LEARNING COMPETENCIES q The building blocks of rocks.
The learners: q Properties: Each mineral has specific properties like
1) identify common rock-
Minerals forming minerals using their
color, hardness, luster, streak, and cleavage.
and Rocks physical and chemical
properties q May consist of minerals, other pre-existing rocks,
2) classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary, and
mineral-like or organic matter.
EARTH MATERIALS AND
PROCESSES metamorphic q Types: Igneous, Sedimentary,
Metamorphic
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Not all minerals are part of
✅ Rocks are rocks. Some minerals can
composed of one or exist on their own in nature -formed by geologic -formed by inorganic
more minerals. ❌ and are not part of any rock. process without any processes and does not
contain organic compounds.
human interactions, i.e. Not from remains of living
gold, copper, silver things
However, minerals like calcite
(CaCO3) and other shell-
forming minerals are formed
through organic processes
but are still considered as
minerals if they become part
of a rock.
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Rocks and minerals are both naturally
occurring substances found in the Earth’s crust,
• Minerals look
but they are different in structure and
like crystals composition.
since the
arrangement of
their atoms is
ordered and
repetitive.
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• OPTICAL
§ The property that is
•OPTICAL PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
easiest to identify.
§ color, streak, luster, transparency § refer to how a
mineral interacts § Considered unreliable
•MINERAL STRENGTH with light. property to use in
§ tenacity, hardness, cleavage, fracture § color, streak, luster, identifying the mineral
•SPECIFIC GRAVITY transparency since slight impurities
can affect color.
M ineral Q uartz that exhibit a variety of colors
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• It refers to the color of mineral in
powdered form, often used in
identifying the mineral since it is üMetallic – minerals that look
very consistent, unlike color. like metals and are shiny.
§ A mineral is rubbed against an (Galena)
unglazed ceramic tile to observe its üNonmetallic – minerals that are
streak.
described as glassy (vitreous),
§ Metallic minerals have streaks that are
earthy, pearly, or greasy.
dark in color. Non-metallic is The streak of gold-colored
generally light.
pyrite is black in color. (Quartz)
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MINERAL STRENGTH • Refers to the
mineral’s
DIAPHANEITY
resistance to
• Determines how easy the mineral breaks or breaking or
deforms when exposed to stress. deforming.
Left: Copper, w hich can be ham m ered Right: M uscovite
• Can be either into thin sheets, is m alleable. m ica, w hich
• Terms used to describe mineral strength are: brittle, malleable,
bends but returns
to its original
shape, is elastic.
tenacity, hardness, cleavage, and fracture. sectile, or elastic.
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• The tendency of minerals to resist abrasion (scratching).
• The Mohs Scale of hardness shows the arrangement of minerals
from the softest (talc) to the hardest (diamond).
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness arranges according to their
scratch resistance.
• Sequence of Mohs scale: (softest to hardest)
• Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Feldspar, Quartz,
• Topaz, Corundum, Diamond
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
CLEAVAGE – exhibited when a mineral
breaks and smooth flat surfaces are • ratio of the density of a mineral to the density
formed from the breakage. Calcite is an of water. It tells you how heavy a mineral feels
example of mineral that has cleavage in
three directions. compared to the same volume of water.
• Most rock-forming minerals have a specific
FRACTURE – exhibited if the mineral does gravity that is between 2 and 3.
not have a cleavage plane, usually due to
the equally strong chemical bonds • If a mineral has a specific gravity of 2.5, it is 2.5
between atoms of the mineral. Quartz is times heavier than water.
an example of mineral that has fracture.
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Common Minerals and Their Specific Gravity: OTHER PROPERTIES REACTION WITH
• Minerals that contain ACIDS/
Mineral Specific Gravity Notes
EFFERVESCENCE
Quartz
Feldspar
2.65
2.55 – 2.76
Common rock-forming mineral
Slightly lighter than quartz
•Effervescence or Reaction with carbonate (CO32-)
react with acid.
Calcite
Mica (Biotite)
2.71
2.7 – 3.1
Reacts with acid
Flaky, splits easily
Acids • For example, a
Halite (Salt) 2.1 – 2.6 Tastes salty
Magnetite 5.2 Very heavy, magnetic •Fluorescence sample calcite reacts
Galena 7.4 – 7.6 Very heavy, metallic, lead ore with diluted
Gold
Pyrite (“Fool’s Gold”)
19.3
4.9 – 5.2
Very heavy, easily distinguished
Heavy, metallic, gold color
•Phosphorescence hydrochloric acid The m ineral calcite will effervesce as carbon dioxide
(HCL). gas is generated during the reaction with dilute
hydrochloric acid.
