1. Name the process in which a solid directly changes into gas on heating.

Answer: Sublimation
2. What is the range of a clinical thermometer?
Answer: 35°C to 42°C
3. What is acid rain?
Answer: The rain containing excess of acids is called an acid rain.
4. Which acid naturally present in our stomach?
Answer: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
5. What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Answer: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) helps us to digest food.
6. Which acid is present in an ant sting?
Answer: Formic acid is present in an ant sting.
7. What is the nature of soap solution?
Answer: Soap solution is basic in nature.
8. What is the nature of distilled water?
Answer: The Distilled water is neutral.
9. State the nature of baking soda.
Answer: Baking soda is basic in nature.
10. Where does the word acid come from?
Answer: The word acid comes from the Latin word acere which means sour.
11. Why curd, lemon juice, orange juice and vinegar taste sour?
Answer: These substances taste sour because they contain acids.
12. Which is the most commonly used natural indicator?
Answer: The most commonly used natural indicator is litmus.
13. Tom rubs a solution between fingers and feels soapy, what is the nature
of that solution?
Answer: Basic
14. Name the acid which is present in each cell of our body.
Answer: Each cell in our body contains an acid, the deoxyribonucleic acid
or DNA.
15. When red litmus paper is dipped in a solution; it remains red, what is the
nature of the solution?
Answer: Neutral
1. What are the effects of acid rain?
Answer: Acid rain can cause damage to buildings, historical monuments, plants
and animals.
2. What does organic matter do in soil?
Answer: If the soil is basic, organic matter is added to it. Organic matter
releases acids which neutralises the basic nature of the soil.
3. Why solid baking soda does not change colour of dry litmus paper?
Answer: The solid baking soda does not change colour of dry litmus paper
because in solid states ions are not free to move.
4. How acidic soil can be treated?
Answer: When the soil is too acidic, it is treated with bases like quick lime
(calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide).
5. What are salts? Give example.
Answer: In neutralisation reaction a new substance is formed. This is called
salt. Salt may be acidic, basic or neutral in nature. Example: Sodium chloride.
6. What is the role of DNA in the cell of the human body?
Answer: It controls every feature of the body such as our looks, colour of our
eyes, our height etc.
7. Give examples of some acids and bases.
Answer: Acids – Curd, lemon juice, vinegar, orange juice etc.
Base – baking soda, lime water etc.
8. What are indicators?
Answer: Solutions of substances that show different colour in acidic, basic and
neutral solutions are called indicators.
9. What is the effect of the China rose indicator on acidic and basic solutions?
Answer: China rose indicator turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta) and
basic solutions to green.
10. Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window cleaners.
It turns red litmus blue. What is its nature?
Answer: Ammonia is basic in nature as it turns the red litmus blue.
11. Why a turmeric stain on my white shirt is turned to red when it is washed
with soap.
Answer: A turmeric stain on my white shirt is turned to red when it is washed
with soap because the soap solution is basic in nature.
12. How to prepare lime water?
Answer: To prepare limewater, dissolve some lime (chuna) in water in a bottle.
Stir the solution and keep it for some time. Pour a little from the top. This is
lime water.
13. Blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution. It remains blue. What is the
nature of the solution? Explain.
Answer: The solution could be a base or neutral solution because blue litmus
paper doesn’t change its colour in the neutral as well as in basic solution.
14. What do you mean by neutral solution? Give examples.
Answer: The solutions which do not change the colour of either red or blue
litmus are known as neutral solutions. Examples- sugar solution, distilled
water, salt etc.
15. Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?
Answer: Distilled water is neutral in nature. This can be verified by using red
and blue litmus papers. Neither will show change in colour with distilled water.
This proves that distilled water is neutral.
16. How does rain become acidic?
Answer: The rain becomes acidic because carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide (which are released into the air as pollutants) dissolve in rain
drops to form carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively.
Long Extra Questions and Answers
1. Why factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water bodies?
Answer: The wastes of many factories contain acids. If they are allowed to flow
into the water bodies, the acids will kill fish and other organisms. The factory
wastes are, therefore, neutralised by adding basic substances.
2. Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites. Give reason.
Answer: When an ant bites, it injects the acidic liquid (formic acid) into the
skin. The effect of the acid can be neutralised by rubbing moist baking soda
(sodium hydrogen carbonate) or calamine solution, which contains zinc
carbonate.
3. Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the use
of this solution?
Answer: Litmus solution is extracted from lichens. It is most commonly used
natural indicator. It has a mauve (purple) colour in distilled water. When added
to an acidic solution, it turns red and when added to a basic solution, it turns
blue.
4. Why we take an antacid tablet when we suffer from acidity?
Answer: Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid. It helps us to digest food. But
too much of acid in the stomach causes indigestion. Sometimes indigestion is
painful. To relieve indigestion, we take an antacid such as milk of magnesia,
which contains magnesium hydroxide. It neutralises the effect of excessive
acid.
5. Explain the process of neutralisation with the help of an example.
Answer: The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralisation.
Salt and water are produced in this process with the evolution of heat.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
(Heat is evolved)
The following reaction is an example:
Hydrochloric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide → Sodium Chloride + Water
6. Dorji has a few bottles of soft drink in his restaurant. But, unfortunately,
these are not labelled. He has to serve the drinks on the demand of
customers. One customer wants acidic drink, another wants basic and third
one wants neutral drink. How will Dorji decide which drink is to be served to
whom?
Answer: Dorji can use red and blue litmus paper in order to test the drink.
 The drink which does not change the colour of either red or blue
litmus is the neutral drink.
 The drink which turns red litmus blue is the basic drink.
 The drink which turns blue litmus red is the acidic drink.
 7. Complete the following table.
Answer:

Found in Name of acid

Vinegar Acetic acid

Ant’s sting Formic acid

Citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons,

Citric acid
etc.

Curd Lactic acid

Spinach Oxalic acid

Amla, Citrus fruits Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Tamarind, grapes, unripe mangoes,

Tartaric acid
etc.
 8. State few properties of base.
 Answer: Properties of base
1. Bases are bitter in taste and soapy to touch.
2. Bases turn red litmus blue.
3. China rose indicator turns basic solutions to green.
4. Turmeric indicator turns basic solutions
5. Odorless (except ammonia).
6. Bases are slippery.
7. When the solution is basic, phenolphthalein gives a pink colour.
 9. State few properties of acids.
 Answer: Properties of acids
1. Acids are sour in taste
2. Acid turns blue litmus red.
3. China rose indicator turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta).
 4. Turmeric indicator does not change its colour with acid
5. Gives burning sensation.
6. Acids are usually sticky.
7. When the solution is acidic, phenolphthalein remains colourless.
 10. State the differences between acids and bases.
Answer:
Acids Bases

1. Bases are bitter in taste and soapy to

1. Acids are sour in taste
touch.

2. Acid turns blue litmus red. 2. Bases turn red litmus blue.

3. China rose indicator turns acidic 3. China rose indicator turns basic
solutions to dark pink (magenta). solutions to green.

