16/01/2024

MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Management is an art of ge ng things done through and with the people in
formally organized groups. It is an art of crea ng an environment in which
people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards a ainment of
group goal.
Management personal may be described as the people who design an
organiza on's structure and determine how different aspects of the
organiza on will interact.
Management process is a process of se ng goals, planning and/or controlling
the organizing and leading the execu on of any type of ac vity, such as: a
project.
Importance of management
1. It helps in Achieving Group Goals - It arranges the factors of produc on,
assembles and organizes the resources, integrates the resources in effec ve
manner to achieve goals.
2. Op mum U liza on of Resources - Management u lizes all the physical &
human resources produc vely.
3. Reduces Costs - It gets maximum results through minimum input by proper
planning and by using minimum input & ge ng maximum output.
4. Establishes Sound Organiza on - No overlapping of efforts (smooth and
coordinated func ons).
5. Establishes Equilibrium - It enables the organiza on to survive in changing
environment. It keeps in touch with the changing environment. With the
change is external environment, the ini al co-ordina on of organiza on must
be changed.
6. Essen als for Prosperity of Society - Efficient management leads to be er
economical produc on which helps in turn to increase the welfare of people.
Good management makes a difficult task easier by avoiding wastage of scarce
resource.
 Func on /role of management
1. Planning
It is the basic func on of management. It deals with chalking out a future
course of ac on & deciding in advance the most appropriate course of ac ons
for achievement of pre-determined goals.
According to KOONTZ, “Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to
do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be”.
2. Organizing
It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources
and developing produc ve rela onship amongst them for achievement of
organiza onal goals.
Organizing as a process involves:
Iden fica on of ac vi es.
Classifica on of grouping of ac vi es.
Assignment of du es.
Delega on of authority and crea on of responsibility.
Coordina ng authority and responsibility rela onships.
3. Staffing
It is the func on of manning the organiza on structure and keeping it manned.
Staffing has assumed greater importance in the recent years due to
advancement of technology, increase in size of business, etc.
Staffing involves:
A. Manpower Planning B. Recruitment, C. Selec on & Placement.
D. Training & Development.
4. Direc ng It is that part of managerial func on which actuates the
organiza onal methods to work efficiently for achievement of organiza onal
purposes.
following elements:
Supervision- implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It
is the act of watching & direc ng work & workers.
Mo va on- means inspiring, s mula ng or encouraging the sub-ordinates
with zeal to work. Posi ve, nega ve, monetary, non-monetary incen ves may
be used for this purpose.
Leadership- may be defined as a process by which manager guides and
influences the work of subordinates in desired direc on.
Communica ons- is the process of passing informa on, experience, opinion
etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.
5. Controlling
objec ves and plans desired to obtain them as being accomplished”. Therefore
controlling has following steps:
a. Establishment of standard performance.
b. Measurement of actual performance.
d. Correc ve ac on.
-------------------------------- 17/01/2024
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND STAKEHOLDERS
Objec ves
The construc on management typically include the following: Specifying
project objec ves and plans including delinea on of scope, budge ng,
scheduling, se ng performance requirements, and selec ng project
par cipants.
Scope of Construc on Management
The main purpose of CM is to control project me, cost and quality. CM is
compa ble with all project delivery systems. Reduce overall project costs,
contract nego a on, reducing change orders, orders reduc on in me and
elimina on of unnecessary scope and cost.
Stakeholder
A stakeholder is anyone who has an interest in the process or outcome of a
project. In a typical construc on project, any or all of the following may be a
stakeholder:
• the client • the main contractor • designers • subcontractors
• people employed in any capacity in the project • local authori es
• the end users • professional bodies • local residents • local business owners
• poli cians • lobby groups

Q.1 who are the owners, the contractor and Consultant?

1. Owners:
 In a construction project, the owner could be an individual, a private
company, a government agency, or a non-profit organization that has
initiated the project and has a vested interest in its completion.
 For example, in a real estate development project, the owner might be
a property development company.
2. Contractors:
 Contractors are typically construction firms or companies that are hired
by the owner to carry out the actual construction work.
 Examples of contractors include general contractors who oversee the
entire construction process, as well as subcontractors who specialize in
specific aspects of construction such as plumbing, electrical work,
3. Consultants:
 Consultants are professionals or firms with specialized expertise who
are hired by the owner or contractor to provide advice, guidance, and
services related to various aspects of the project.
 Examples of consultants include architects, engineers, project
managers, environmental consultants, and legal advisors.
Q. What are their du es and responsibili es?
Owners Duties and responsibilities:
 Provide project objectives and requirements.
 Secure funding for the project.
 Select and hire the contractor and consultants.
 Approve project plans, budgets, and schedules.
 Ensure compliance with regulations and standards.
Contractors Duties and responsibilities:
 Develop detailed project plans, schedules, and budgets.
 Procure materials, equipment, and labour necessary for construction.
  Coordinate with subcontractors and suppliers.
 Monitor and control project costs, schedule, and quality.
 Address any issues or challenges that arise during construction.
Consultants Duties and responsibilities:
 Provide technical expertise and guidance during project planning.
 Conduct feasibility studies, site investigations, and assessments.
 Develop project designs, drawings, and specifications.
 Review and approve construction plans and documents.
 Provide quality control and assurance throughout the project lifecycle.
Q2. i. What are the different ways of engineering Consultant?

