Part III 篇章、段落主旨与结构类

 考查主旨、结构的题分为考查语篇主旨和段落主旨。
 考查语篇主旨的题往往会出现在文章首段末句，起到统领全文以及承上启下的作用。
考查段落主旨的题往往在段首设空。设空的句子一般就是段落 topic sentence。
 语篇和段落主旨题本质上也是在考全文结构，需梳理全文脉络，理清段间关系。如常见结构：开头提出问题/观点 – 中间试验/论证/分类介绍 – 结尾总结/号召

Passage 1 2018 北京高考

Why Do We Get Angry？
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us
examine our behavior，and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits
（特征）, and our assessment of situations. 51
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some
examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 52 The reason
why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect
with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 53 Also, sometimes pre-anger does not
have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
54 Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and
negative (消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.
55 However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its
presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of
outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.

A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.
B. But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C. Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F. Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger

1
答案：FGEAD
解析：
首先我们先来分析一下这篇文章的文体结构：这是一篇说明文，主要话题信息是标题 Why do we get angry? 文章第一段引出 the causes of anger (triggering
events, personality traits, and our assessment of situations)，最后一句 Understanding these reasons will control our own anger
if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye. 结束本段，引出下文。下面 2、3、4 段分别从 triggering events, personality
traits, our assessment of situations 的角度去理解愤怒的原因，最后一段总结理解愤怒的原因能够帮助我们评估愤怒等级、控制情绪。所以文章的结构是总-分-总。

弄清楚文章的主旨信息和文体结构后，我们来分析一下每个空的线索依据：
51. F。考查语篇主旨和结构。这句话是承上启下句，总-分-总结构的关键句。首先关注标题，标题昭示着文章的主要内容：Why do we get angry? 然后在第一段回答了这个问
题：The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. 51 题
用 Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye 作为过渡引起
下文。
52. G。考查段落主旨、上下文逻辑。第二段是从 triggering events 的角度分析愤怒的原因，G Not everyone acts the same in response to events,
and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another 更符合段落主旨。同时，G 在上下文中形成的逻辑是：常见的 triggering
events 有 being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain 等，但由于每个人对事件的反应不一样，所以同一件事可能使
这个人生气，而那个人却没受影响。之所以会有这个人生气而另一个人不生气的情况则是和每个人的 personal history and psychological traits 有关（为下段做铺垫）。
53. E。考查段落主旨、上下文逻辑。第三段是从 personality traits 的角度分析愤怒的原因。E 选项 Having these personality traits implies the pre-
anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind 既对应段落主旨，又匹配下文 pre-anger 这个信息。逻辑上起过渡作用，把 personality
traits 和 pre-anger 联系起来。
54. A。考查文章结构、段落主旨。首先从结构看，这一段应该是到了 our assessment of situations 这个角度了。同时，我们仔细读下文的两个句子，都是和
assessment of situations 相关。
55. D。考查文章结构、上下文逻辑。最后一段总说，回归 reasons for anger 这个话题。连词 however 很关键，说明前后应该是转折关系。转折关系点在于人们会觉得他们
have reasons to feel angry，但是 anger can easily turn violent，所以我们最好理解愤怒的原因以阻止它的发生。

51: F. Understanding these reasons will control our own

anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a
critical eye.

Explanation:
The passage starts by mentioning that knowing the causes of anger can help us examine our behavior and
correct bad habits. This suggests that understanding the causes of anger allows us to control it by
evaluating ourselves.

Text Reference:
"Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits."
This shows that self-awareness and critical evaluation are important for controlling anger. Thus, F is the best
choice because it matches the idea of using self-reflection to manage anger.

2
52: G. Not everyone acts the same in response to events,
and that is why what triggers one person may or may not
trigger another.

Explanation:
The passage explains that people are triggered by different events due to their personal history and
psychological traits. This means that what might trigger one person may not trigger another, making each
person’s response unique.

Text Reference:
"The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history
and psychological traits."
This explains that individuals respond differently based on personal factors. Therefore, G is the correct
answer because it directly supports this idea of different reactions to events.

53: E. Having these personality traits implies the pre-

anger state, where anger is in the background of your
mind.

