79
Mathematics & Statistics (40)
(For Arts and Science)
XII
mastering the underlying processes and
Introduction skills.
Mathematics is the language of all 2) to apply the knowledge and skills in
sciences and is perhaps the only subject which Mathematics and related problems from
merits this distinction. Mathematics is the other subjects, by more than one method.
backbone of all sciences and it is an inseparable 3) to develop positive attitude to think,
part of human life. analyze and articulate logically.
Higher Secondary is a launching stage 4) to develop interest in Mathematics by
from where students would go to either for participating in various related
academic education in Mathematics or competitions and self-learning.
professional courses like Engineering and 5) to acquaint students with different aspects
Computer Technology, Physical and Biological of Mathematics used in real life.
Sciences. Hence to fulfil the needs of students, 6) to develop an interest in students to study
it is utmost important to make the study of Mathematics as a discipline.
Mathematics more meaningful by acquainting 7) to develop awareness of the need for
the student with many branches of mathematics. national integration, protection of an
This will help them in developing Mathematical environment, removal of social barriers,
tools to be used in the professional education. elimination of sex biases and observance
Apart from motivating topics from real life of small family norm.
situations and other subject areas, major thrust 8) to develop reverence and respect towards
is also on application of various concepts. great mathematicians for their contribution
The proposed syllabus has been designed to the field of Mathematics.
in accordance with National Curriculum 9) to develop interest in the subject by
Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given participating in related competitions.
in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics
2005 which is to meet the emerging needs of Std. XII : PART – 1
all categories of students. 1. Mathematical Logic
Objectives Statements - Introduction, sentences and
To enable the students statement, truth value of statement, open
1) to acquire knowledge and critical sentences, compound statement, quantifier
understanding, particularly by way of and quantified statements, logical
motivation and visualization of basic connectives : conjunction, disjunction,
concepts, terms, principles, symbols and negation, implication/ conditional,
84
biconditional, truth tables of compound trigonometric function, properties of
statements, examples related to real life inverse functions.
and mathematics, statement patterns and 4. Pair of straight lines
logical equivalence - tautology, Pair of lines passing through origin-
contradiction, contingency, duality, combined equation, homogenous equation,
negation of compound statement, theorem-the joint equation of a pair of
contrapositive, converse, inverse, algebra lines passing through origin and its
of statements-idempotent law, associative converse, acute angle between the lines
law, commutative law, distributive law, represented by ax2+2hxy+by2=0, condition
identity law, complement law, involution for parallel lines, condition for
law, DeMorgan’s laws, difference between perpendicular lines, pair of lines not
converse, contrapositive, contradiction, passing through origin-combined equation
application-introduction to switching of any two lines, condition that the
circuits (simple examples). equation ax 2+2hxy+by 2+2gx+2fy+c=0
2. Matrices should represent a pair of lines (without
Elementary transformation of a matrix- proof), acute angle between the lines
revision of cofactor and minor, elementary (without proof), condition of parallel and
row transformation, elementary column perpendicular lines, point of intersection
transformation, inverse of a matrix- of two lines.
existance and uniqueness of inverse of a 5. Circle
matrix, inverse by elementary Tangent of a circle-equation of a tangent
transformation, adjoint method, at a point to 1) standard circle,2) general
application-solution of system of linear circle, condition of tangency only for line
equations by – reduction method, inversion y = mx + c to the circle x2 + y2 = a2,
method. tangents to a circle from a point outside
3. Trigonometric functions the circle, director circle, length of tangent
Trigonometric equations-general solution segments, normal to a circle-equation of
of trigonometric equation of the type : normal at a point.
sinθ, = 0, cosθ = 0, tanθ = 0, sinθ = sinα, 6. Conics
cosθ = cosα, tanθ = tanα, sin2θ = sin2α, Tangents and normals-equations of tangent
cos2θ = cos2α, tan2θ = tan2α, acosθ + and normal at a point for parabola, ellipse,
bsinθ = C solution of a triangle : polar hyperbola; condition of tangency for
coordinates, sine rule, cosine rule, parabola; ellipse, hyperbola; tangents in
projection rule, area of a triangle, terms of slope for parabola, ellipse,
application, Hero’s formula, Napier hyperbola, tangents from a point outside
Analogues, inverse trigonometric conics, locus of points from which two
functions-definitions, domain, range, tangents are mutually perpendicular,
principle values, graphs of inverse properties of tangents and normals to
conics (without proof).
85
7. Vectors and parallel to two given vectors, equation
Revision, Collinearity and coplanarity of of plane passing through three non-
vectors : linear combination of vectors, collinear points, equation of plane passing
condition of collinearity of two vectors, through the intersection of two given
conditions of coplanarity of three vectors, planes, angle between two planes, angle
section formula : section formula for between line and plane, condition for the
internal and external division, midpoint coplanarity of two lines, distance of a
formula, centroid formula, scaler triple point from a plane (vector approach)
product : definition, formula, properties, 11 Linear programming problems
geometrical interpretation of scalar triple Introduction of L.P.P. definition of
product, application of vectors to geometry- constraints, objective function,
medians of a triangle are concurrent, optimization, constraint equations, non-
altitudes of a triangle are concurrent, angle negativity restrictions, feasible and
bisectors of a triangle are concurrent, infeasible region, feasible solutions,
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each Mathematical formulation-mathematical
other and converse, median of trapezium formulation of L.P.P. different types of
is parallel to the parallel sides and its L.P.P. problems, graphical solutions for
length is half the sum of parallel sides, problem in two variables, optimum feasible
angle subtended on a semicircle is right solution.
angle.