 Civil Engineering Consultants: Civil engineers design and oversee the

construction of infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, dams, and
buildings.
 Structural Engineering Consultants: Structural engineers design the load-
bearing components of buildings and bridges, ensuring they can safely
support their own weight and any anticipated loads.
 Mechanical Engineering Consultants: Mechanical engineers design and
oversee the construction of mechanical systems in buildings, such as heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing systems.
 Electrical Engineering Consultants: Electrical engineers design and
oversee the construction of electrical systems in buildings, such as power
distribution systems, lighting systems, and communication systems.
 Environmental Engineering Consultants: Environmental engineers design
and oversee the construction of systems to protect the environment, such as
water treatment plants, wastewater treatment plants, and air pollution control
systems.
 Chemical Engineering Consultants: Chemical engineers design and
oversee the construction of chemical plants, refineries, and other facilities that
use chemicals in their processes.
 Geotechnical Engineering Consultants: Geotechnical engineers study the
soil and rock conditions at a construction site to ensure that the foundation of
a building or structure will be stable.
 Fire Protection Engineering Consultants: Fire protection engineers design
and oversee the construction of fire protection systems in buildings, such as
sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and fire doors.
 Construction Management Consultants: Construction management
consultants provide oversight and guidance to owners and contractors during
the construction process.

ii. What are meant by consultancy fees?

Consultancy fees are the charges levied by consultants or freelance experts for their
knowledge and services provided to businesses or individuals. These fees can vary
greatly depending on several factors, but typically range from tens of dollars per hour
to thousands of dollars for a complete project.
 Variable Fee Structures:
o Hourly Rate
o Daily Rate:
o Project-Based Fee
o Retainer Fee.
 Factors Affecting Fees:
o Consultant's Experience: .
o Industry Expertise
o Project Complexity:
o Project Location:
 iii. How are the fees determined?
 Expertise and Experience: Consultants with extensive experience and
specialized expertise typically command higher fees than those with less
experience or generalist skills. Consultants may factor in their qualifications,
certifications, track record, and reputation when setting their fees.
 Market Rates: Consultants often research prevailing market rates for similar
services within their industry and geographic location. They may adjust their
fees based on market demand, competition, and the perceived value of their
services relative to other consultants.
 Complexity and Scope of Work: The complexity and scope of the project
significantly influence consultancy fees. Consultants may assess factors such as
the level of technical expertise required, the size and duration of the project,
the degree of customization needed, and the potential risks and challenges
involved.
 Value Proposition: Consultants evaluate the value they bring to the client
and the potential impact of their services on the client's business objectives.
They may justify higher fees by emphasizing the quality of their work, the
innovative solutions they provide, and the anticipated benefits or cost savings
for the client.
 Fee Structure: The chosen fee structure (e.g., hourly rates, fixed fees, retainer
fees) can influence the overall fee determination process. Consultants may
tailor their fee structure to align with the client's preferences, project
requirements, and the nature of the consulting engagement.
 .
iv. What are the recommendations of Indian Institute of Architect
regarding consultancy fees?
 Standard Fee Schedules: Professional organizations such as the IIA may
develop standard fee schedules or guidelines to help architects and firms
determine appropriate consultancy fees.
 Fee Calculation Methods: Architects often use various methods to calculate
consultancy fees, hourly rates for specific services.
 Factors Influencing Fees: Consultants may consider factors such as their level
of experience, expertise, project location, client requirements, and the firm's
overhead costs when determining consultancy fees. Additionally, consultants
 may adjust their fees based on the potential risks, challenges, or additional
services required for a particular project.
 Transparent Communication: It's important for architects and clients to
engage in transparent communication regarding consultancy fees and fee
structures. This includes discussing the scope of work, deliverables, payment
terms, and any additional expenses or contingencies that may arise during the
project.

G.3) Explain the following "Capital Investment" & "Regulatory

Requirement"

Capital Investment

 Definition: Capital investment refers to the funds used to purchase physical

or intangible assets that a business needs to operate and grow in the long
term. These assets can be tangible (like machinery, buildings) or intangible
(like software, patents)
 Examples:
o Purchasing new factory equipment to increase production capacity.
o Building a new store or office to expand operations.
o Upgrading computer systems and software to improve efficiency.

Regulatory Requirement

 Definition: Regulatory requirements are rules and standards established by

government agencies or industry bodies that businesses must comply with to
operate legally. These regulations are designed to protect consumers, the
environment, and ensure fair competition in the marketplace.
 Examples: Here are some examples of regulatory requirements:
o Environmental regulations that limit pollution or waste disposal.
o Safety regulations that ensure workplaces are safe for employees.
o Financial reporting standards that companies must follow when issuing
financial statements.

The Connection:

 Regulations may necessitate capital investment: A new environmental

regulation might require a company to invest in pollution control equipment to
comply.
 Capital investment may trigger regulatory requirements: Building a new
factory might require obtaining permits and meeting safety standards set by
regulatory bodies.

Q.4. Construction plays on important role in the development of a

country. Explain & establish this view.
1. Foundation for Infrastructure:

o Transportation: Roads, bridges, railways, airports, and ports facilitate

the movement of people and goods, fostering trade, travel, and
economic activity.
o Energy: Power plants, transmission lines, and dams provide the
energy needed to power homes, businesses, and industries.
o Water and Sanitation: Water treatment plants, sewage systems, and
irrigation projects ensure clean water supplies, sanitation, and
agricultural productivity.
o Communication: Cell phone towers, fiber optic cables, and broadcast
infrastructure enable communication and information sharing, critical
for modern life.