Explanation:
The passage mentions that certain personality traits, like being competitive or having a low upset tolerance,
make people more likely to get angry. It also refers to the idea of pre-anger—a state where anger is already
present in the background before a triggering event occurs.

Text Reference:
"People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much
more likely to get angry."
This suggests that these traits create a pre-anger state, where anger is latent or in the background, waiting
to be triggered. E fits because it explains this pre-anger state caused by certain personality traits.

54: A. Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can

create anger within us as well.

Explanation:
This section of the passage talks about how ignorance and negative outlooks on situations can create anger.
This emphasizes how our attitude and viewpoint toward situations can lead to feelings of anger.

3
Text Reference:
"Sometimes ignorance and negative outlooks on situations can create anger."
This clearly matches A, which highlights that our attitude and viewpoint can contribute to anger.

55: D. Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe

people think that they have reasons to feel angry.

Explanation:
In the last section of the passage, it discusses how anger can turn violent and suggests understanding its
reasons to prevent outbursts. This hints that anger is a strong feeling, and people may feel justified in their
anger because of the triggers or situations they face.

Text Reference:
"However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to
prevent its presence."
This suggests that anger is a strong emotion and understanding why it occurs helps prevent it. Therefore, D
is the right answer because it highlights the intensity of anger and the reasons behind it.

Summary of Answer Choices:

1. 51: F – Understanding the causes of anger helps control it by evaluating our behavior critically.
2. 52: G – Different people react to the same events differently due to their personal history and traits.
3. 53: E – Certain personality traits (like competitiveness) contribute to a pre-anger state, where anger is present in
the background.
4. 54: A – Our attitude and viewpoint on situations (like ignorance or negativity) can create anger.
5. 55: D – Anger is a strong emotion, and understanding why it arises can help prevent violent outbursts.

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Passage 2 2023 海淀期中
How Sociologists Define Culture
Culture is one of the most important concepts within sociology because sociologists recognize that it plays a crucial
role in our social lives. It is important for shaping social relationships, maintaining and challenging social order,
determining how we make sense of the world and our place in it, and in shaping our everyday actions and experiences in
society. 35
In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language, communication
and practices that are shared in common by a group of people. Expanding on these categories, culture is made up of our
knowledge, common sense, assumptions and expectations. It is also the rules, norms, laws and moraIs that govern society;
the words we use as well as how we speak and write them; and the symbols we use to express meaning, ideas and
concepts. 36 It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies and interact with others; how we
behave depending on the place, time and “audience"; and how we express identities of race, class and gender, among
others. Culture includes the collective practices we participate in as well, such as religious ceremonies, the celebration of
secular holidays and attending sporting events.
37 This aspect of culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets and clothing, to
film, music, literature and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to as cultural
products.
Sociologists see the two sides of culture-the material and non-material-as closely connected. Material culture
emerges from and is shaped by the non-material aspects of culture. 38 But it is not a one-way relationship between
material and non-material culture. Material culture can also influence the non-material aspects of culture. For example, a
powerful documentary film might change people's attitudes and beliefs. 39 What has come before in terms of music,
film, television and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs and expectations of those who interact with them,
which then, in turn, influence the creation of additional cultural products.
A. This is why cultural products tend to follow patterns.
B. It is composed of both non-material and material things.
C. Without culture, we would not have relationships or society.
D. Culture is also what we do and how we behave and perform.
E. Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use.
F. Culture is distinct from social structure and economic aspects of society.
G. In other words, what we value, believe and know influences the things that we make.

5
答案：BDEGA
本文结构脉络：
Para1: sociologists’ way of defining culture
Para2: the non-material aspect of culture
Para3: the material aspect of culture
Para4: mutual effects on each other

35 B 考查全文主旨和结构 位置：段落结尾 功能：统领下文

B. It is composed of both non-material and material things.
C. Without culture, we would not have relationships or society.干扰项 C 悖离全文主旨，全文的焦点不是文化的价值功能。结合文章标题“How
Sociologists Define Culture”以及 2、3、4 段首句的 topic sentence 可知全文的焦点是社会学家对于文化的分类、定义以及对物质与非物质文化的关系理的阐释

37.E Material culture is composed of the things that humans make and use.
考查段落主旨和篇章结构 位置：段首 逻辑功能：支持全文主旨；对照上文；同时统领下文

35: B. It is composed of both non-material and material

things.