4. Turmeric indicator does not change its 4. Turmeric indicator turns basic
colour with acid solutions

5. Gives burning sensation. 5. Odorless (except ammonia).

6. Acids are usually sticky. 6. Bases are slippery.

7. When the solution is acidic, 7. When the solution is basic,

phenolphthalein remains colourless. phenolphthalein gives a pink colour.
 11. Three liquids are given to you. One is hydrochloric acid; another is
sodium hydroxide and third is a sugar solution. How will you identify
them? You have only turmeric indicator.
 Answer: Put a drop of each of the three liquids i.e., hydrochloric acid,
sodium hydroxide and sugar solution on the turmeric indicator, the
liquid which changes the colour of turmeric indicator to red is basic in
nature, that is, sodium hydroxide.
 Now, put a drop of sodium hydroxide on a drop of each of the other two
liquids separately i.e. hydrochloric acid and sugar solution. After that,
put the drops of these mixtures on turmeric indicator. The drop which
will change colour of the turmeric indicator to red contains sugar
solution. This is because the mixture of basic and neutral solution is
basic in nature. On the other hand, the drop will not change the colour
of turmeric indicator contains hydrochloric acid. This is because
hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form a neutral
solution.
1. Define galvanisation.
Answer: The process of depositing a layer of zinc over iron is called
galvanisation.
2. What is the meaning of rusting?
Answer: The formation of rust over the surface of iron is known as rusting.
3. What type of change is crystallisation?
Answer: It is a physical change.
4. What type of change is involved in rusting of iron?
Answer: Rusting of iron is a chemical change.
5. Write one property of stainless steel.
Answer: It does not rust.
6. What type of change is formation of manure?
Answer: Formation of manure is a chemical change.
7. Which of the two is permanent change chemical change or physical
change?
Answer: Chemical change is a permanent change.
8. What do you understand by chemical change?
Answer: A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a
chemical change.
9. State the conditions necessary for rusting of iron?
Answer: For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and water (or water vapour)
is essential.
10. What is galvanisation?
Answer: The process of depositing a layer of metal like zinc or chromium on
iron is called galvanisation.
11. What is added to steel to make it stainless?
Answer: Stainless steel is made by mixing iron with carbon and metals like
chromium, nickel and manganese.
Short Extra Questions and Answers
1. Why formation of manure from leaves is a chemical change?
Answer: Formation of manure from leaves is a chemical change because
manure formed has a different composition from leaves.
2. Why souring of milk is a chemical change?
Answer: Souring of milk is a chemical change because it results in formation of
new substance.
3. What is rust?
Answer: If a piece of iron is left in the open for some time, it acquires a film of
brownish substance. This substance is called rust.
4. What is blue vitriol?
Answer: Crystals of copper sulphate pentahydrate are blue in colour. So, it is
commonly known as blue vitriol.
5. Name the two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented.
Answer: Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented are by
painting or greasing and by galvanizing.
6. What happens when baking soda is treated with vinegar?
Answer: Vinegar (Acetic acid) + Baking soda (Sodium
hydrogencarbonate) → Carbon dioxide + other substances
7. Which technique is better for obtaining sugar from sugar solution?
Answer: Crystallization is considered as a better technique for obtaining sugar
from sugar solution.
8. What is crystallisation?
Answer: Large crystals of pure substances can be formed from their solutions.
The process is called crystallisation.
9. Why a wet iron pan often gets rusted if left in that state for some time?
Answer: A wet iron pan (tawa) often gets rusted if left in that state for some
time because iron rust in the presence of oxygen and water.
10. Why does rusting takes place faster during rainy season?
Answer: Rusting takes place faster during rainy season because the content of
moisture in air is high in rainy season.
11. What are physical properties?
Answer: Properties such as shape, size, colour and state of a substance are
called its physical properties.
12. What is a physical change?
Answer: A change in which a substance undergoes a change in its physical
properties is called a physical change.
13. What is called a chemical reaction?
Answer: A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a
chemical change. A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.
14. Why a slice of an apple acquires a brown colour if it is not consumed
immediately?
Answer: A slice of an apple acquires a brown colour if it is not consumed
immediately due to the formation of new substances.
15. Write down the equation representing the process of rusting.
Answer: The process of rusting can be represented by the following equation:
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from the air) + water (H2O) → rust (iron oxide Fe2O3)
16. Why tearing of paper into pieces is a physical change?
Answer: Tearing of a paper is a physical change because when the paper is
torn only the shape and size of the paper is changed, no new substance is
formed.
17. What happens when magnesium oxide is dissolved in water?
Answer: On dissolving the magnesium oxide in water it forms a new substance.
This change can be written in the form of the following equation:
Magnesium oxide (MgO) + Water (H2O) → Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]
18. Why is spoiling of food a chemical change?
Answer: Spoiling of food is an unwanted quality change in a foodstuff, such as
staling, discoloration, the development of off-flavours and odours. It is a
chemical change as it cannot be brought back to its original form.
19. How would you show that setting of curd is a chemical change?
Answer: Setting of curd is a chemical change because
 Once curd is formed it cannot be reversed back into milk.
 Curd and milk have different properties.
20. Why explosion of fireworks is a chemical change?
Answer: Explosion of a firework is a chemical change because explosion
produces heat, light, sound and unpleasant gases and once the crackers are
burnt, it cannot be brought back to its original form.
21. Why is hacksaw blade’s color change on heating considered as a physical
change?
Answer: Changing of hacksaw blade’s color on heating is considered as a