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FLUORESCENCE
• It is the ability of
• The ability of minerals to glow when bombarded with ultraviolet
minerals to continue to
light. PHOSPHORESCENCE
• Minerals may not glow under ordinary light. This is because such glow even after a source
minerals are selective of the wavelength of light that causes it to of ultraviolet light has
glow. Calcite possesses this property. been turned off.
• The ore of lithium
possesses this
characteristic.
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Feldspar Mica (Biotite and
Muscovite) Quartz
• Color: White, pink, or gray
• Color: Biotite: Dark brown/black; • Color: Usually clear, white, or
• Hardness: 6
Muscovite: Silvery or clear gray
• Luster: Glassy to pearly • Hardness: 7 (very hard)
• Hardness: 2–3 (very soft)
• Streak: White • Luster: Glassy
• Luster: Pearly
• Chemical Formula: KAlSi₃O₈ – • Streak: White
• Streak: White to colorless
NaAlSi₃O₈ – CaAl₂Si₂O₈ (varies by • Chemical Formula: SiO₂
type) • Chemical Formula: Complex (Silicon dioxide)
silicate minerals • Other: No cleavage, conchoidal
• Other: Has cleavage in two
• Other: Splits easily into thin sheets fracture
directions at 90°
(perfect cleavage)
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Calcite QUARTZ vs CALCITE
• Color: White or colorless, may be tinted • How to Tell Them Apart:
• Hardness: 3 • Scratch Test: Quartz is much harder. It can scratch glass; calcite
• Luster: Glassy cannot.
• Streak: White • Acid Test: Calcite reacts (fizzes) with dilute hydrochloric acid;
Quartz does not.
• Chemical Formula: CaCO₃ (Calcium
carbonate) • Cleavage: Calcite breaks in smooth rhombohedral shapes; Quartz
breaks irregularly.
• Other: Reacts (fizzes) with dilute acid
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• A variety of minerals found in one rock can retain
§Are naturally found their individual chemical and physical properties. For
ROCK CYCLE
everywhere on the Earth’s
surface or beneath land rocks to contain these different minerals, they should is the process wherein
surface. undergo processes that would change their form into: rocks change into
§May consist of minerals,
other pre-existing rocks, sedimentary rock,
mineral-like matter or
organic debris. metamorphic rock,
§Minerals are the building and igneous rock.
blocks of rocks.
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q SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORM FROM
ERODED PIECES OF MINERALS,
ROCKS, AND FOSSILS.
q THESE PARTICLES, OR SEDIMENTS,
BUILD UP IN LAYERS THROUGH
DEPOSITION.
q SEDIMENTS ARE MAT TER THAT
SET TLES TO THE BOT TOM OF A LIQUID;
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Young rock layers are found at the
Among the 3 types of rocks,
surface and older layers below.
Sedimentary Rocks are commonly
called “stratified rocks”, because
of its layers or stratified structure.
- stratification, the process where
layers are arranged due to
crustal movement, displacement
of soils, and distortion of terrain.
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1.) The term “rock strata” refers to layers of sedimentary rocks.
- Metamorphic means to change form.
2.) Rock layers at surface are older strata.
3.) Stratification is the process of layering sedimentary rocks. - are formed through metamorphism
4.) Layers of stratified rocks are the same all throughout. METAMORPHISM – the process of
changing pre-existing rocks to new rocks
5.) Crustal movement and displacement of soil causes
after being subjected to heat, high
stratification.
pressure, or chemical processes (without
6.) Earth is the only planet with sedimentary rocks.
melting).
7.) Sediments formed as a result of rock weathering.
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IGNEOUS ROCKS
FROM MOLTEN MATERIALS TO
ROCKS
• MAGMA - molten rock
- FORMED FROM COOLI NG AND
SOLI DI FI CATI ON OF MAGMA OR
below Earth’s surface.
LAVA
• LAVA - magma on the
- WHEN PRE-EXI STI NG ROCKS
ARE SUBJECTED TO TOO MUCH Earth's surface.
PRESSURE AND AND
TEMPER ATURE, THEY MELT. • IGNEOUS – means fire
THI S PRODUCES MAGMA WHI CH
CRYSTALLI ZES AND FORMS
I GNEOUS ROCKS.
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2 Main Groups of Igneous Rocks 2 Main Groups
• Rocks that form from
• Rocks that form from lava are known as lava are known as
extrusive. They form on
extrusive . They form on the surface of the the surface of the earth.
earth.
§Rocks that form from §Rocks that form from
magma are known as magma are known as
intrusive. They form
intrusive. They form deep deep underground.
underground.
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MINERALS are
d 1
me
for of
Are the are ling 2
h co o
building hic
W y the
blocks of b 1
ed f 2
form o
are rocess
ich p
Wh h the 3
ug
thro
4
e formed
Which ar ease of 1
cr
Are due to in
classified 2
into
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TYPE OF ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC IGNEOUS
How is it formed?
What it looks like?
Examples: (at least 3,
with pictures)
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