Explanation:
In the first section of the passage, culture is described as having two components: non-material and material
culture. Non-material culture includes things like values, beliefs, language, and practices. Material culture,
on the other hand, includes things like buildings, technological gadgets, and clothing.

Text Reference:
"In brief, sociologists define the non-material aspects of culture as the values and beliefs, language,
communication and practices that are shared in common by a group of people. ... Culture includes the
collective practices we participate in as well, such as religious ceremonies, the celebration of secular
holidays and attending sporting events."
This passage shows that culture includes both non-material and material things. Therefore, B is the correct
choice because it directly refers to this distinction.

6
36: D. Culture is also what we do and how we behave and
perform.

Explanation:
This section of the passage explains that culture isn't only about values or physical objects, but also involves
how we behave and perform in various situations. This includes things like how we carry ourselves, how
we sit or walk, and how we express our identity through actions.

Text Reference:
"It informs and is encapsulated in how we walk, sit, carry our bodies and interact with others; how we
behave depending on the place, time and 'audience'; and how we express identities of race, class and
gender, among others."
This clearly shows that culture includes behavior and performance. Therefore, D is the correct answer, as it
directly refers to how culture is tied to our actions and performances in different situations.

37: E. Material culture is composed of the things that

humans make and use.

Explanation:
This part of the passage defines material culture as the tangible objects that people create, like buildings,
clothing, and technology. It directly tells us that these are the "things that humans make and use."

Text Reference:
"This aspect of culture includes a wide variety of things, from buildings, technological gadgets and clothing,
to film, music, literature and art, among others. Aspects of material culture are more commonly referred to
as cultural products."
The text explicitly lists the types of things that make up material culture. Therefore, E is the correct choice,
as it directly aligns with the description of material culture.

38: G. In other words, what we value, believe and know

influences the things that we make.

Explanation:
Here, the passage discusses the relationship between non-material culture (values, beliefs) and material
culture (the things we create). It emphasizes that what we believe, value, and know has a direct influence on
the products and things we make as a society.

Text Reference:
"Material culture emerges from and is shaped by the non-material aspects of culture. ... What has come
before in terms of music, film, television and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs and expectations
of those who interact with them, which then, in turn, influence the creation of additional cultural products."

7
This explains that non-material culture (our values, beliefs) shapes the things we create (material culture).
Therefore, G is correct because it describes the influence of our values and beliefs on the things we make.

39: A. This is why cultural products tend to follow

patterns.

Explanation:
The passage notes that cultural products, like films, music, and other art forms, are influenced by previous
cultural products. This leads to a cycle where new cultural products tend to follow patterns based on what
came before them.

Text Reference:
"What has come before in terms of music, film, television and art, for example, influences the values, beliefs
and expectations of those who interact with them, which then, in turn, influence the creation of additional
cultural products."
This part explains that the influence of past cultural products on new ones creates patterns. Therefore, A is
correct because it explains why cultural products follow patterns based on past influences.

Summary of Textual Evidence:

1. B: The text explains that culture includes both non-material and material aspects.
2. D: The text details how culture is shown in how we behave, walk, and express identities.
3. E: Material culture includes tangible objects like buildings, gadgets, and clothing.
4. G: Non-material culture (values, beliefs) influences what we create (material culture).
5. A: Past cultural products influence new ones, creating patterns.