physical change because in this process only colour changes, no new substance
is formed.
22. Why do ships suffer a lot of damage from rusting in spite of being
painted?
Answer: Ships suffer a lot of damage from rusting in spite of being painted
because the water of the sea contains many salts which makes the process of
rust formation faster.
Long Extra Questions and Answers
1. Explain how painting of an iron gate prevents it from rusting.
Answer: For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and water (or water vapour)
is essential. Painting of an iron gate prevents it from coming in contact with
oxygen, or water, or both and thus prevents it from rusting.
2. Why is melting of ice a physical change?
Answer: Melting of ice is a physical change because it causes change in the
physical state of water i.e., from ice in the solid state to water in the liquid
state. Moreover, no new substance is formed in the process and this change is
reversible. So, melting of ice is a physical change.
3. What happens when carbon dioxide is passed through lime water?
Answer: When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, calcium
carbonate is formed, which makes lime water milky.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Lime water [Ca(OH)2] → Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) +
Water (H2O)
4. Why rusting of iron objects are faster in coastal areas than in deserts?
Answer: For rusting, the presence of both oxygen and water (or water vapour)
is essential. In coastal areas moisture present in the air is higher compared to
desert areas. Thus, rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in
deserts.
5. Why stretching of rubber band is a physical change?
Answer: When rubber band is stretched only its size changes and it comes
back in its original shape and size, once it is released. Moreover, it does not
cause any change in its chemical composition. Hence, stretching of rubber
band is a physical change.
6. Ozone acts as a natural shield against ultraviolet radiation. Explain
Answer: It protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations which come
from the sun. Ozone absorbs this radiation and breaks down to oxygen. If
ultraviolet radiation were not absorbed by ozone, it would reach the earth’s
surface and cause harm to us and other life forms.
7. What happens when magnesium ribbon is burnt in air?
Answer: When the magnesium ribbon burnt in air, it reacts with oxygen found
in the air to form Magnesium Oxide. After it burns, it forms a white powder of
the magnesium oxide. The change can be represented by the following
equation:
Magnesium (Mg) + Oxygen (O2) → Magnesium oxide (MgO)
8. What is rusting?
Answer: If a piece of iron is left in the open for some time, it acquires a film of
brownish substance. This substance is called rust the process is called rusting.
The process of rusting can be represented by the following equation:
Iron (Fe) + Oxygen (O2, from the air) + water (H2O) → rust (iron oxide Fe2O3)
9. When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the
evolution of a gas. What type of change is it? Explain.
Answer: When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with
the evolution of a gas.
We can write the reaction as:
Lemon juice (Citric acid) + Baking soda (Sodium hydrogencarbonate) → Carbon
dioxide + other substances
It is a chemical change.
10. Why are chemical changes important in our daily lives?
Answer: Chemical changes are very important in our lives because all new
substances are formed as a result of chemical changes. For example, if a metal
is to be extracted from an ore, such as iron from iron ore, we need to carry out
a series of chemical changes. A medicine is the end product of a chain of
chemical reactions. Useful new materials, such as plastics and detergents, are
produced by chemical reactions. Indeed, every new material is discovered by
studying chemical changes.
11. In addition to new products, what else may accompany a chemical
change?
Answer: In addition to new products, the following may accompany a chemical
change:
 Heat, light or any other radiation (ultraviolet, for example) may be
given off or absorbed.
 Sound may be produced.
 A change in smell may take place or a new smell may be given off.
 A colour change may take place.
 A gas may be formed.
12. Classify the changes involved in the following processes as physical or
chemical changes:
Answer: (a) Photosynthesis – chemical change
(b) Dissolving sugar in water – physical change
(c) Burning of coal – chemical change
(d) Melting of wax – physical change
(e) Beating aluminium to make aluminium foil – physical change
(f) Digestion of food – chemical change
(g) Condensation of steam – physical change
(h) Spoiling of food – chemical change
(i) Burning of coal – chemical change
13. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take
place. Identify these changes. Give another example of a familiar process in
which both the chemical and physical changes take place.
Answer: When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place.
The melting of the solid wax to form liquid wax and the evaporation of liquid
wax to form wax vapour are physical changes. The burning of the wax vapour is
a chemical change.
Example
Burning of LPG involves both physical and chemical changes because when LPG
comes out of cylinder and is converted from liquid to gaseous state it is a
physical change. When the gas burns in air it is a chemical change.
14. Explain why burning of wood and cutting it into small pieces are
considered as two different types of changes.
Answer: Burning of wood
Burning is a non-reversible chemical change because when we burn wood new
substances are formed as the carbon in the wood reacts with oxygen in the air
to create ash and smoke, and energy in the form of light and heat.
Cutting of wood it into small pieces
Cutting of wood into small pieces are physical change as no new substance is
formed. Only shape and size changes when wood is cut into small pieces.
15. What happens when an iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution?
Answer: When an iron nail is dipped in the copper sulphate solution (CuSO4)
then iron displaces copper from the copper sulphate because iron is more
reactive than copper. The change of colour of the solution from blue to green
is due to the formation of iron sulphate (FeSO4), a new substance. The brown
deposit on the iron nail is copper, another new substance.
We can write the reaction as:
Copper sulphate solution (blue) + Iron → Iron sulphate solution (green) +
Copper (brown deposit)
16. Differentiate between physical and chemical change.
Answer:
Physical Change Chemical Change

