LIC lab manual

OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(ACCREDITED BY NAAC ‘B’ GRADE)
KARUMANDAPAM, PIRATTIYUR, TRICHY-9

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

REGULATION-2013
CHENNAI

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 LIC lab manual
OXFORD ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EC 6412LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Design and Testing of:

1. Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers.

2. Integrator and Differentiator.
3. Instrumentation amplifier.
4. Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters.
5. Astable and Monostablemultivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Op-Amp.
6. Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp.
7. Astable and Monostablemultivibrators using NE555 timer.
8. PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier.
9. DC power supply using LM317 and LM723.
10. Study of SMPS.
11. Simulation of experiments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 using PSpiceNetlists.
Note: Op-Amps uA741, LM 301, LM311, LM 324 and AD 633 may be used.

BEYOND THE SYLLABUS:

1. Simulation of D/A-A/D converter analog multiplier

CMOS, NAND,NOR

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EX:No: 1INVERTING, NON INVERTING, DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design and test the circuit of inverting, non-inverting &differential amplifiers using op amps.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 DC Regulated power Supply (0-30V/2A) 1

(0Hz-1MHz)
2 Audio Frequency Oscillator 1

3 CRO (0-100)KHz 1
1k Ω,10k Ω,
4 Resistor 100k Ω,2.2k Each (2)
Ω
5 Op amp 1C741 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires - Few

THEORY:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R1and the non-inverting
input terminal of the op-amp is grounded. The output voltage Vo is fed back to the inverting input
terminal through the Rf - R1 network, where Rf is the feedback resistor. The output voltage is given as,
Vo = - ACL Vi .Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with
the input signal.

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
A resistance R2 is added to provide a dc return to ground however this reduces the overall input
impedance of the amplifier which becomes approximately R2. This problem of low input impedance is
eliminated by connecting a capacitor C3. The non-inverting terminal and the node A will be almost at the same
potential so that R2 carries almost no current. Hence the circuit will have externally high input impedance.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
A circuit that amplifies the difference between two signals is called as differential amplifier. Since the
differential voltage at the input terminal of the operational amplifier is zero and Vs is produced. Such a circuit is

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very useful in detecting very small difference in signal. Since the gain of the ratio R0/Ri can be chosen to be
very large.
Ad = A1- A2

Ac = A1 + A2/2

Where
Ad = differential mode gain

Ac = common mode gain

PIN DIAGRAM:

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INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Design:
Let Vin=1V, Rin=10k Ω Rf=100k Ω
Gain =Av=-(Rf/Rin)
Gain =Av= 10
Av =Vo/Vin =10
Hence output voltage (theoretical) =10*(Vin) =10V
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION
S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
1. Input
2. Output

MODEL GRAPH

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NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Design
Let Vin=0.4V, Rin=10k Ω Rf=100k Ω
Gain =Av=1+ (Rf/Rin)
=1+(100/10)
=11
Av =Vo/Vin =11
Hence output voltage (theoretical) =11*(Vin) =4.4V
Circuit Diagram

TABULATION
S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
1. Input
2. Output

MODEL GRAPH

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DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:

Output Voltage,V0 = (V1-V2)R2/R1

Let V1=2V,V2=1.6V, R1=10k Ω ,R2=100k Ω
Output Voltage,V0 = 4V
Circuit Diagram

TABULATION

S.No Waveform Amplitude Time period

1. Input signal 1

2. Input signal 2
3 Output

Model Graph:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Input sine wave is given to the inverting and Non inverting terminal of IC741.

3. Output is observed at CRO.

4. The input and output waveforms are drawn.

RESULT:

Thus the Inverting, Non – Inverting and Differential amplifier are designed and the output waveforms

are verified.

Practical Output
Parameter TheoriticalOutputVoltage
Voltage
Inverting
Non –

Inverting

Differential

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EX.NO:2a INTEGRATOR

AIM
To design and test the circuit of Integrator using op amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

RANG
S.No COMPONENTS QUANTITY
E
1 Operational Amplifier IC741 1
2 Resistor 100K 1
3 Resistor 10K 2
4 Capacitor 0.01uf 1
5 CRO - 1
6 AFO - 1
7 Power Supply (0-30)V 1
8 Bread board - 1

THEORY:

A simple low pass RC circuit can works as an integrator, when the line constant is very large. This
requires very large value of R and C. The component R and C cannot be made initially large becomes of
practical limitations. The effective input capacitance becomes C1 when Av is given off the operational
amplifier. So the effective time constant of the operational amplifier becomes very large which results in
integrator.
PIN DIAGRAM:

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DESIGN:
Let R1=10k Ω, C=0.01μF,f c=5kHz,
Vo = 1/R1C f (∫Vi dt)
= -1/(10k Ω) (0.01μF) ∫2xsin2Πfcdt

Vo =4000 cos 2 Π(2000)(0.5*10-3 )/ 2Π (2000)

Vo = 0.3V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION
S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
1. Input
2. Output

MODEL GRAPH

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input is given from AFO with inverting terminal of IC741.
3. Output is observed at CRO.
4. The input and output waveforms are drawn.
RESULT:

Thus the integrator circuit is designed and verified.