8
Passage 3 2023 海淀期末
The Science of Recreational Fear
From peek-a-boo to Halloween haunted houses, research shows that recreational fear can teach us to face scary
situations. The “paradox of horror” is that being scared, under the right circumstances, can be fun. 35
Having fun with fear is an “extremely important tool for learning,” said Mathias Clasen, director of the Recreational
Fear Lab at Aarhus University in Denmark. “We learn something about the dangers of the world. We learn something
about our own responses: What does it feel like to be afraid? How much fear can I take?”
Horror movies have gotten more popular. And in one survey of more than 1 000 Americans, conducted by Clasen,
55% described themselves as horror fans. 36 Many people who would not consider themselves fans of fear enjoy true-
crime podcasts and novels featuring violence and murder. Others may enjoy nature documentaries about top predators (捕食
性动物) such as sharks and bears.
Even babies like being a little spooked (惊的). Peek-a-boo is “an infant jump scare,” Clasen said. 37 “I don’t think
I’ve yet come across a person who did not enjoy some kind of recreational fear,” he said.
38 It is a combination of an adrenaline ( 肾上腺素) rush and an opportunity to learn about dealing with scary
situations in a safe environment, researchers say. When we are afraid, our endocrine system releases adrenaline,
noradrenaline and cortisol to help prepare our body for physical action. We know the “Halloween” movie Michael Myers
is not real, but our brain still responds as if he were a burning threat. One brain imaging study found that watching horror
movies activates threat-response brain regions such as the amygdala (扁桃腺), prefrontal cortex and insula as if the danger
were real.
After this rush, many people experience an uplifted mood. One study examined how 262 adults felt before and after
they entered an extreme haunted house. 39 Brain recordings before and after showed that those whose mood improved
had a smaller neural response to subsequent stressors, which is associated with the post-haunt high.
A. So why do we like it?
B. Fifty percent of people said they felt better after the visit.

9
 C. And recreational fear, as it is rightly named, could benefit us, too.
D. Playing with fear helps us learn what our body does under pressure.
E. Horror, though, is not the only genre of what people find scary fun, he said.
F. We define recreational fear broadly as a mixed emotional experience of fear and enjoyment.
G. Classic childhood games of tag and hide-and-seek are just like the real scenes of predator vs. prey.

答案：CEGAB
全文结构：para1:下定义，引领全文 para 2: important for learning； para3+4 people like it； para5+6 Why do we like it?
35：C. 考查篇章主旨与结构。
正答 C.And recreational fear, as it is rightly named, could benefit us, too. 启下:下一段首句是 C 的例证
干扰项 F. We define recreational fear broadly as a mixed emotional experience of fear and enjoyment. 下定义一般在概念刚出现的时候出现

38 A.考察段落大意与全文结构。
归纳 38 所在段大意：从生理机制、大脑运行原理上解释为何人会对 recreational fear 有强烈的反应。
综合考虑段间关系、全文结构，本句承上：接着上两段，发出人们为什么喜欢 recreational fear 的疑问；
启下： why 的疑问句引出后面的原因和解释；
A. So why do we like it? 正答
D. Playing with fear helps us learn what our body does under pressure（后文未提到）.
干扰项 D 与后文有相关性，即我们的身体反应。但是与本段主旨距离较远，且在文章结构上无法做到呈上。注意主旨题的选择要把视野调整到篇章、段落的角度，而不仅仅是拘泥于契合的
一个词、一句话。

35: C. And recreational fear, as it is rightly named, could

benefit us, too.

Explanation:
The introduction of the passage talks about recreational fear—activities like haunted houses or games like
10
peek-a-boo—that are scary but can be fun. The paragraph also explains that this type of fear helps us learn
about the dangers of the world and our own responses to fear.

Text Reference:
"Having fun with fear is an 'extremely important tool for learning'... We learn something about the dangers
of the world. We learn something about our own responses."
This idea about recreational fear being beneficial (teaching us to face scary situations) fits well with C. It
explains that engaging with fear helps us learn and grow, so the choice is appropriate here.

36: E. Horror, though, is not the only genre of what

people find scary fun, he said.

Explanation:
The paragraph explains that while horror movies are popular, there are other ways people enjoy fear, such as
true-crime podcasts, novels featuring violence, and nature documentaries about predators.

Text Reference:
"Many people who would not consider themselves fans of fear enjoy true-crime podcasts and novels
featuring violence and murder. Others may enjoy nature documentaries about top predators such as sharks
and bears."
This shows that fear can be enjoyed in many different formats, not just through horror. Therefore, E is the
best fit because it expands the idea that fear is not limited to one genre.

37: G. Classic childhood games of tag and hide-and-seek

are just like the real scenes of predator vs. prey.

Explanation:
This section talks about how even babies enjoy being scared, and it mentions that peek-a-boo is an infant
version of a jump scare. It’s showing how play and fear are intertwined from a very young age.