2. Economic Engine: Construction projects also stimulate demand for various other
sectors. The need for building materials like steel, cement, and lumber fuels
production in these industries. Similarly, construction projects require services like
transportation, engineering, and finance, creating a ripple effect that benefits a broad
range of businesses.

3. Social Development:

o Schools and Universities: Educational facilities provide opportunities

for education and skill development, uplifting the population and
creating a more qualified workforce.
o Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities: These structures provide access
to medical care, improving public health and well-being.
o Housing: Safe and secure housing is essential for a healthy and
productive society. Construction provides homes for people, fostering
communities and improving living standards.

Q5) Name & Explain the documents which comprise the total
Contract for a construction project.

[Link]: This is the core document that formalizes the contractual relationship
between the owner and the contractor. It outlines the basic terms of the project,
including:

o Parties involved and their roles.

o Project description and scope of work.
o Contract sum (total project cost).
o Payment schedule.

2. General Conditions: This pre-written document, often provided by a professional

organization, establishes standard terms and conditions that govern the construction
process. These general conditions cover a wide range of topics, such as:

o Risk management and insurance requirements.

 o Inspection procedures.
o Warranty provisions.
o Delays and schedule extensions.

3. Special Conditions: These are project-specific amendments tailored to address

any unique aspects or deviations from the general conditions. They act as
exceptions or additions to the standard terms, ensuring the contract reflects the
specific requirements of the project.

4. Scope of Work: This document clearly defines the work the contractor is
obligated to perform under the contract. It includes detailed descriptions,
specifications, drawings, and other technical information that outline exactly what
needs to be built.

5. Drawings and Specifications: These documents provide detailed technical

instructions for the construction project.

o Drawings (architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical) visually

represent the project design.
o Specifications (written descriptions) detail the materials, methods, and
quality standards required for each aspect of the construction.

6. Bill of Quantities (BOQ): This document lists the materials, labor, and equipment
needed to complete the project, often quantified in a unit-based format. It doesn't
specify prices, but serves as a reference for estimating costs and preparing bids or
proposals.

7. Schedule: The construction schedule outlines the timeline for the project,
including milestones, key deliverables, and completion date. It helps ensure all
parties are aware of the expected timeframe for different stages of the construction
process.

ii. what are the matters to be contained in a typical contract?

1. Identification of Parties: This section clearly identifies all parties involved in the
contract, including their legal names, addresses, and any relevant contact
information.

2. Description of the Subject Matter: This section outlines the core purpose of the
contract. It details the good, service, or project that the contract governs. For a
construction contract, this would describe the building or structure to be constructed.

3. Scope of Work (for service or project contracts): This section specifically

defines the work or services to be provided by one party (usually the contractor or
service provider) for the other party. In construction contracts, it details the specific
tasks and deliverables expected from the contractor.

4. Consideration (promises exchanged): A valid contract requires a "meeting of

the minds" which is established through the exchange of promises. This section
outlines what each party is offering or agreeing to do in exchange for the other
party's performance. Typically, one party agrees to pay money, and the other agrees
to deliver a good, service, or complete a project.

5. Term and Termination: This section defines the duration of the contract (start
and end date) or the conditions under which the contract can be terminated early by
either party. Termination clauses specify potential breaches of contract and the
consequences for such breaches.

6. Payment Terms: This section details the payment schedule for the contract. It
outlines the amount to be paid, the payment schedule (e.g., milestones, completion),
and the method of payment (cash, check, etc.).

7. Confidentiality (if applicable): If the contract involves sensitive information, this

section outlines confidentiality obligations. It specifies what information needs to be
kept confidential and how it should be protected.

8. Dispute Resolution: This section outlines the process for resolving

disagreements that may arise during the course of the contract. It might specify
negotiation, mediation, or arbitration as methods for resolving disputes.

9. Governing Law: This section identifies the legal jurisdiction (state or country)
whose laws will apply to interpreting and enforcing the contract in case of a dispute.

10. Signatures: The contract needs to be signed by authorized representatives of all

parties involved. This signifies their agreement to the terms and conditions outlined
in the document.

------------------------------ 24/01/24

PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING:
l. Aspect 2. Prospect 3. Furniture requirements 4. [Link] 6.
Circula on7. Privacy 8. Sanita on9. Elegance 10. Economy
Aspect: An aspect was considered for deal with regula on of admission into
any room! of more or less sunshine.
Kitchen: Eastern aspect, so that the morning sun would refresh and purify the
air and the kitchen would remain cool during la er part of the day.
Living Room: Southern or South-East aspect, The sun 1s towards the south
during coo1er days and the living rooms with south aspect will be benefited by
the sun when it is winter and in summer as the sun would be on north side.
Bed Room: West or South-west aspects the breeze required partlcular1y in
summer, would prevail from that side. There will be no sun from the south side
most of the year, the laundries and store rooms may be provided on that side.
Light from North -evenly Distributed the Studios, reading rooms and class
rooms are laid out with north aspect.

Prospect: The primary considera on the planning of a bui1ding are the aspect
and prospect and these both, o en may be at variance with each other. Both
these demand the disposi on of doors and windows in the external walls at
par cular places and in par cular ways.