Parameter Theoritical Practical

Output Voltage

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EX.NO:2a DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM
To design and test the circuit of Differentiator using op amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 OperationalAmplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 100K, 10K 1, 2

3 Capacitors 0.01uf 2

4 CRO - 1

5 AFO - 1

6 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

7 Bread Board - 1

8 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:

An operational amplifier circuit that contains capacitor is the differentiating amplifier or differentiator.
As this name suggests the differentiator (i.e) the input voltage is the derivative of input waveform.

DESIGN:

Let Rf =10k Ω, C=0.01μF,f c=5 kHz,

V0 (t)= - RfC1 (dV1 (t)/dt)

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

S.No Waveform Amplitude Time period

1. Input
2. Output

MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input is given from AFO with inverting terminal of IC741.
3. Output is observed at CRO.
4. The input and output waveforms are drawn.
RESULT:

Thus the differentiator circuit is designed and verified.

Parameter Theoretical Practical

Output
Voltage

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EX.NO:3
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM:

To design and test the circuit of Instrumentation amplifier using op amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 OperationalAmplifier IC 741 3

2 Resistors 10K, 200K 6,1

3 CRO - 1

4 AFO - 1

5 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`6 Bread Board - 1

7 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:

The special amplifier which is used for low level amplification with high CMRR, high impedance to
avoid loading, low power consumption is called instrumentation amplifier. They have become an integral part
of the modern testing and measurement. It is also called a data amplifier and it is basically represented as

A=V0/ (V1-V2)
In many industrial applications, it is necessary to measure carious physical quantities such as
temperature, humidity, water flow etc. They are measured by transducer; the output of transducer is amplified
using instrumentation amplifier.

DESIGN:

R1 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = R7 = 10KΩ R2 = 200KΩ
V0 = (1 + 2R1/R2) R3 / R4 (v1 – V2)
= 20.2V

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION

S.No Waveform Amplitude Time period

1. Input signal 1

2. Input signal 2
3 Output

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MODEL GRAPH

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Input sine wave is given to the Non-inverting terminal first two op amps.

3. Output is taken from third op amp and it is observed at CRO.

4. The input and output waveforms are drawn.

RESULT:

Thus the instrumentation amplifier for the given gain is designed and the output waveform is obtained.
Parameter Theoritical Practical
Output Voltage

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EX.NO:4a
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
AIM:
To design and analyze the performance of active low pass filter and draw its frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

OperationalAmplifie IC 741 1
1
r

2 Resistors 5.86KΩ, 1
10KΩ 2
3 Capacitor 0.1uF 1

4 CRO - 1

5 AFO - 1

6 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`7 Bread Board - 1

8 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:
A first order low pass filter consists of a single RC network connected to the (+) input terminal of non
inverting op-amp amplifiers. The resistors determine the gain of the filter in the pass band. The transfer function
of the first order low pass filter systems,

H(S)=Avow
S+wh
It has the maximum gain Ao at f=0Hz.At f h the gain falls to 0.707 times (the max.gainAo). The
frequency range from 0 to fh is called the pass band. For f>fh the gain decreases at a constant rate of -20
dB/decade. The frequency range f>fh is called the pass band. Obviously, the low pass filter characteristics
obtained is not an ideal one consists of the two RC pairs and has a roll off rate of -40dB/decade.

DESIGN PROCDURES:

Let R1=10KΩ; fc=1 KHz; C=0.1 μ F

Let gain = 1.586
1+ Rf/R1=1.586
Rf/R1=1.586-1=0.586
Rf = 5.86 KΩ

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION:
VIN=1V
Gain = 20 log (V0/Vin)
S.No Frequency Output Voltage(V0 )

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MODEL GRAPH

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Give a sinusoidal input of say 1 V.
3. Switch on the duel power supply
4. Vary the input frequency at regular intervals and note down the output
Response from the CRO
5. Verify the practical and the calculated theoretical cut off frequency.
6. Plot the frequency response on the semi log sheet.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of the active LPF studied and the cut off frequencies are calculated and
verified.

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EX.NO:4b
ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER
AIM:
To design and analyze the performance of active band pass filter and draw its frequency response

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 OperationalAmplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 4.7KΩ,6.2KΩ,6.2KΩ, 1
10KΩ, 100KΩ 2,1
3 Capacitor 0.01uF 1

4 CRO - 1

5 AFO - 1

6 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`7 Bread Board - 1

8 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:

It allows the band of frequencies between the upper and low cutoff frequencies. There are two types of
Band pass filters which are classified as per figure of merit or Quality factor.
1) Narrow band pass filter (Q>10)
2) Wide band pass filter (Q <10).
This Filter is unique in following respects:
 It has two feedback paths, hence the name multiple feedback filter.
 The Op-amp is used in inverting mode.
Generally the narrow band pass filter is designed for specific values of Center frequency& Q.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:
VIN=1V
Gain = 20 log (V0/Vin)
S.No Frequency Output Voltage(V0 )

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Give a sinusoidal input of say 1 V.
3. Switch on the dual power supply
4. Vary the input frequency at regular intervals and note down the output
Response from the CRO
5. Verify the practical and the calculated theoretical cut off frequency.
6. Plot the frequency response on the semi log sheet.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of the active BPF studied and the cut off frequencies are calculated and
verified.