8. Three dimensional geometry Std. XII - PART – 2
Direction cosines and direction ratios:
direction angles, direction cosines, 1. Continuity
direction ratios, relation between direction Continuity of a function at a point : left
ratio and direction cosines, angle between hand limit, right hand limit, definition of
two lines, condition of perpendicular lines. continuity of a function at a point,
discontinuity of a function, types of
9. Line discontinuity, algebra of continuous
Equation of line passing through given functions, continuity in interval-definition,
point and parallel to given vector, equation continuity of some standard functions-
of line passing through two given points, polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
distance of a point from a line, distance exponential and logarithmic function.
between two skew lines, distance between 2. Differentiation
two parallel lines (vector approach). Revision- revision of derivative,
10. Plane relationship between continuity and
Equation of plane in normal form, equation differentiability-left hand derivative and
of plane passing through the given point right hand derivative (need and concept),
and perpendicular to given vector, equation every differentiable function is continuous
of plane passing through the given point but converse is not true, Derivative of
86
composite function-chain rule, derivative 5. Applications of definite integral
of inverse function, derivative of inverse Area under the curve : area bounded by
trigonometric function : Derivative of curve and axis (simple problems), area
implicit function definition and examples, bounded by two curves, volume of solid
derivative of parametric function – of revolution-volume of solid obtained by
definition of parametric function , revolving the area under the curve about
exponential and logarithmic function- the axis (simple problems).
derivative of functions which are expressed 6. Differential equation
in one of the following form a) product of Definition-differential equation, order,
functions, b) quotient of functions, c) degree, general solution, particular solution
higher order derivative, second order of differential equation, formation of
derivative d) [f(x)][g(x)] differential equation-formation of
3. Applications of derivative differential equation by eliminating arbitary
Geometrical application-tangent and constants (at most two constants), solution
normal at a point, Rolle's theorem, and of first order and first degree differential
Mean value theorem and their geometrical equation-variable separable method,
interpretation (without proof), derivative homogeneous differential equation
as a rate measure-introduction, increasing (equation reducible to homogeneous form
and decreasing function, approximation are not expected), Linear differential
(without proof), Maxima and minima- equation, applications : population growth,
introduction of extrema and extreme bacterial colony growth, surface area,
values, maxima and minima in a closed Newton’s laws of cooling, radioactive
interval, first derivative test, second decay.
derivative test. 7. Statistics
4. Integration Bivariate frequency distribution - bivariate
Indefinite integrals-methods of integration, data, tabulation of bivariate data, scatter
substitution method, integrals of the diagram, covariance of ungrouped data,
various types, integration by parts covariance for bivariate frequency
(reduction formulae are not expected), distribution, Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
integration by partial fraction-factors correlation.
involving repeated and non-repeated linear 8. Probability distribution
factors, non-repeated quadratic factors, Probability distribution of a random
definite integral-definite integral as a limit variable-definition of a random variable,
of sum, fundamental theorem of integral discrete and continuous random variable,
calculus (without proof), evaluation of probability mass function (p.m.f.),
definite integral 1) by substitution, probability distribution of a discrete
2) integration by parts, properties of random variable, cumulative probability
definite integrals. distribution of a discrete random variable,
87
expected value, variance and standard 5. Tracing of tangents and normals for circle
deviation of a discrete random variable, and parabola.
probability density function (p.d.f.), 6. Tracing of tangents and normals for ellipse
distribution function of a continuous and hyperbola.
random variable. 7. Applications of scalar triple product of
9. Bernoulli trials and Binomial vectors.
distribution 8. Three dimensional geometry - line.
Definition of Bernoulli trial, conditions 9. Three dimensional geometry - plane.
for Binomial distribution, binomial 10. Formations and solutions of LPP.
distribution (p.m.f.), mean, variance and 11. Applications of derivatives (Geometric
standard deviation, calculation of applications).
probabilities (without proof), Normal 12. Applications of derivatives – Rate measure.
distribution : p.d.f., mean, variance and 13. Applications of derivatives - Maxima and
standard deviation, standard normal minima
variable, simple problems (without proof). 14. Applications of definite integrals - Limit
of a sum.
List of Practicals : XII 15. Applications of definite integrals - Area.
1. Applications of logic. 16. Applications of definite integrals - volume.
2. Inverse of a matrix by adjoint method and 17. Applications of differential equations.
hence solution of system of linear 18. Bivariate frequency distribution.
equations. 19. Expected value, variance and S.D of a
3. Inverse of a matrix by elementary random variable.
transformation and hence solution of 20. Binomial distribution.
system of linear equations.
4. Solutions of a triangle.