PRIVACY: It is the most important principles for planning of all types of general
& residen al building. The two types of privacy are
1. Internal privacy : Internal privacy: is important in case of bath room &
sanitary services a ached bath room, toilets, Lavatories, water closets etc.
Internal privacy could be maintained in the following ways
1. Proper Privacy 2. Proper disposi on of doors [Link] mode of hangings on
Doors [Link] of small corridor
[Link] privacy: It is nothing but the privacy of the building. If the building is
expose to the public street building. There is no privacy for that. the entrance
can be screened with trees or suitable grid work.
GROUPING: Grouping consist in. arranging the layout in typical fashion so that
all the rooms are placed in proper correla on of their func onal in due
proximity with each other. It is the disposi on of various rooms in new of their
rela ve and co-ordina on, between them. In residen al buildings.
1. Dining room should be closer to kitchen
2. Kitchen should be away from living room to avoid smell and smoke.
CIRCULATION:
It is nothing but the movement. This is two types of circula on
1. Horizontal Circula on: It is the circula on on the same floor i.e. it may be
between rooms. Area of horizontal circula on may be consists of 20% to 25%
of the total building area.
e.g.- These are passage, corridor, halls and lobbies and linking of various blocks
of apartment.
 2. Ver cal circula on: It nothing but the movement of upward and downward
movement. There are normally stair case. For mul storage structures electric
li s are provided, s ll stair are necessary if there is any electric fail. Area of
ver cal circula on is about 8% to 10 % of total area
E.g.: Stair case, li , ramp. escalators etc.

---------------------------- 30/01/24
The Objec ve of Building Bye-laws:
To provide guidelines to the designing architects and engineers. It becomes
easier to pre-plan building provisions and ac vi es. The building bye-laws
prevent unplanned development. It provides safety to human beings who work
and live in them against fire, noise, health hazard and structural failure.
The bye-laws and regula ons govern the following building aspects:
1. Set-back or Building line: The frontage margin or open space in front of the
abu ng road is called as set-back or building line. Beyond this line, nothing
can be constructed towards the plot boundaries
2. The Need for Building line: If absolutely necessary, the land contained in
set-back may be acquired for the purpose of widening of the road. The
setback at corner improves visibility and impart safety to the moving traffic.
3. Floor Space Index or Floor area ra o: The ra o of the total floor area
inclusive of all the floors to the area on which the building stands in known
as the floor space index or floor area ra o.
Floor area ra o = (Gross Floor Area) / (Area of the plot)
For example, if the total floor area of a building across two floors is 300 sq
m and the plot area is 200 sqm, FAR = 300/200 = 1.5
4. Built-up area or coverd area:
No. Plot Area Maximum permissible built-up area
1 Less than 200 sqm 60% with two-storeyed structure
2 200-500 sqm 50 % of the plot area
 3 500-1000 sq m 40 % of the plot area
4 more than 1000 sq m 33.33 % of the plot area

5. Size of rooms: Considering the health and proper ven la on, NBC has
fixed a certain minimum area for individual rooms apartments as below:

No. Type of Room Minimum area

1 One habitable room 9.5 sqm width 2.4 m
2 Two habitable room Min area of one room 9.5 sqm
3 Kitchen only 4.5 sqm width 1.8 m
4 kitchens with store room 5.5 sqm width of kitchen 1.8 m
5 Kitchen cum dining room 9.5 sqm, minimum width 2.4 m
6 Bathroom 1.8 sqm or min size 1.5 m x 1.2 m
7 Water Closet (w.c.) 1.1 sqm
8 Bath WC combined 2.8 sqm, minimum width 1.2 m
6. Hight of rooms and Buildings:
As per NBC, the general criteria to determine the height of a building is 1.5
mes the width of the street to which the building abuts on its front side.
[Link] street width of 8-12m, the building height should not be more than 12m
[Link] street width more than 12 m, the height of a building should not be more
than the width of the street and in case more than 24 m.
7. Ligh ng and ven la on of Rooms:
For sufficient ligh ng and ven la on of rooms of buildings, opening like
windows and ven lators or direct opening should be provided.
[Link] area of such openings excluding the area of doors should be minimum
1/10th of the floor area for dry and ho climate and minimum 1/6th of the area
for wet hot climate.
[Link] aggregate area of doors and windows should not be less than 1/7th of
the floor area of the room.
8. Water supply and sanitary posi ons:
Certain minimum water supply and sanita on convenience like water taps,
sink, water closets washbasins etc. shall be provided as per NBC for different
types of buildings.

[Link] Designs (Size and sec on):

Each structure should be designed for safe loads, earthquake resistance,
bearing capaci es etc. as per relevant IS codes and NBC.
Some general thumb rule for structural design:
Depth of founda on: 0.75 m to 1.0 m for single-storeyed building below
ground level and 1.0 m to 1.3 m for two-storeyed building.
Width of the founda on of the wall: Double the thickness of the wall just
above the plinth and then add 30 cm to it will give the width of the
founda on.
Concrete in Founda on of the wall: It should be nearly equal to 5/6th the
thickness of wall above the plinth.