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EX.NO:4c ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM:
To design and analyze the performance of active high pass filter and draw its frequency response

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

Operational IC 741 1
1
Amplifier

2 Resistors 5.86KΩ, 1KΩ, 1

10KΩ 2
3 Capacitor 0.01uF 1

4 CRO - 1

5 AFO - 1

6 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`7 Bread Board - 1

8 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:
High pass filter is the complement of low pass filter and it can be obtained by interchanging R and C in
the low pass configuration. It allows the frequencies greater than the cutoff frequencies and rejects the rest of
the frequencies. The order of the filter depends on the number of RC pairs .The set of frequencies allowed by
the filter is said to be pass band. The set of frequencies rejected by the filter is said to be stopband.

DESIGN:

Let R1=10KΩ; fc=1KHz; C=0.1 μ F

Let gain = 1.586
1+ Rf/R1=1.586
Rf/R1=1.586-1=0.586
Rf = 5.86 KΩ

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:
VIN=1V
Gain = 20 log (V0/Vin)
S.No Frequency Output Voltage(V0 )

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Give a sinusoidal input of say 1 V.
3. Switch on the duel power supply
4. Vary the input frequency at regular intervals and note down the output
Response from the CRO
5. Verify the practical and the calculated theoretical cut off frequency.
6. Plot the frequency response on the semi log sheet.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of the active HPF studied and the cut off frequencies are calculated and
verified.

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EX:No: 5a ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

AIM: S.No Components Range Quantity
To design and verify the operation of
astablemultivibrator using Op amp IC741 1 opamp IC741.
1.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
10k Ω,
Resistors 2,1
2. 2.2k Ω

Capacitor 0.1uf 1
3.
CRO - 1
4.

AFO - 1
5.
(0-
Power Supply 1
6. 30)V
Bread board - 1
7.
Connecting Wires - few
8.

THEORY:
An astablemultivibrator is a square waveform generator. Square wave is generated by forcing the op-
amp to operate in the saturation region. The astablemultivibrator is a free running symmetrical multivibrator
because it does not require any external trigger. A simple operational amplifier AstableMultivibrator is also
called as a free running oscillator. The principle of generation of square wave output is to force an operational
amplifier to generate in the saturation region. β / (R1 + R) of the operational amplifier is feedback to the
positive input terminal. Thus the reference voltage Vref is β V0 makes and take values as β Vsat or - β Vsat.
The output is also feedback to the negative input terminal just exceeds Vref switching takes place resulting in
square wave output.
DESIGN:

βVsat = (R2 / R1 + R2) 2.4V

= 1.2V
R1 = R2 = 10K
β = 0.5v
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T = 2RfC (1+ β/1- β)
= 0.48 X 10 -3
F = 1 / T = 2KHz

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

S.N Parameter Amplitude Time period

o
1. Output signal Ton=
Toff=
T=

2 Capacitor Charging

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Capacitor discharging

CALCULATION:
Theoretical:
F=1/(2RC)
Practical:
F=1/T

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The output is seen in the CRO.
3. The time period of the output waveform is compared with designed frequency.

RESULT:
Thus the AstableMultivibrator using operational amplifier has been designed and verified.

Parameter Theoretical Practical

Frequency of
AstableMultivibrator

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EX: No: 5b MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

AIM: S.No Components Range Quantity

To design and verify the operation of
monostablemultivibrator Op amp IC741 1 using opamp IC741.
1.
APPARATUS 1k Ω,10k Ω, REQUIRED:
Resistors 1,2,1
2. 68k Ω

Capacitor 0.1uf 2
3.
Diode IN4007 2
4.
CRO - 1
5.

AFO - 1
6.
Power Supply (0-30)V 1
7.
Bread board - 1
8.
Connecting Wires - few
9.

THEORY:
MonostableMultivibrator has one stable and the other is quasi stable state. The circuit is useful for
generating single output pulse of adjustable duration In response to a triggering signal. The width of the output
pulse depends only on the external components to the output amplifier. It is a modified of astablemultivibrator.
The negative going pulse signal of magnitude passing through the positive going triggering pulse signal and is
applied to the positive input terminal when V0 is at Vsat C get clamped to 0.7v.
DESIGN:

C = 0.01uf R3 = 1K
R1 = R2 = 10K T = 0.69 RfC
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T = 0.5ms
Rf = T / 0.69C
= 72K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
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S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
1. Input
2. Output
CALCULATION:
THEORITICAL:
F=1/(0.69RC)
PRACTICAL:
F=1/T

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The output is seen in the CRO.
3. The time period of the output waveform is compared with designed frequency.

