String Functions
Function Descriptio Example
UPPER(striConverts stUPPER('hello') → 'HELLO'
LOWER(striConverts stLOWER('HELLO') → 'hello'
INITCAP(strCapitalizesINITCAP('hello world') → 'Hello World'
LTRIM(stri Removes leLTRIM(' hello') → 'hello'
RTRIM(striRemoves trRTRIM('hello ') → 'hello'
TRIM(strin Removes bo TRIM(' hello ') → 'hello'
SUBSTR(striExtracts suSUBSTR('Informatica', 1, 5) → 'Infor'
INSTR(strinReturns posINSTR('Informatica', 'ma') → 6
REPLACE(strReplaces s REPLACE('abc def', ' ', '_') → 'abc_def'
LPAD(stringPads stringLPAD('123', 5, '0') → '00123'
RPAD(stringPads stringRPAD('123', 5, '0') → '12300'
LENGTH(strReturns le LENGTH('abc') → 3
Numeric Functions
Function Descriptio Example
ROUND(numbRounds a ROUND(3.567, 2) → 3.57
CEIL(numbeRounds upCEIL(3.2) → 4
FLOOR(num Rounds doFLOOR(3.9) → 3
MOD(divideReturns re MOD(10, 3) → 1
ABS(numbeAbsolute vABS(-10) → 10
POWER(x, yx raised to POWER(2, 3) → 8
SQRT(numbSquare rooSQRT(16) → 4
Date Functions
Function Descriptio Example
SYSDATE Current sy SYSDATE → '06-JUL-2025'
CURRENT_Same as S —
TO_DATE(stConverts stTO_DATE('06-07-2025', 'DD-MM-YYYY')
TO_CHAR(da
Converts daTO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY-MM-DD')
ADD_TO_DAT
Adds/subtrADD_TO_DATE(SYSDATE, 'DD', -7)
MONTHS_BEDifference MONTHS_BETWEEN(DATE1, DATE2)
LAST_DAY(Last day o LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)
NEXT_DAY(d
Next speci NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE, 'MONDAY')
Conversion Functions
Function Descriptio Example
TO_CHAR(eConverts toTO_CHAR(12345) → '12345'
TO_INTEGER
Converts toTO_INTEGER('123') → 123
TO_DECIMAConverts t TO_DECIMAL('123.45')
TO_DATE(stConverts stTO_DATE('2025-07-06', 'YYYY-MM-DD')
TO_FLOAT(e
Converts toTO_FLOAT('123.45')
Conditional Functions
Function Descriptio Example
IIF(conditi IF-ELSE logIIF(SALARY > 5000, 'High', 'Low')
DECODE(expr Like switchDECODE(GRADE, 'A', 90, 'B', 80, 0)
ISNULL(expChecks for ISNULL(COMM) → TRUE or FALSE
NVL(expr1,Replace nulNVL(COMM, 0)
NULLIF(expReturns nulNULLIF(SALARY, 0)
Aggregate Functions
Function Descriptio Example
SUM(expresTotal SUM(SALARY)
AVG(expresAverage AVG(SALARY)
MAX(expresMaximum vMAX(SALARY)
MIN(expresMinimum vMIN(SALARY)
COUNT(expNumber ofCOUNT(EMP_ID)
MEDIAN(exMedian MEDIAN(SALARY)
Miscellaneous Functions
Function Descriptio Example
SETVARIABLE
Sets mappiSETVARIABLE('$$MAX_SAL', SALARY)
GETVARIABL
Gets mappiGETVARIABLE('$$MAX_SAL')
ERROR('msg
Stops proceERROR('Invalid record')
UUID() Generates Uu UID() → 'a1b2c3d4-...'