-------------------------- 31/01/24
STAIRS: Staircase is an important component of a building providing
access to different floors and roof of the building. It consists of a flight of
steps and one or more intermediate landing slabs between the floor levels.
Types of Stairs: 1. Straight Stair 2. Dog Legged Stair 3. Quarter Turn Stair
[Link] Newel Stair [Link] Quarter Turn Stair [Link] Stair
[Link] Stair [Link] Stair
Primary Func ons
1. Provide an access from one floor to another.
2. Provide a safe means of travel between floors.
3. Provide a degree of insula on where part of a separa ng element between
compartments in a building.
4. Provide a suitable means of escape in case of fire.
5. Provide a mean of conveying fi ngs and furniture between floor levels.
Parts of Stairs
Step: It is a por on of stairs which permits ascent & descent.
Tread: It is the upper horizontal por on of step upon which the feet is placed.
Riser: The ver cal por on between each tread on the stair.
Handrail: A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to
provide stability or support.
Baluster: It is ver cal member of wood or metal suppor ng the handrail.
Newel Post: This is the ver cal member which is placed at the ends of flights to
connect handrail.
Run: It is the total length of stairs in a horizontal plane, including landings.
Nosing: It is the projec ng part of the tread beyond the face of the riser. It is
rounded to give good architectural effect.
String or S ngers: These are the sloping wooden members which support the
steps in a stair. They run along the slope of the stair.
Func onal required of good stairs
1. WIDTH OF STAIR: A. It should be wide enough to carry the user without
much crowd on inconvenience. B. In Residen al building, a 90 cm wide stair is
sufficient while in public 1.5 to 1.8 m width may required
2. LENGTH OF FLIGHT: The number of steps should not be more than 12 & less
than 3 from comfort point of view.
3. PITCH OF STAIR: Pitch should be limited to 30o to 45o
4. HEAD ROOM: Height of head room should not be less than 2.1 to 2.3 m.
4. BALUSTRADE: Stair should always provided with balustrade.
5. STEP DIMENSION: (a) The rise and going should be of such dimensions
as to provide comfort to users.
(b)The going should not be less than 25 cm, though 30 cm going is quite
comfortable.
(c)The rise should be between 10 to 15 cm.
(d)The width of landing should not be less than width of stair.
6. MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION: The material should have fire resistance and
sufficient strong.

7. THUMB RULES FOR DIMENSIONS OF STEP:

(a) (2 X Rise in cm) + (Going in cm) = 60
(b) (Rise in cm) + (Going in cm) = 40 to 45
(c) (Rise in cm) X (Going in cm) = 400 to 450
-------------------------------------- 21/02/24
CONSTRUCTION METHODS: -
1. Founda on Formwork
2. Column Shu ering
3. Slab Countering
4. Beam Staging
Procedure for Construc on of Founda on:
1. Excava on at Trenches for Founda on.
2. Layout Cement Concrete.
3. Lay the foo ng in case at ra or column.
4. Lay brickwork up to the plinth level.
5. Lay damp prof coarse on the walls.
Demarca on Procedure: -
1. Mark the base line on the ground from the centreline of the road.
2. Use in side strength road test base line plot boundary to make base line
at the building.
3. Fixed temporary.
----------------------------------- 27/02/24
Q 1. Nome the different type of cement available in the market. write
doesn't special quali es of each of these cements and men on their case?
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC):
 OPC is the most commonly used type of cement in construction.
 It's versatile and suitable for most general construction purposes.
 Used in buildings, bridges, pavements, and other structures.
2. Rapid Hardening Cement:
 This type of cement has a higher rate of early strength development
compared to OPC.
 Suitable for repair works where quick strength gain is required, such as
road repairs, precast concrete elements, etc.
3. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC):
 PPC contains a pozzolanic material like fly ash, which enhances its
durability and workability.
 Ideal for marine constructions, hydraulic structures, and mass
concreting due to its reduced heat of hydration and increased
resistance to aggressive chemicals.
4. Sulphate Resistant Cement (SRC):
 SRC is designed to resist sulphate attack, making it suitable for
construction in areas where soil or water has a high sulphate content.
 Used in sewage treatment plants, coastal areas, and environments with
high sulphate concentrations.
5. Low Heat Cement:
 This type of cement generates less heat during hydration, reducing the
risk of thermal cracking.
 Ideal for massive concrete structures such as dams, foundations, and
retaining walls where heat build-up can cause issues.
6. White Cement:
 White cement is made from raw materials with low iron content,
resulting in a white finish.
 Commonly used for architectural purposes, decorative concrete works,
and in places where aesthetic appeal is important.
7. Coloured Cement:
 Coloured cement is produced by adding pigments to the ordinary
cement during manufacturing.
 Used for decorative purposes, flooring, and for creating colored
concrete elements in landscaping.
8. High Alumina Cement (HAC):
 HAC contains a higher concentration of alumina, which provides it with
exceptional heat resistance and rapid strength gain.
 Suitable for applications requiring high temperature resistance such as
furnace linings, refractory concretes, and chemical plants.
Q.2) How the aggregate course and fine should be tested to ensure its
Suitability in reinforced cement concrete?
1. Particle Size Distribution:
 Aggregate gradation is essential for concrete workability and strength.
Sieve analysis is conducted to determine the particle size distribution of
both coarse and fine aggregates.

2. Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV):
 ACV test evaluates the resistance of aggregates to crushing under
compressive loads. It helps assess the strength of aggregates and their
suitability for use in concrete.
3. Aggregate Impact Value (AIV):
 AIV test measures the toughness of aggregates against impact loads. It
indicates the ability of aggregates to withstand sudden shocks during
construction.
4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test:
 This test determines the resistance of aggregates to abrasion and
degradation caused by impact and rubbing.
5. Flakiness and Elongation Index:
 These tests assess the shape characteristics of aggregates, particularly
for coarse aggregates. Flaky and elongated particles can affect the
workability and strength of concrete.

Q.3 write does the characteris cs of water which make it soluble for use in
reinforcement concrete construc on.
1. Cleanliness: Water should be free from impurities such as organic matter, oils,
acids, alkalis, and other contaminants. Impurities can adversely affect the
hydration process of cement and the overall strength and durability of
concrete.
2. Potable: Potable water, which is safe for drinking, is generally suitable for use
in concrete construction. It should meet the standards set by regulatory
authorities for drinking water quality.
3. pH Level: The pH level of water should be within a suitable range to prevent
corrosion of reinforcing steel. Ideally, the pH of water used in concrete should
be neutral (pH 7) or slightly alkaline to help protect the steel reinforcement
from corrosion.
4. Chloride Content: Water used in concrete should have low chloride content
to prevent the risk of chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement. Excessive
 chloride ions can penetrate concrete and initiate corrosion of embedded steel,
leading to structural deterioration.
5. Temperature: Water temperature can influence the setting time and
hydration process of cement. While both hot and cold water can be used in
concrete mixing, extreme temperatures should be avoided to prevent
potential effects on concrete properties.
6. Consistency: Consistency of water, in terms of its volume and availability,
should be maintained throughout the construction process to ensure
uniformity in concrete mixing and placement.
Q.4 What are the test to be done for cement to uses to physical proper es
of cement.
1. Fineness Test: The fineness of cement is determined by measuring the
surface area of cement particles per unit mass. The specific surface area is
typically measured using the Blaine air permeability method or the sieve
method (e.g., through a 90-micron sieve). Fineness affects the rate of
hydration and setting time of cement.
2. Consistency Test (Standard or Modified): This test determines the amount
of water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency. The
consistency is measured using the Vicat apparatus or the flow table test,
depending on the method employed (ASTM C187 or ASTM C1437).
3. Setting Time Test: The setting time of cement indicates the time taken by the
cement paste to change from a fluid state to a solid state. Initial setting time is
determined by the Vicat apparatus, while final setting time is determined
using the Gillmore needle apparatus (ASTM C191).
4. Soundness Test: Soundness refers to the ability of cement to retain its
volume after setting without delayed expansion. The autoclave method (ASTM
C151) or Le Chatelier method (ASTM C141) is commonly used to determine
the soundness of cement.
5. Compressive Strength Test: Compressive strength is the most critical
property of cement, indicating its ability to withstand axial loads. Test
specimens are prepared and subjected to compressive loads until failure.
Various standards, such as ASTM C109 or EN 196, provide guidelines for
conducting compressive strength tests.
6. Specific Gravity Test: The specific gravity of cement is determined by
comparing the weight of a given volume of cement with the weight of an
equal volume of water at a specified temperature. ASTM C188 provides the
standard test method for specific gravity determination.
7. Heat of Hydration Test: The heat of hydration is measured to understand the
rate and extent of cement hydration. Calorimetry is commonly used to
determine the heat of hydration, providing insights into the early-age
behaviour of cement.
Q.5 which reference to the maintenance of concrete define the following terms
(a) workability (b) segrega on (c) bleeding

(a) Workability: Workability refers to the ease and ability of fresh concrete to be
mixed, placed, and compacted effectively without excessive segregation or bleeding.
Concrete with good workability is easily handled, transported, and placed with
minimal effort. Factors affecting workability include water content, aggregate
grading, cement content, admixtures, and temperature. Maintaining proper
workability during construction ensures that the concrete can be properly placed and
compacted, resulting in a durable and uniform structure.

(b) Segregation: Segregation occurs when the components of concrete, such as

cement, aggregates, and water, separate from each other during handling,
transportation, or placement. This results in non-uniform distribution of materials
within the concrete mix, leading to variations in strength, durability, and appearance
of the finished structure. Segregation can be caused by improper handling, excessive
vibration, high drop heights during placement, and inappropriate mix designs.

(c) Bleeding: Bleeding is the upward movement of water within freshly placed
concrete due to the settlement of solid particles, such as aggregates and cement,
under the influence of gravity. It results in the accumulation of water on the surface
of the concrete, forming a layer of water or cement paste. Bleeding can adversely
affect the quality and appearance of the concrete surface, leading to surface defects
such as scaling, blisters, or delamination. Factors such as excessive water content,
improper mix design, high ambient temperatures, and prolonged vibration can
contribute to bleeding.

Q.6 What do you the understand by one strength to durability 3 impermeability.

What do you the understand by (a) strength (b)durability (c) impermeability

(a) Strength: Strength in the context of concrete refers to its ability to withstand
applied loads or stresses without failing. It is a fundamental property that determines
the structural capacity of concrete elements. Concrete strength is typically measured
in terms of compressive strength, which is the maximum compressive load a concrete
specimen can bear per unit area without failure. Other forms of strength include
tensile strength, flexural strength, and shear strength.

