  ,    , when F  R

3. Conjugate Symmetry:  ,    , , where  , is a complex conjugateof  , , when F  C

4. Non  negativity: If  ,   0, then  ,   0 and  ,  0    0.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

Inner Product Space: A vector space V along with a specified
inner product on V is called an inner product space.

Orthogonality: Let V be an inner product space. The vectors

u,v belongs to V are said to be orthogonal and u is said to be
orthogonal to v. If u, v  0

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 Problems
1. Find a linear transformation on T: 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 whose range
space is spanned by the vector (1,2,3), (4,5,6)

Sol. : We know that {e1 , e2 , e3} is a s tan dard basis of R3 , where e1  (1,0,0), e2  (0,1,0), e3  (0,0,1)

Since R3 is a three dim ensionvector space and {e1 , e2 , e3}is a basis of R3 , there exists a
unique linear transformation T such that
T (e1 )  (1,2,3), T (e2 )  (4,5,6),
T (e3 )  (0,0,0)( Assu min g )
Also R(T ) is spanned by {(1,2,3), (4,5,6)}.
i.e., by {(1,2,3), (4,5,6), (0,0,0)} or by {T (e1 ), T (e2 ), T (e3 )}
Now for each ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  R3
( x1 , x2 , x3 )  x1 (1,0,0)  x2 (0,1,0)  x3 (0,0,1)  x1e1  x2e2  x3e3 .
T ( x1 , x2 , x3 )  x1T (e1 )  x2T (e2 )  x3T (e3 )  x1 (1,2,3)  x2 (4,5,6)  x3 (0,0,0)  ( x1  4 x2 , 2 x1  5x2 , 3x1  6 x2 )
Which is the linear transformation.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 2. Show that the function 𝑇: 𝑅2 → 𝑅3 given by 𝑇(x, y) = (x+y, x – y, y) is a
linear transformation.

Let u  ( x1 , y1 ), v  ( x2 , y2 ) be two vectors belonging to R 2 .

T (u  v)  T ( x1  x2 , y1  y2 )
 ( x1  x2  y1  y2 , x1  x2  y1  y2 , y1  y2 )
 {(x1  y1 )  ( x2  y2 ), ( x1  y1 )  ( x2  y2 ), ( y1  y2 )}
 ( x1  y1 , x1  y1 , y1 )  ( x2  y2 , x2  y2 , y2 )
 T (u)  T (v)
Also for a  R and u  R 2 , we have
T (au)  T (a x1 , ay1 )  (a x1  a y1 , a x1  a y1 , a y1 )  a ( x1  y1 , x1  y1 , y1 )  a T (u).
Therefore T is a linear transformation.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 3. Prove that 𝑇: 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 be defined by 𝑇(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (3𝑎, 𝑎 – 𝑏, 2𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)
is a linear transformation.

Let u  (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v  (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be two vectors belonging to R 3 .

T (u  v)  T ((a1 , b1 , c1 )  (a2 , b2 , c2 ))  T (a1  a2 , b1  b2 , c1  c2 )
 (3(a1  a2 ), (a1  a2 )  (b1  b2 ), 2(a1  a2 )  b1  b2  c1  c2 )
 (3a1  3a2 ), (a1  b1 )  (a2  b2 ), 2a1  2a2  b1  b2  c1  c2 )
 (3a1 , (a1  b1 ), 2a1  b1  c1 )  (3a2 , (a2  b2 ), 2a2  b2  c2 )
 T (a1 , b1 , c1 )  T (a2 , b2 , c2 )
 T (u)  T (v)
Also for a  R and u  R 3 , we have
T (au)  T (a (a1 , b1 , c1 ))  T (a a1 , ab1 , ac1 ))  (3 a a1 , a (a1  b1 ), a (2a1  b1  c1 ))
 a (3a1 , (a1  b1 ), 2a1  b1  c1 )  a T (u).
Therefore T is a linear transformation.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 4. Verify the Rank-nullity theorem for the 𝑇: 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 defined by
𝑇(x, y, z) = (x+2y-z, y +z, x + y -2z).
To find the basis of nullity of T .
Let v  ( x, y, z )  R 3 such that
Nullity of T  {v V / T (v)  0}
T ( x, y, z )  0.
( x  2 y  z, y  z, x  y  2 z )  (0,0,0)
x  2 y  z  0  x  3z
y  z  0  y  z
x  y  2z  0
On solving above equations, we get x  3z, y   z.
Therfore { ( x, y, z}  {3z, z, z}  ( z{3,1,1}).
Thus {3,1,1} is a basis of nullity of T and Nullity(T )  1.
To find the range of T . As {(1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1)} generates R 3
 {T (1,0,0), T (0,1,0), T (0,0,1)} generates range of T  {(1,0.1}, (2,1,1), (1,1,2)} generates range of T .

To find the basis of range

Consider a matrix
1 0 1  1 0 1  1 0 1 

A 2 1 1  
A  0 1  1  A  1
0 1 

 1 1  2  
0 1  1  
0 0 0 
R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  R2 R3  R3  R1
Thus {(1,0,1), (0,1,1)} form a basis of range of T and dim(Range of T )  2.
Rank(T )  Nullity(T )  2  1  3  dim(R ). 3

Hence rank nullity theorem is verified.

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

 5. Consider 𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑡 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡2 , the inner
product < 𝑓, 𝑔 > = 0 ∫ 1 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 . Find < 𝑓, 𝑔 >.
f (t )  3t  5, g (t )  t 2
1
f ,g   (3t  5) t
2
dt
0
1
  
3 2
(3t 5 t ) dt
0
1
 t 4
 t 3

 3
 
  5 
3 

  4    t  0
3 5
 
4 3
11
 .
12

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT

6. Consider vectors u  (1,2,4), v  (2,3,5), w  (4,2,3) in R 3 . Find a) u, v , b) u, w , c) v, w ,
d ) u  v, w , e) u , f ) v .
Sol. : Given u  (1,2,4), v  (2,3,5), w  (4,2,3) in R 3 .
a) u, v ,  2  6  20  16
b) u, w  4  4  12  4
c) v, w  8  6  15  13
d ) u  v, w  12  2  27  17
e) u  12  2 2  4 2  21
f ) v  2 2  (3) 2  52  38

Dr. Bhavya Shivaraj, Asst. Prof. SJBIT