Text Reference:
"Peek-a-boo is 'an infant jump scare,' Clasen said."
It then explains how peek-a-boo resembles the instinctive responses we have to real threats, like predator
vs. prey situations. This reference is connected to the predator-prey dynamic that happens in games and
real life.

Reasoning for G:
The classic childhood games, like tag or hide-and-seek, are based on the predator-prey concept, making G
a fitting explanation of how recreational fear mimics real-world survival situations.

11
38: A. So why do we like it?

Explanation:
The passage has just explained the biological and psychological mechanisms behind fear, including the
adrenaline rush and how our brain responds to fake threats. Now, it poses the question of why we enjoy
this experience despite knowing it's not real.

Text Reference:
"It is a combination of an adrenaline rush and an opportunity to learn about dealing with scary situations in
a safe environment, researchers say."
The text already describes how fear benefits us, and A follows naturally as it asks the fundamental question:
Why do we enjoy this fear experience despite the rush?

39: B. Fifty percent of people said they felt better after

the visit.

Explanation:
The paragraph here explains that after engaging in an extreme scary experience, like a haunted house, many
people feel better emotionally. The studies show that mood improves after the experience, and those with a
better mood handle future stressors more effectively.

Text Reference:
"One study examined how 262 adults felt before and after they entered an extreme haunted house. Brain
recordings before and after showed that those whose mood improved had a smaller neural response to
subsequent stressors, which is associated with the post-haunt high."
This directly leads to B, which explains the mood improvement that 50% of participants reported after
experiencing the haunted house.

Summary of Answer Choices and Explanation:

1. 35: C – Recreational fear teaches us something useful about the world and our reactions to fear, so it can be
beneficial.
2. 36: E – Horror is just one type of fear; there are other forms of scary fun, like true-crime stories and predator
documentaries.
3. 37: G – Childhood games like tag mimic real-life predator-prey scenarios, showing how play teaches us to face
fear.
4. 38: A – After explaining the biological rush of fear, the passage asks, "Why do we like it?" to explore the question
of enjoyment.
5. 39: B – After visiting a haunted house, people’s mood improves, as shown by a study on emotional responses.
12
Passage 4 2022 海淀期末 (结尾总结全文)
Self-esteem is the ruling view you have of yourself. This includes your beliefs about your inner qualities and how
you think others see you. 35 Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and
greatly skilled. Understanding this mysterious emotional currency might be the key to unlocking your own self-worth.
People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem may
tell you how much everyone loves them, what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty
everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of
themselves”. 36 They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take
care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of themselves”.
If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When you
turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcements and access the courage to show different
sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even
a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. 37
However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a
specialist. Good mental health is important, and professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give
corrections. 38 It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems. it 指代上上句内容
39 It will take some work but your entire life — from your relationships to your body image to your work
habits — will be touched with the kind of power that only comes from someone believing in themselves. This is the
hardest part, and the greatest leap. With some changes and support, you can improve your self-esteem and see how
everything else changes as a result.

13
A. Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.
B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception.
C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry.
D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes.
E. Self-esteem refers to a person’s overall sense of his or her value or worth.
F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with a casual confidence.
G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth.

答案：AFGCB
篇章结构：
首段引出话题 self-esteem
第 2 段是 high self-esteem 的人型特征
3-4 段是 low self-esteem 的 Solutions：自己解决+ 专业人士帮助
尾段号召、总结全文
37G
考查段尾总结句。
线索 1：段落大意的归纳，根据本段首句的 topic sentence 和后面动词提示，本段内容为当你觉得自己有 low self-esteem，你可以采取哪
些措施改变。
线索 2：选项中 this internal struggle 与其前文的指代内容 It isn't going to feel good at first 对应。
39B
线索 1： 思考空右邻句子中的 it 指代内容
线索 2：本篇尾段功能：总结全文； 最后一句是全文的 concluding sentence: “With some changes and support, you can improve
your self-esteem and see how everything else changes as a result.” 据此可知本段的主旨，设空处在句首作为 topic sentence 应紧扣
此点。

35: A. Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.