(b) Durability: Durability refers to the ability of concrete to withstand various

environmental, chemical, and physical factors over time without significant
deterioration. A durable concrete structure maintains its functionality, appearance,
and structural integrity throughout its service life. Factors affecting concrete
durability include exposure to moisture, temperature variations, aggressive
chemicals, freeze-thaw cycles, abrasion, and corrosion of reinforcing steel.
(c) Impermeability: Impermeability, also known as waterproofing, refers to the
ability of concrete to resist the passage of water or other fluids through its pores,
capillaries, and cracks. Impermeable concrete prevents the ingress of water, which is
essential for protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion, preventing deterioration due
to freeze-thaw cycles, and minimizing the risk of internal damage to concrete
structures.

Q.7 Jus fy the statement “concrete mix should be designed before use”.
The statement "concrete mix should be designed before use" emphasizes the
importance of carefully planning and customizing the proportions of concrete
ingredients to meet the specific requirements of a construction project. Several
reasons justify this assertion:

1. Optimized Performance: Concrete mix design allows engineers to tailor the

properties of concrete, such as strength, durability, workability, and setting
time, to suit the demands of the intended application. By adjusting the
proportions of cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures, the desired
performance characteristics can be achieved.
2. Cost-Effectiveness: Customizing the concrete mix helps in optimizing
material usage, which can result in cost savings. By selecting appropriate
materials and proportions, wastage can be minimized, and resources can be
utilized efficiently, leading to economic benefits for the project.
3. Durability and Longevity: Properly designed concrete mixes ensure the
durability and longevity of structures by accounting for factors such as
exposure conditions, environmental aggressiveness, and service requirements.
Durability considerations, such as resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, chemical
attacks, and abrasion, can be addressed through appropriate mix design.
4. Quality Control: Concrete mix design involves rigorous testing and evaluation
of materials to ensure consistency and quality. By specifying the mix
proportions beforehand, variations in concrete properties can be minimized,
leading to more predictable and reliable performance during construction and
throughout the service life of the structure.
5. Compliance with Standards and Specifications: Many construction projects
require adherence to industry standards, codes, and specifications regarding
concrete quality and performance.
6. Adaptability to Project Requirements: Different construction projects have
unique demands and constraints. Concrete mix design allows flexibility to
accommodate varying project requirements, such as strength grade,
workability, placement conditions, and environmental factors. Tailoring the
mix design to specific project needs enhances construction efficiency and
ensures project success.
 Q.8 How the reinforcement Steel used in concrete tested for tensile
strength and what are the tools re resign regard to ensure the solubility of
Steel to use for RCC.

1. Sample Preparation:
 Obtain representative samples of reinforcement steel bars from the
manufacturing lot or stockpile.
 Ensure that the samples are free from any surface contaminants, rust, or
deformities that could affect the test results.
2. Tensile Testing:
 Tensile strength testing of reinforcement steel is typically conducted
using a universal testing machine (UTM).
 The UTM applies a gradually increasing tensile force to the steel
specimen until it fractures.
3. ASTM Standards:
 ASTM International provides standard test methods for the tensile
testing of metallic materials, including reinforcement steel.
4. Calibration of Testing Equipment:
 Ensure that the universal testing machine is properly calibrated
according to ASTM standards to ensure accurate and reliable test
results.
5. Quality Control Measures:
 Implement quality control measures throughout the manufacturing
process of reinforcement steel to ensure consistent quality.
6. Certification and Documentation:
 Obtain certification and documentation from reputable steel
manufacturers or suppliers, indicating the mechanical properties and
quality assurance measures for the reinforcement steel.
7. Adherence to Building Codes and Standards:
 Ensure that the reinforcement steel used in reinforced concrete
construction complies with applicable building codes, standards, and
specifications.

------------------------- 28/02/24
SLIP FORM CONSTRUCTION
Slip form construc on technique is an alterna ve for conven onal formwork
system which helps in con nuous ver cal and horizontal construc on. The slip
form helps to conduct con nuous pouring of the concrete to the moving
formwork. The process stops only when the required length of cas ng is
completed. Slip forming is a highly efficient method of construc ng long
payments and tall concrete structures. Rate of construc on of several meters
per day of varying geometrical shapes and cross sec ons, containing mul ple
inserts and openings can be achieved within strict geometrical tolerances.

Applica on for Slip from work

Advantage
1. Careful construc on planning processes can achieve high produc on rates.
2. Provision of a joint less structure.
3. Scaffolding is not required.
4. Very rapid concre ng. It is at least four mes faster.
5. Be er finishing of concrete.
6. No plastering required.
7. Accuracy is more than regular formwork.
8. Strength is more than regular formwork.
9. Save formwork material.
[Link]/reasonable for the structure above a certain size.
Disadvantage
1. Ini al cost high
2. Regarding for specified workers
3. Dimensional accuracy

What is Modular Construc on?

Modular construc on is a process in which a building is constructed off-site
under controlled plant condi ons using the same materials and designing to
the same codes and standards in about half the me. Buildings are produce as
conven onally built facili es-but produced in "modules" that when put
together on site, reflect the iden cal design intent and specifica ons of the
most sophis cated site-built facility-without compromise
Greater Flexibility and Reuse: Modular buildings can be disassembled and the
modules relocated or refurbished for new use, reducing the demand for raw
materials and minimizing the amount of energy expended to create a building
to meet the new need
Less Material Waste: When building in a factory, waste is eliminated by
recycling material and protec ng building materials
Improved Air Quality: Because the modular structure is substan ally
completed in a factory-controlled se ng using dry materials, the poten al for
high levels of moisture being trapped in the new construc on is eliminated

FASTER.
Construc on of modular buildings occurs simultaneously with site work,
allowing projects to be completed in half the me of tradi onal construc on

Reduced Construc on Schedule:

Because construc on of modular buildings can occur simultaneously with the
site and founda on work, projects can be completed 30% to 50% sooner than
tradi onal construc on.
Elimina on of Weather Delays:
60-90% of the construc on is completed inside a factory which mi gates the
risk of weather days: Budlings are copied sooner, crea ng a faster a faster
return on investment.
Built to Code with Quality Materials:
Module buildings are built to meet or exceed the same building codes and
standards as site-built structures.