1. Physical change effect only 1. Chemical change effect both physical and
physical properties. chemical properties.

2. Physical change is generally

2. Chemical change is irreversible.
reversible.

3. In such a change no new

3. In such a change new substance is formed.
substance is formed.

4. Example: Condensation of steam 4. Example: Burning of coal

17. Describe how crystals of copper sulphate are prepared.
Answer: Take a cupful of water in a beaker and add a few drops of dilute
sulphuric acid. Heat the water. When it starts boiling add copper sulphate
powder slowly while stirring continuously. Continue adding copper sulphate
powder till no more powder can be dissolved. Filter the solution. Allow it to
cool. Do not disturb the solution when it is cooling. Look at the solution after
some time. You see the crystals of copper sulphate.
7: Explain the process of rusting of iron, and measures to prevent the same.
Answer: Prevention method of rusting
Galvanization is the process of applying a protective layer of zinc on a metal. It
is a very common method of preventing the rusting of iron. Providing the
metals with an electric charge can help inhibit the electrochemical reactions
that lead to rusting.
8: Explain the following:
a. Galvanisation
b. Crystallisation
Answer: (a) Depositing a layer of zinc or chromium on iron to prevent it from
rusting is known as galvanization. Doing this prevents direct contact of iron
with air and oxygen and thus prevents it from rusting.
(b) Some substances can be obtained in pure state from their solutions by the
process of crystallisation.
9. Explain the formation of crystal of copper sulphate.
Answer: A cup of water taken in a beaker and a few drops of dilute Sulphuric
acid are added into it. The water is hated. When it starts boiling copper
sulphate powder is added slowly while stirring continuously till no more
powder can be dissolved. The solution is filtered and allowed to cool down.
Crystals of copper sulphate slowly form at the bottom of the beaker.