RESULT:
Thus the MonostableMultivibrator using operational amplifier has been designed and verified.

Parameter Theoritical Practical

Frequency of
MonostableMultivibrator

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EX:No: 5c SCHMITT
S.No Components Range Quantity
TRIGGER USING OP AMP
AIM:
Op amp IC741 1
To design and 1 verify the operation of
schmitt triggerusing 1k Ω, opamp IC741.
Resistors 2,1
2 6.5k Ω
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
CRO - 1
3
AFO - 1
4

Power Supply (0-30)V 1

5
Bread board - 1
6
Connecting wires - Few
7

THEORY:
The input voltage is applied to the negative input terminal and feedback voltage to the positive input terminal.
The input voltage trigger the output V0 every time it exceeds contain voltage levels. Thus voltage levels are
called upper threshold voltage(VUt) and lower threshold voltage(VLt). The hysteresis width is the difference
between these threshold voltages (i.e) VUt – VLt. The most important application of Schmitt trigger circuit is to
covert a very slowly varying input voltage into a square wave output.
DESIGN:

Vut = (R1/ R1+R2)Vsat

Vlt = -(R1/R1+R2)Vsat
Let Vut =+0.5V, Vlt = -0.5V
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For IC 741,Vsat=14V &-Vsat=-14V
R1=27R2Let R1=1kΩ and R2=27kΩ

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
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1. Input
2. Output
 LIC lab manual

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Sine wave is given as an input with amplitude greater than V0 and V1.
3. View the output in the CRO, note that positive and negative transition will occur at Vsat and VLt.
4. Plot the input and output waveform.

RESULT:
Thus the Schmitt trigger using operational amplifier has been designed and verified.

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Ex. No:6a RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To design and analyse the operation of RC phase shift oscillator and draw its output waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 1KΩ, 4
10K 1
3 Capacitor 0.1uF 3

4 CRO - 1

5 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`6 Bread Board - 1

7 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:
The Op amp provides a phase shift of 180 as it is used in the inverting mode. An additional phase shift
of 180 is provides by the RC network. The frequency of the oscillation f0 is given by
f0=1/2Л√ (6RC)
There are three stages in RC phase shift oscillator. Each stage produces a phase shift of 60◦. The output
signal is continuously obtained without any input signal. It satisfies the Barkhausen criterion.

DESIGN:

f0=1/2Л√ (6RC)
Let C=0.01uF, f=600Hz
R=1k.

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R f =29R1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:
PARAMETER AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

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2. Output is observed at CRO.
3. Amplitude and time period is noted.
4. The output waveform is drawn.
RESULT:

Thus the RC phase shift oscillator is designed and verified.

PARAMETER THEORETICAL PRACTICAL

Frequency

Ex:No:6bWIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To design and analyse the operation of Wien Bridgeoscillator and draw its output waveform.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 1KΩ, 1.5KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 1,2,1

3 Capacitor 0.1uF 2

4 CRO - 1

5 Power supply (0 – 30)V 1

`6 Bread Board - 1

7 Connecting Wires - few

THEORY:

It is another commonly used audio frequency oscillator. The feedback signal is given to the non
inverting terminal of the circuit. Hence the circuit works as a non inverting amplifier. The feedback network
need not provide any phase shift. It consists of a series RC network in one arm and a parallel RC network in
adjoining arm.

DESIGN:

Let R1=R2=R, C1=C2=C

f0=1/ (2ЛRC)
Rf=2R3

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

PARAMETER AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD

MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:

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1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Output is observed at CRO.
3. Amplitude and time period is noted.
4. The output waveform is drawn.
RESULT:
Thus the Wien bridge shift oscillator is designed and verified.

PARAMETER THEORETICAL PRACTICAL

S.No Components Range Quantity
Frequency
Timer 1C555 1
1.
EX:NO: 7a 3.9k Ω, ASTABLE
Resistors 1,1
2. 2.2k Ω
MULTIVIBRATOR 0.1µf,0.01µ USING TIMER
Capacitor Each1
AIM: 3. F
To design and CRO - 1 verify the operation of
4.
astablemultivibrator using IC 555 timer.
AFO - 1
5.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power Supply (0-30)V 1
6.
Bread board - 1
7.
Connecting

8. Wires - few

THEORY:

The IC555 timer is a 8 pin IC that can be connected to external components for astable operation. The
simplified block diagram is drawn. The OP-AMP has threshold and control inputs. Whenever the threshold
voltage exceeds the control voltage, the high output from the OP –AMP will set the flip-flop. The collector of
discharge transistor goes to pin 7. When this pin is connected to an external trimming capacitor, a high Q output
from the flip flop will saturate the transistor and discharge the capacitor. When Q is low the transistor opens and
the capacitor charges.

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The complementary signal out of the flip-flop goes to pin 3 and output. When external reset pin is
grounded it inhibits the device. The on – off feature is useful in many application. The lower OP- AMP
inverting terminal input is called the trigger because of the voltage divider. The non-inverting input has a
voltage of +Vcc/3; the OP-Amp output goes high and resets the flip flop.

PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

S.No Parameter Amplitude Time period

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1. Output signal Ton=
Toff=
T=

2. Capacitor Charging

Capacitor discharging

MODEL GRAPH:

CALCULATION
(i)Theoretical:
f=1.45/ [ ( Ra+2Rb)*C]
(ii)Practical:
f =1/T
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The output is seen in the CRO.
3. The time period of the output waveform is compared with designed frequency.
RESULT:
Thus the AstableMultivibrator using IC 555 timer has been designed and verified.

Parameter Theoretical Practical

Frequency of
AstableMultivibrator
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S.No Components Range Quantity

Timer IC 555 1
1.
10k Ω,
Resistors 1
2.
0.1µf,0.01µ
Capacitor Each 1
3. F
CRO - 1
4.
EX:NO: 7b MONOSTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR 5. AFO - 1 USING TIMER
AIM:
To design and Power Supply (0-30)V 1 verify the operation of
6.
monostablemultivibrator using IC 555 timer.
Bread board - 1
7.
APPARATUS Connecting REQUIRED:
- few
8. Wires

THEORY:
A monostablemultivibrator has one stable state and a quasistable state. When it is triggered by an
external agency it switches from the stable state to quasistable state and returns back to stable state. The time
during which it states in quasistable state is determined from the time constant RC. When it is triggered by a
continuous pulse it generates a square wave. Monostable multi vibrator can be realized by a pair of
regenerative coupled active devices, resistance devices and op-amps.

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PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

PARAMETER AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD

Trigger Input
Output
Capacitor Voltage

MODEL GRAPH:

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CALCULATION
(i)Theoretical:
F=0.909/RC
(ii)Practical:
F=1/T
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The output is seen in the CRO.
3. The time period of the output waveform is compared with designed frequency.
RESULT:
Thus the MonostableMultivibrator using IC 555 timer has been designed and verified.

Parameter Theoretical Practical

Frequency of
MonostableMultivibrator

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Ex:No:8 PLL CHARACTERISTICS AND FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER

AIM:
To study the operation of NE565 PLL , its characteristics and to use it as a frequency multiplier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S .N
COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY
o
1 IC NE 565 - 1
2 Resistor 6.8KΩ 1
3 Capacitor 0.01uf, 0.001uF,1uF Each 1
4 CRO - 1
5 AFO - 1
6 Power Supply (0-30)V 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires - As required

THEORY:
PHASE LOCKED LOOP:
A Phase locked loop is basically a closed loop system designed to lock the output frequency and
phase of an input signal. It is commonly abbreviated as PLL. It consists of the phase detector, low pass filter,
error amplifier and voltage controlled oscillator. Once locked, PLL tracks the frequency changes of the input
signal. Thus, a PLL through three states: Free running, capture and phase lock ranges.
Lock Range:
The range of the frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called
the Lock Range. It is usually expressed as a percentage of f0.
Capture Range:
The range of the frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with the incoming signal is called the
capture Range. It is usually expressed as a percentage of f0.
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull In Time.
FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER:
A Divide by N Network is inserted between the VCO output and the phase comparator output of the
PLL. In the Locked state, the VCO output frequency f0 is given by
f0=N fs.
The multiplication factor can be obtained by selecting a proper scaling factor N of the counter.
Frequency Multiplication can also be obtained by using the PLL in harmonic Mode.
FORMULA:
Lock Range ( Δ fL ) =+ 7.8 f0/V
Capture Range ( Δ fC) = [ Δ fL / (2л*3.6*103*C)]1/2
Free Running Frequency (f0) =0.25/(RT*CT)
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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NE565:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (PLL)

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FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S .No COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 IC NE 565 - 1
2 IC 7490 1
4.7KΩ,
3 Resistor 2KΩ,10KΩ Each 1

0.01µf,10µ
4 Capacitor Each 1
F
5 Transistor 2N2222 1
6 CRO - 1
7 AFO - 1
8 Power Supply (0-30)V 1
9 Bread board - 1
10 Connecting wires - As required

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FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER:
+6v

20kohm
RT C
10Mf
2kohm
0.001Mf

C1
10 8
2 7 Fo=5fin
VCO Output
4
565
vin
3 +6v
5
1 9 1 RT
11 4.7kohm
7490
(%5) 1
0.01Mf 2 3 6 7 10 2
1
10kohm
2N2222
RT
3

-6v

TABULATION:
PLL
f Δ fL = f2- Δ fc= f3- Tof
S.NO f2 f3 f4 Ton T=Ton+Toff
1 f1 f1 f

FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER:

S.NO Input frequency Fin Resistance Rt Output frequency F0=0.25/(Rt*Ct)

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PROCEDURE:
Phase Locked Loop:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Measure the free running frequency of 1C 565 at pin 4 using CRO with the input signal generator.
3. Set the input signal to pin 2 using signal generators and observe the wave form on the CRO.
4. The frequency is varied till the output signal is 90o out of phase shift with input. This is the upper end of
the capture Range.
5. The frequency is varied till a 90o phase shift is obtained in the output with reference to the input once
again. This is the lower end of the Locking Range.
6. As the frequency is decreased further, output goes to 180o out of phase with the input once again. This
is the lower end of the capture range.
7. The Lock Range Δ fL=(f2-f4)
8. The Capture Range Δ fC=(f3-f1)
9. Compare these values with its theoretical value.
Frequency Multiplier:
1. Connections are given as shown in the diagram.
2. Input signal is applied & the output signal is noted in a CRO & measured.
3. Graph is drawn.