SMARTER.
Modular buildings are built with the same materials and to the same building
codes and architectural specifica ons as tradi onal construc on. Once
assembled they are virtually indis nguishable from their site-built counterparts
Safer Construc on: The indoor construc on environment reduces the rots of
accidents and rotated liabili es
Be er engineered building & BIM: PMC relics an advanced BIM for
visualiza on to assess the energy performance and iden ty the must it cost
effec ve efficiency measures PMC ideal for the use of this technology where
the construc on process s already a collabora on of systems, materials and
people much the so ware Itself.
Limitless Design Opportuni es Modular unite may be designed to fit in with
external aesthe cs of any exis ng building and modular units, once assembled
are ver cally indis nguishable to their site lt counterparts.

Procedure for brickwork construc on

1. Materials for Brickwork Bricks, Mortar
2. Soaking of Bricks
thicks should he fully walked in clean water by submerging in a task for a
period of 12 hours immediately before use. Soaking should be con nued tut
the air bubbles lave ceased to appear
3. Laying of Bricks
Bricka should be aid in English bond unless specified and should be well
bonded. Every course should be truly horizontal, and walls should be truly in
plumb. Ver cal joints of consecu ve wone should not me directly sour one
another ver cal joints in the alternate course should come directly over.
4. Curing of Brickwork
The brickwork should be kept wat lor a period of at least 20 days lying At the
end of day's work, the top of walls should the flooded with water by making
small weak mortar edging to contain at least in 2.5cm or 1 inch deep water
5. Protec on for Brickwork
The brickwork should be protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost. during
the construc on since it is green and likely to get damaged.
6. Scaffolding for Brickwork
Necessary and suitable scaffolding should he provided to facilitate the
construc on of a trick wall Sliding should he sound and strong with supports
and mothers sufficiently to withstand all load holy to come upon them.
7. Measurement of Brickwork
Brickwork should be measured in cubic meter or cubic feet. Different kinds of
brickwork with different mortar should be taken under separate items. The
thickness of the wall should be taken as the mul ple of half brick as 10cm, one
brick as 20cm, 1.5 bricks as 30 cm and so on. The rate should include the cost
of complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants.

Fire safety and fire protec on 6/03/24

Q. minimum requirements of fire safety arrangement and life safety measure
for group a residen al building (less than 15meter height)
Fire Ex nguishers Ac ve measures egg minimum fire 8 free ex nguish bearing
ISI mark Selvi install in each floor of the building.
hose reel assembly required to provide on each floor in the staircase and fire
space landing and shall be contact directly to the weight and dry riser main and
the diameter of the horse real cell not be less than 19 mm 19 mm with set of
nozzles confirming to is 884 space 1985
Automa c Sprinkler system Required to be installed in basement & parking
area exceeds 200m² as per related guideline.
Manually operated electric fire alarm (MOEFA) Required to provide provide on
each floor at appropriate Place in the building.
Waler fank: 10000 litres Capacity
15000 lilies if the basement is sprinklered
Fire pump: 450 l/min at terrace level
900 L/min if basement is sprinklered.
Life safely (Passive measures)
[Link]: The premises should be located as to Provide easy access le fire
brigade. The width of entrance shall not be less than 4.5 m and if arch on
curved gale is considered, it should have clear head room of not less than 5m.
2. Side set back area: a) total height of the building divided by 3.
b) Marginal open space all around the building, shall be free from from
obstruc on and encroachment for fire brigade access at all mes including
parking of vehicle.
[Link] Staircase: min I number staircase not less than 15m depending upon
floor area and travel distance as per NBC.
4. EXIT Signage: Flar number+ Signages, EXIT, arrows, Fire escapes etc.
including the escape the roles staircase-shall be provided on each floor at
appropriate place remote they building
5. Escape Route: Required provide at staircase landing, Common Corridors, and
exit rules. It shall be on independent /separate circuits and shall be
independently connected.
[Link] Keeping: The building should be maintained neat and clean.
7.fire Drill and fire order: the fire drill should be Conducted once in six months
and fire order should be prepared and kept ready.
8. Cable and other ducts: should be sealed with fire resistant material at each
floor to check the Spread of heat, smoke and flame.
9. Do's and Don’ts’s should be displayed on all the floors in prominent places.
[Link] on Route Plan: should be displayed on all Hoors in prominent
places.
[Link] Arrester required to provide on the building
[Link] should be Occupants who trained in preliminary firefigh ng and
evaqua on management during emergency.
Q Fire escape or External stair
Q staircase enclosure from so copy (marked)
Q provision for Li s.
Q Electrical services.
Q fire protec on requirements.( important)
Q fire alarm system.
Q Occupancy restric ons.