Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
If b > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1, the exponential function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 is either increasing or decreasing
and so it is one-to-one by the Horizontal Line
Test. It therefore has an inverse function 𝑓 −1 ,
which is called the logarithmic function with
base b and is denoted by log 𝑏 .
LOGARITHMIC & Exponential Functions
Laws of logarithm
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are positive numbers, then
• log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑥
• log 𝑏 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
• log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑟 = 𝑟 log 𝑏 𝑥 (where 𝑟 is any real number)
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
𝑑 1
(log 𝑏 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑏
Sketch of Proof: How to use Inverse Derivative Rule to derive this
formula. Let’s say 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥. We will try to get 𝑦 ′ using inverse
derivative rule. From the equality
𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥. Now take derivative with respect to 𝑥. Here we
need to use implicit differentiation.
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ′ ′ 1 ′ 1
𝑏 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇔ 𝑏 . 𝑦 .ln 𝑏 = 1⇔ 𝑦 =𝑏𝑦 ln 𝑏 ⇔ 𝑦 =𝑥.ln 𝑏
𝑑𝑥
′ 1
𝑦 =
𝑥.ln 𝑏
Special Case: (𝒃 = 𝒆)
𝑑 1
(ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
REMARK
𝑑 (ln 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
• =
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑 (log𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
• =
𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑏.𝑓(𝑥)
Example:
Differentiate 𝑦=ln(𝑥 3 + 1)
Solution:
𝑑 (ln 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥)
.
(𝑥 3 +1)′ 3𝑥 2
Then, 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 3 +1) =(𝑥 3+1)
Example:
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Solution: Since
𝑙𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
𝑓 𝑥 =
ln −𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
Then, it follows that
1
, 𝑥>0 1
′ 𝑥 ′
𝑦 = −1 this implies that 𝑦 = if 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥
, 𝑥<0
−𝑥
Example:
Differentiate 𝑦 = log10 (2 + sin 𝑥).
𝑑 (log𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
Solution: Here, we can use 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑏.𝑓(𝑥)
. Therefore;
′
′
(2 + sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥
𝑦 = =
𝑙𝑛10. (2 + sin 𝑥) 𝑙𝑛10. (2 + sin 𝑥)
Example:
Find the equation of tangent line to the curve
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 at point (3,0).
EXECISES
Differentiate the following functions:
1) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
𝑥+2
2) 𝑦 = ln
𝑥+1
3) 𝑦 = ln(𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
ANSWERS:
𝑑𝑦 1
1) 𝑑𝑥
=
2𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2) = 2(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥
3) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
Understand Difference!!!!
• For 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙 ⇒ Use logarithmic differentiation to take derivative
• For 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒃 ⇒ Use power rule to take derivative.
• BUT WHAT HAPPENS if 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
WHAT TO FIND 𝑦 ′ ?
Logarithmic Differentiation
The calculation of derivatives of
complicated functions involving
products, quotients, or powers can often
be simplified by taking logarithms. The
method used in the following example is
called logarithmic differentiation.
Example:
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
• Differentiate 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 +𝑥
QUESTION: DO YOU WANT TO APPLY
QUOTIENT RULE?
ANSWER: I DO NOT THINK SO.
Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
Take natural logarithms of both sides of an
equation 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and use the Laws of
Logarithms to simplify.
Differentiate implicitly with respect to 𝑥.
Solve the resulting equation for 𝑦 ′ .
Example:
𝑥
Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
Solution: Since both the base and the exponent are variable, we use
logarithmic differentiation:
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
Take derivative of both sides w.r.t 𝑥.
𝑦′ 1 1
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥.
𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝑦′ = 𝑥 𝑥
(2 𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥. 𝑥)
Example:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
Find if 𝑥 = 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥
EXERCISES
ANSWERS:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+1
Find 𝑦 ′ for given: 1) 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥(1+ln 𝑥)
1) 𝑦 = ln 1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑥+2
2) =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥
2) 𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3) = −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
2
4) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
4) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥2 +𝑦2 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
5) 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑥 5) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ln ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 8!
𝑑 9 (𝑥 8 𝑙𝑛𝑥) 6) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
6) Find =?
𝑑𝑥 9
If you meet any mistake(s), please inform me!!!!
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Arcsine Function
WHY DO WE RESTRICT OURSELVES TO
−𝜋 𝜋
INTERVAL [ , ] ????
2 2
ARCSINE
arcsinx = sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇔ sin 𝑦 = 𝑥
−𝜋 𝜋
𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤𝑦≤
2 2
Example: Evaluate
−1 3
• sin ( 2 )=?
1
• tan arcsin =?
3
Briefly;
Inverse of cosx
•
WHY WE
NEED TO
TAKE
INTERVAL
AS
0≤𝑥≤𝜋
????
Inverse of f(x)=tan(x)
The Remaining Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Table of Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Derivation for INVERSE of y=arcsin(x)
Now we will derive derivative of sin−1 𝑥.
Let’s say 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑥 = sin 𝑦.
𝑑𝑦
Now use implicit differentiation to get 𝑑𝑥 . Take ferivative of both sides
with respect to 𝑥.
Then we get that:
1
1 = 𝑦 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ⇔ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
Now we will derive 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. We know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 =
1
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 . So, 𝑦 ′ becomes 𝑦 ′ = 2
.
1−𝑥
1
𝑦′ = .
1−𝑥 2
Examples:
1. Simplify the expression tan sin−1 𝑥 .
2. Find the derivative of following functions:
a) 𝑦 = 2 cos−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥
b) 𝑦 = cos−1(𝑒 2𝑥 )
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
d) 𝑦 = arc𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
e) 𝑦 = arc𝑠𝑖𝑛( 1 − 𝑥 2 )
Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperybolic Functions
• Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential
functions 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑥 arise so frequently in mathematics and
its applications that they deserve to be given special names.
• In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric
functions, and they have the same relationship to the
hyperbola that the trigonometric functions have to the
circle.
• For this reason they are collectively called hyperbolic
functions and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic
cosine, and so on.
DEFINITIONs
•
APPLICATIONS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Graphs of hyperbolic functions
•
Hyperbolic Idendities
•
Derivatives
Examples:
Find the derivative. Simplify where possible.
• 𝑦 = ln sinh 𝑡
• 𝑦 = 𝑒 cosh 3𝑥
• 𝑦 = sinh−1 (tan 𝑥)