RESULT:
Thus the PLL characteristics and Frequency Multiplier was designed and output is verified using 1C
565.

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Ex:No:9a DC POWER SUPPLY USING LM 317

AIM

To design, test the dc power supply using LM 317 and to draw its Load regulation, Line regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 DC Regulated power Supply (15-0-15)V 1

2 Voltmeter (0-15)V 1

3 Resistor 1
240Ω
4 Voltage Regulator LM 317 1

5 Capacitor 0.1uF,1uF 1,1

6 DRB - 1
THEORY: 7 Bread board - 1

LM 317 is a basic adjustable voltage regulators. It provides an internal reference of 1.25V

berween the output and adjustment terminals. This is used to set a constant current flow across an external
resistor divider. It is possible to adjust the output voltage from 1.2V to 40V and current upto 1.5A.The function
of the voltage regulator is to provide a stable de voltage for powering other electronic Circuit .
Line Regulation:
It is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the input voltage. It is usually
expressed in millivolts.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:
LINE REGULATION:

TABULATION:
LINE REGULATION:
R=

Vin(V) Vout(V)

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PROCEDURE:

LINE REGULATION:

1.Give the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Power supply voltage is adjusted to 10V.
3. To measure line regulation, load resistance is kept constant and output voltage is measured for
different values of Vin.
4. Graph is drawn.

RESULT:

Thus the dc power supply using LM 317was designed and graph for Line regulation is drawn.

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Ex:No:9b DC POWER SUPPLY USING LM 723

AIM
To design,test the dc power supply using LM 723 and to draw its Load regulation, Line regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.N
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY
O
1 DC Regulated power Supply (15-0-15)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
3 Resistor 1 KΩ,33kΩ 2,1
4 Voltage Regulator LM723 1
5 Capacitor 0.1uF,100Pf 1,1
6 DRB - 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires - 1

THEORY:
Voltage Regulator:
The function of the voltage regulator is to provide a stable de voltage for powering other
electronic Circuit.A voltage regulator should be capable of providing substantial output current. The importance
performance parameters of the voltage regulator is
 Line regulation
 Load Regulation
Line Regulation:
It is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the input voltage. It is usually
expressed in millivolts.
Load Regulation:
It is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is also expressed in
millivolts.
LM 723 Voltage regulator:
LM 723 is low current device. It can boost to provide 5 amps or more current by connection external
components. The limitation of 723 is that it has no in built thermal protection. It also has no short circuit current
limits
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LM 317 voltage regulator:
` LM 317 is a basic adjustable voltage regulators. It provides an internal reference of 1.25V
berween the output and adjustment terminals. This is used to set a constant current flow across an external
resistor divider.

PIN DIAGRAM:

DESIGN:

RL=R1 R2
Let R1=1KΩ,R2=33kΩ,Vref=7V
V0=7(1+R1/R2)

LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

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TABULATION:

LINE REGULATION: LOAD REGULATION:

Vin(V) Vout(V) R0(Ω) Vout(V)

MODEL GRAPH:

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HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 DC Regulated power Supply (15-0-15)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V 1
22KΩ,100Ω,
3 Resistor Each 1
220Ω
4 Voltage Regulator LM723 1
5 Capacitor 0.1uF,100Pf 1,1
6 DRB - 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires - 1

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HIGH VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

TABULATION:

Vin(V) Vout(V) R0(Ω) Vout(V)

LINE REGULATION: LOAD

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MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:

LINE REGULATION:

1.Give the circuit connection as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the resistance to give load current of 0.25mA
3.Vary the input voltage from 7 V to 18 V and note down the corresponding output Voltages.
4.Similarly set the load current (IL) to 0.5 and 0.9 A and make two more set of instruments.

LOAD REGULATION:

1.Set the circuit voltage to 10 V.

2.Vary the load resistance and note down the corresponding output voltage and load current.
3.Similarly set the input voltage (Vin) to 14 V and 18 V and make two more set of instruments.

RESULT:

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Thus the dc power supply using LM 723 was designed and graphs for Load regulation, Line regulation
is drawn.