14
Explanation:
The text explains that someone can develop low self-esteem even if they are highly functional and skilled.
This suggests that self-esteem doesn’t always reflect reality; it can be a distorted view of oneself, not
necessarily based on actual abilities or achievements.

Text Reference:
"Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly skilled."
This indicates that self-esteem is not always grounded in a person’s actual abilities, but can instead be
shaped by internal perceptions. Therefore, A is the right choice.

36: F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present

themselves with a casual confidence.

Explanation:
The passage describes people with healthy self-esteem as those who don’t need to boast. They are confident
but not arrogant, presenting themselves without needing external validation. This is described as a "casual
confidence."

Text Reference:
"People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others... They are the people who
we say seem 'sure of themselves'." This clearly shows that people with healthy self-esteem exhibit
confidence without showing off. F is the most fitting answer here, as it aligns with the description of
confidence in the passage.

37: G. With some practice and persistence, you will win

this internal struggle to see your self-worth.

Explanation:
The passage talks about overcoming negative self-talk and improving self-esteem over time. It mentions
that although it won’t feel easy at first, persistence will lead to improvement.

Text Reference:
"Keep going until it becomes less and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help."
This suggests that with practice and persistence, one can change their internal dialogue and improve their
self-esteem. Therefore, G is the right choice as it relates to persistence in improving self-worth.

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38: C. This encourages you to speak openly without
worry.

Explanation:
The passage describes how people with healthy self-esteem speak openly and without second-guessing.
They express ideas, including constructive criticism, and don’t apologize for taking care of themselves.

Text Reference:
"They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also take care of
themselves without second-guessing or apologizing." This shows that healthy self-esteem encourages open
communication without fear of judgment, which aligns with C.

39: B. You have the power to shape a new self-

perception.

Explanation:
The last paragraph suggests that improving self-esteem is possible by changing how we view ourselves. It
states that with changes and support, self-perception can be reshaped, leading to improvement in various
aspects of life.

Text Reference:
"With some changes and support, you can improve your self-esteem and see how everything else changes as
a result." This highlights that one can actively shape their self-perception, making B the most suitable
answer here.

Summary of Answers:

1. 35: A – Self-esteem isn’t always based on reality; it can be distorted.

2. 36: F – People with healthy self-esteem present themselves with confidence but without boasting.
3. 37: G – With practice and persistence, you can improve your self-esteem.
4. 38: C – Healthy self-esteem encourages you to speak openly without fear.
5. 39: B – You have the power to change your self-perception and improve self-esteem.

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Passage 5 2023 海淀二模

Humans have long tried to conquer water. We’ve straightened once-winding rivers for shipping purposes. We’ve
constructed levees (防洪堤) along rivers and lakes to protect people from flooding. We’ve erected entire cities on drained and
filled-in wetlands. We’ve built dams on rivers to store water for later use.
35 But it’s not, argues environmental journalist Erica Gies, author of Water Always Wins. Levees, which narrow
channels causing water to flow higher and faster, nearly always break. Cities on former wetlands flood regularly—often
disastrously. Dams starve downstream areas of sediment ( 沉积物) needed to protect coasts against rising seas. Straightened
streams move faster than winding ones, giving water less time to flow downward. And they wash away riverbed
ecosystems.
In addition to laying out this damage done by supposed water control, Gies takes readers on a hopeful global tour of
solutions to these problems. Along the way, she introduces “water detectives”—scientists, engineers, urban planners, and
many others. 36
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 These water detectives have found ways to give the slippery substance the time and space it needs to flow slowly
underground. Around Seattle’s Thornton Creek, for instance, reclaimed land now allows for regular flooding, which has
renewed riverbed habitat and created an urban oasis. In California’s Central Valley, scientists want to find ways to move
unpolluted storm water into subsurface valleys that make ideal aquifers (含水层). 37
While some people are exploring new ways to manage water, others are leaning on ancient knowledge. Researchers in
Peru are now studying old-style methods of water storage, which don’t require dams, in hopes of ensuring a steady flow of
water to Lima—Peru’s populous capital that’s periodically affected by water shortage. 38 “Decision makers come from
a culture of concrete,” Gies writes, “in which dams, pipes and desalination factories are standard.”
Understanding how to work with, not against, water will help humankind weather this age of drought and flood that’s
being worsened by climate change. 39 Instead, we must learn to live within our water means because water will
undoubtedly win.