EX:NO:10 STUDY OF SMPS

AIM:
To study the Switched mode power supply circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 DC Regulated power Supply (20-0-20)V 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA 1
2KΩ 2
1KΩ 1
3 Resistor 10KΩ 2
SG 3524 1
4 SMPS 0.1μf 1
5 Capacitor

THEORY:
SMPS:
A power supply is an important element of any type of electronic circuits. It provides the supply for the
proper operation of the circuit. The successful operation of the circuit depends on the proper functioning of the
power supply. Most of the electronic circuits require d.c voltage as that of the battery. The power supply in a
circuit tries to provide such a constant voltage.
The regulator in a power supply is an important unit which keeps the output d.c voltage constant
under the variable load and variable input conditions. The most of the regulators used in conventional power
supplies are series voltage regulators which are called linear regulators. In such regulators, the series pass
transistor is a control element which conducts in series with the load. As load or input changes, the current
through the transistor is adjusted so as to keep the output constant. Thus the series pass transistor is conducting
all time as long as the load is drawing the current. Due to this the linear regulator power supplies number of
limitations.

NEED OF SMPS(Switched Mode Power Supply):

A Linear regulator power supply has following limitations.

1. The required input step down transformer is bulky and expensive.
2. Due to low line frequency (50Hz), large values of filter capacitors are required.

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3. The efficiency is very low.
4. Input must be greater than the output voltage.
5. As large is difference between the input and output voltage, more is the power dissipation in the
series pass transistor.
6. For higher input voltages, efficiency decreases.
7. The needed for dual supply, is not economical and feasible to achieve with the help of linear regulators.
8. Thus in modern days, to overcome all these limitations switched mode power supplies are needed.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT:

Thus the SMPC circuit was studied.

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EX:No:11 SIMULATION OF EXPERIMENTS USING PSPICE
AIM:
To simulate the given circuit using Pspice and to verify its output waveform.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
Orcad release 9.2 version- Pspicenetlists.
PROCEDURE:
To draw the circuit:
 Double click on the icon OrcadFamily release 9.2 version and click capture.
 Click File New Project.
 Give an appropriate name to the project and save the project.
 In the next window select ‘Create blank project’.
 Add the required libraries needed for the project.
 The project window gets opened. Now choose the required components needed for the circuit by
selecting ‘place part’ from the tool bar.
 After placing all the components, connect it using wire.
 Give appropriate values for the components like Source, resistor, Capacitor etc..
 Save the project.

Simulation:
 Go to Pspice New simulation profile Give a name to the simulation profile.
 In simulation settings window, go to option ‘Analysis’.
 Select ‘Time domain (Transient)’ analysis to obtain output in time domain.
 Select ‘Ac sweep’ to obtain output in frequency domain.
 Then go to option ‘Probe window’, enable ‘Display probe window after the execution has completed’.
 Click ‘apply’ and ‘Ok’.
 To execute, go to Pspice Run.
 Obtain the output waveform.
 If the desired output waveform is not obtained, go to Go to Pspice Edit simulation profile and then
follow the same procedure.

INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

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LOW PASS FILTER

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

HIGH PASS FILTER

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

BAND PASS FILTER

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

ASTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

MONOSTABLEMULTIVIBRATOR USING OP AMP

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

SCHMITT TRIGGER USING OP AMP

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

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ASTABLE USING TIMER:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

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MONOSTABLE USING TIMER

OUTPUT WAVEFORM

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

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OUTPUT WAVEFORM

RESULT:
Thus the given circuit is simulated using Pspice software and the output graph is obtained.

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EX.NO :
SIMULATION OF D/A-A/D CONVERTER ANALOG MULTIPLIER
CMOS, NAND,NOR

AIM:
To Design D/A, A/D Converter Analog multiplier and CMOS, NAND,NOR Circuit and to simulate using
spice software

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Personal computer
Spice software

PROCEDURE :
 Open Spice Software and create an new project.
 Place the components and connect to the parts .
 Save the file once it had been connected the successfully.
 Place the output probe and input probe to the circuit.
 Run the simulation and observe the obtained output.

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Circuit Diagram :

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RESULT :
Thus the simulation of D/A,A/D converter analog multiplier, CMOS,NAND,NOR is designed and
output are obtained and useful.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by inverting amplifiers?