A. Controlling water, Gies convincingly argues, is a false belief.

B. Instead of trying to control water, they ask: What does water want?
C. It seems that water is cooperative and willing to flow where we direct it.
D. These old-style underwater concrete techniques pave the way for the construction of dams.
E. To further understand the whole ecosystem, they believe effective water control requires effort.
F. The study may help convince those who favor concrete-centric solutions to try something new.
G. Feeding groundwater supplies will in turn sustain rivers from below, which helps to maintain water levels and
ecosystems.

CBGFA

文章结构梳理：
1-3 problem
P1:human’s attempt to control water
P2: damage done by water contrl
P3: introduction to Gie’s book
4-6 solution

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P4: New ways to manage water
P5: Ancient knowledge and methods
P6: Value of working “with” and not “against” water

39. A 线索 1：篇章结构与主旨，尾端总结，首尾呼应。 线索 2：instead 转折逻辑

35: C. It seems that water is cooperative and willing to

flow where we direct it.

Explanation:
This paragraph describes various ways humans have attempted to control water, but the following paragraph
argues that these efforts are not always successful and can even be harmful. C fits here because it presents
the idea that water is cooperative, but the control methods mentioned are often counterproductive.

Text Reference:
"Straightened streams move faster than winding ones, giving water less time to flow downward. And they
wash away riverbed ecosystems."
The passage suggests that water doesn’t always behave as we intend, indicating that water’s natural flow can
be obstructed by human interventions, hence C isn't accurate.

36: B. Instead of trying to control water, they ask: What

does water want?

Explanation:
This sentence introduces the idea of “water detectives,” who explore new ways of working with water,
rather than forcing it to behave in unnatural ways. They focus on understanding water's natural flow and
needs, instead of trying to dominate it.

Text Reference:
"Around Seattle’s Thornton Creek, for instance, reclaimed land now allows for regular flooding, which has
renewed riverbed habitat and created an urban oasis."
This emphasizes working with nature rather than against it, which fits with B, where the question is posed:
What does water want?

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37: G. Feeding groundwater supplies will in turn sustain
rivers from below, which helps to maintain water levels
and ecosystems.

Explanation:
The text talks about how water detectives are finding solutions like moving stormwater into underground
aquifers, which feeds groundwater. This helps sustain rivers and ecosystems, which directly matches the
idea in G.

Text Reference:
"In California’s Central Valley, scientists want to find ways to move unpolluted storm water into subsurface
valleys that make ideal aquifers."
This method of feeding groundwater aligns with the solution mentioned in G, helping sustain rivers and
ecosystems from below.

38: F. The study may help convince those who favor

concrete-centric solutions to try something new.

Explanation:
This paragraph introduces how some people are using ancient methods for water management, as opposed
to relying on concrete-based solutions like dams and pipes. F fits because it talks about how these alternative
methods may influence decision-makers who are used to concrete-centric methods.

Text Reference:
"Researchers in Peru are now studying old-style methods of water storage, which don’t require dams, in
hopes of ensuring a steady flow of water to Lima."
This contrasts the ancient methods with modern, concrete-based solutions, showing that F is correct.

39: A. Controlling water, Gies convincingly argues, is a

false belief.

Explanation:
The final paragraph sums up Gies' central argument that humans should stop trying to control water because
these efforts ultimately fail. A is a strong conclusion that reflects Gies’ argument that humans' attempts to
control water are based on a false belief.

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Text Reference:
"Instead, we must learn to live within our water means because water will undoubtedly win."
This wraps up the idea that controlling water is futile, as water will always win in the end. Thus, A is the
correct answer.

Summary of Answers and Explanations:

1. 35: C – Water is cooperative and will flow where directed, but human attempts to control it often fail.
2. 36: B – Water detectives ask, "What does water want?" instead of trying to control it.
3. 37: G – Feeding groundwater helps sustain rivers and ecosystems.
4. 38: F – The study of ancient water management methods may convince people to try alternatives to concrete.
5. 39: A – Controlling water is a false belief, as Gies argues that water will always win.

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