2.Define phase shift of the inverted output signal?
3.What is meant by bandwidth of an amplifier?
4.What is the use of feedback in inverted amplifiers?
5.What is meant by non inverting amplifiers?
6. What is meant by non inverting amplifiers?
7. What is meant by unity gain band width?
8. What is the difference between ideal inverting and non inverting amplifiers?
9. What is the meant by difference amplifiers?
10. What is meant by CMRR?
11. Write the expression for CMRR?
12. What is the common mode Gain?
13. What is meant by single ended output and double ended output?
14. What is meant by differential mode operation?
15. What is meant by common mode operation?
16. What are the four configurations in differential amplifiers?
17. What is the use of transfer characteristics of a differential amplifier?
18.Op-Amp circuits that contain capacitor is called
19. Differentiator perform the mathematical operation of
20. Output wave form obtained from the differentiator is
21. What are the problems of Differentiator?
22. How we can overcome the problem occurring in ideal differentiator?
23.Draw the frequency response of a practical operation of
24. What are the Applications of Practical Differentiator?
25.Integrator performs the mathematical operation of
26. Output waveform obtained from the integrator is
27. What are the errors is ideal integrator?
29.Draw the frequency response of a Practical Integrator?
30.What are the Applications of practical Integrator?
31. What are the physical Quantities?
32.What is the function of the Instrumentation Amplifiers?
33. State the features of the instrumentation Amplifiers?
34. Name the commercially available instrumentation Amplifiers?
35. What are the applications of Instrumentation Amplifiers?
36. Draw the Instrumentation Amplifiers using Transducer Bridge?
37. What is transducer?
38. What are the main classifications of transducer?
39. What are the requirements of the Instrumentation Amplifiers?
40. What are the advantages of three amp instrumentation Amplifiers?
41. Define Filters?
42. Explain the Active and Passive Filters?
43. What are the advantages of active filters?
44. Define gain roll off?
45. What is meant by frequency Scaling?
46. Define Low pass filter and band pass filters?
47. Define Butter worth filter?

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48.Classify the BPF based on Quality Factor?
49. Write the expressions for Q?
50. What is the advantage of a multiple feedback circuit?
51. Define Wide BPF?
52. Define Narrow BPF?
53. What does multivibrator mean?
54. Definemonostablemultivibrator?
55. Explain the operation of the monostablemultivibrator?
56. What is meant by astablemultivibrator?
57. Explain the operation of the astablemultivaibrator?
58. What are the applications of the astablemultivibrator?
59. Draw the circuit of the Schmitt Trigger?
60.Write the equations for UTP and LTP?
61. What is meant by UTP & LTP in Schmitt trigger?
62. Draw the output wave forms for Schmitt trigger?
63. What is meant by Oscillator?
64. DefineBarkhausen criterion?
65. Draw the RC Phase Shift Network?
66.RC section produces how much phase shift?
67. Draw the phase shift oscillator using Op Amp?
68. Draw the Wien Bridge Circuit?
69. Explain the operation of the Wien Bridge Circuit?
70. What is meant by frequency Sensitive Arms?
71. What is meant by lead lag Network?
72. What is the advantage of Wien Bridge?
73. Draw the circuit of mono stable multivibrator using 1C555 timer?
74. What is the time constant for a monostablemultivibrator?
75. What is the time constant for a monostablemultivibrator?
76. What is the purpose of using comparators in monostableMultivibrator using 555 timer?
77.Why flip-flops are used in mono stable multivibrator?
78. State the functions of each pins of 1C 555?
79. Write the expressions for the pulse width of a mono stable multivibrator using 1C 555?
80.How astable mode of 555 can be modified to get a square wave generator?
81. Write the expressions for the frequency of the astablemultivibrator using 1C 555?
82.List the features of the 1C 555 timer?
83. What is meant by closed loop system?
84. Define PLL?
85. Explain the operation of a PLL diagram?
86. Draw PLL block diagram?
87. What is the purpose of phase Detector and LPF in PLL?
88. State the function VCO in PLL?
89. Define VCO?
90. What is meant by lock range?
91. What is meant by capture range?
92. Draw the transfer characteristics of PLL.
93. Explain the operation of the frequency multipliers?
94. What is meant by pull-in time?
95. What are the applications of a PLL?
96. Draw the diagram of a frequency multiplier?
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97. Define Voltage Regulators?
98. What is a function of the voltage regulators?
99. What are the various performs factors of regulators?
100. Define Load Regulations?
101. Define Line Regulations?
102. Define Ripple Rejections
103. Define Short circuit protection?
104. State the advantages of 1C regulators?
105. What are the limitations of linear regulators?
106.Give the pin diagram and various packages of IC 723?
107.List the important features of IC 723?
108. Explain the electrical specifications of IC 723?
109. What are the applications of 1C723?
110. What is a switching regulator?
111. Draw the basic switching regulator block diagram
112. What are the types of switching regulator?
113. Define step of switching regulator?
114. Define step up switching regulator?
115. Write a note on Switched Mode power supply?

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BEYOND THE SYLLABUS:
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM:
To design and analyze the full wave rectifier circuit using operational amplifier and precision diode.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. NO COMPONENT DETAILS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Operational amplifier IC 741 2

2 Diode IN 4007 2
Audio frequency
3 - 1
oscillator
4 Resistor 10kΩ 6

5 Regulated Power supply (15-0-15V) 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires - 1

THEORY:
Precision rectifier rectifies voltages of the order of millivolts much lower than the cut in voltage
of diodes. The circuit acts in inverting mode of operation. Hence, an inverting amplifier can be
converted to an ideal full wave rectifier by connecting diodes as in the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
S.N
Waveform Amplitude Time period
o
1. Input
2. Output

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input is given from AFO to inverting terminal of IC741.
3. Output is observed at CRO.
4. The input and output waveforms are drawn.

RESULT:
Thus the full wave rectifier circuit is designed and verified using op amp and the output waveforms are plotted.

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