CHAPTER 9

Exponential and logarithmic

functions

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9.1 Overview

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9.1.1 Introduction

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There is a very old story, that has been told in one form

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or another in many different cultures, of an emperor
who wished to grant a reward to a humble peasant
for a good deed. The peasant looked at the emperor’s
chess board and asked that he be given coins such that

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he received one coin for the first square of the chess-
board, two coins for the second, four coins for the

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third, eight coins for the fourth and so on. The emperor
quickly agreed, thinking that he would end up giving
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the peasant far less than he was originally planning to
give him, not realising that the modest amounts would
rapidly increase — so much so, that there were not
enough coins in the empire to fulfil the total amount
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that the peasant was really asking for (the final square
on the chessboard would correspond to nearly 2 × 1019
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coins!). The growth of the coins in this story is just one

example of exponential growth.
Many processes in nature can be modelled by expo-
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nential growth. Bacteria, for example, reproduce by

binary fission whereby one organism splits to become
two. These two organisms then also split to form four
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and so on, reproducing rapidly to form colonies of mil-

lions under the right conditions. Conversely, there are
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many examples of elements decreasing rapidly.

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C

LEARNING SEQUENCE
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9.1 Overview
9.2 Exponential functions
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9.3 Logarithmic functions

9.4 Modelling with exponential functions
9.5 Solving equations with indices
9.6 Review: exam practice

Fully worked solutions for this chapter are available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at
www.jacplus.com.au.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 399

9.2 Exponential functions
Exponential functions are functions of the form f : R → R, f (x) = ax , a ∈ R+ \ {1}. They provide mathemati-
cal models of exponential growth and exponential decay situations such as population increase and radioactive
decay respectively.

9.2.1 The graph of y = ax where a > 1

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Before sketching such a graph, consider the table of values for the y
function with rule y = 2x .
y = 2x

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−3 −2 −1

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x 0 1 2 3
1 1 1

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y = 2x 8 4 2
1 2 4 8 (1, 2)
(0, 1) y=0
0 x
From the table it is evident that 2x > 0 for all values of x, and that as
x → −∞, 2x → 0. This means that the graph will have a horizontal

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asymptote with equation y = 0.
It is also evident that as x → ∞, 2x → ∞ with the values increasing rapidly.

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Since these observations are true for any function y = ax where a > 1, the
graph of y = 2x will be typical of the basic graph of any exponential with base y = 10x y = 2x
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y
larger than 1.
(1, 10)
Key features of the graph of y = 2x and any such function y = ax where a > 1:
• horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0
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• y-intercept is (0, 1)
• shape is of ‘exponential growth’
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• domain R
• range R+
• one-to-one relation/function. (1, 2)
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For y = 2x , the graph contains the point (1, 2); for the graph of y = ax , a > 1, (0, 1) y=0
the graph contains the point (1, a), showing that as the base increases, the graph 0 x
becomes steeper more quickly for values x > 0. This is illustrated by the graphs
of y = 2x and y = 10x , with the larger base giving the steeper graph.
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9.2.2 The graph of y = ax where 0 < a < 1

y
An example of a function whose rule is in the form y = ax where 0 < a < 1
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y = 2–x
x x
1 1
is y = . Since = 2−x , the rule for the graph of this exponential
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(2) (2)
x
1
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function y = where the base lies between 0 and 1 is identical to the

(2)
( )1
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rule y = 2−x where the base is greater than 1. (–1, 2) 1, –

(0, 1) 2
The graph of y = 2−x shown is typical of the graph of y = a−x where a > 1
and of the graph of y = ax where 0 < a < 1. 0 y=0 x
Note: The substitution of −x for x always indicates a reflectinon in the
y-axis.

400 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Key features of the graph of y = 2−x and any such function with rule expressed as either y = ax where
0 < a < 1 or as y = a−x where a > 1:
• horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0
• y-intercept is (0, 1)
• shape is of ‘exponential decay’
• domain R
• range R+

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• one-to-one relation/function
• reflection of y = 2x in the y-axis.
The basic shape of an exponential function is either one of ‘growth’ or ‘decay’.

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y y y

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(0, 1) (0, 1) (0, 1)

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0 x 0 x 0 x
y=0 y=0 y=0

y = ax, a > 1 y = a–x, a > 1 y = ax, 0 < a < 1

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As with other functions, the graph of y = −ax will be inverted (reflected in the x-axis).
y
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y=0
0 x
(0, –1)
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Interactivity: Exponential functions (int-5959)

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WORKED EXAMPLE 1
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a. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = 5x and

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y = −5x , stating their ranges.

b. Give a possible equation for the graph shown.
C
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y=0

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 401

 THINK WRITE
a. 1.Identify the asymptote of the first a. y = 5x
function. The asymptote is the line with equation y = 0.
2. Find the y-intercept. y-intercept: when x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ (0,1)
3. Calculate the coordinates of a second Let x = 1.
point. y = 51

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=5
⇒ (1, 5)
4. Use the relationship between the two y = −5x

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functions to deduce the key features of This is the reflection of y = 5x in the x-axis.
the second function. The graph of y = −5x has the same asymptote as

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that of y = 5x .

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Equation of its asymptote is y = 0.
Its y-intercept is (0, − 1).
Point (1, −5) lies on the graph.
5. Sketch and label each graph. y

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(1, 5)

y = 5x

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(0, 1)
y=0
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0 x

(0, –1)
y = –5x
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(1, –5)
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6. State the range of each graph. The range of y = 5x is R+ and the range of
y = −5x is R− .
b. 1.Use the shape of the graph to suggest b. The graph has a ‘decay’ shape.
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a possible form for the rule. Let the equation be y = a−x .

2. Use a given point on the graph to The point (−1, 5) ⇒ 5 = a1
calculate a. ∴ a=5
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3. State the equation of the graph. The equation of the graph could be y = 5−x .
x
1
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The equation could also be expressed as y =

(5)
or y = 0.2x .
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9.2.3 Translations of exponential graphs

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Once the basic exponential growth or exponential decay shapes are known, the graphs of exponential functions
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can be transformed in similar ways to graphs of any other functions previously studied.

Vertical translations
Under a vertical translation of d units, the graph of y = ax will become y = ax + d, and the position of the
asymptote will be altered to y = d. If d < 0, the graph will have x-axis intercepts which are found by solving
the exponential equation ax + d = 0.

402 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Horizontal translations y y = 3x
x
Under a horizontal translation of c units, the graph of y = a will become y = 3x+1 y = 3x – 1
y = ax+c . The asymptote is unaffected and the point on the y-axis will no
longer occur at y = 1. An additional point to the y-intercept that can be (0, 3) (1, 3)
helpful to locate is the one where x = −c, since ax+c will equal 1 when (1, 2)
x = −c. (–1, 1)
(0, 1)
A horizontal translation and a vertical translation of the graph of y = 3x

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0 x
are illustrated in the diagram by the graphs of y = 3x+1 and y = 3x − 1
respectively. Under the horizontal translation of 1 unit to the left, the point y = –1
(0, 1) → (−1, 1); under the vertical translation of 1 unit down, the point

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(1,3) → (1,2).

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WORKED EXAMPLE 2

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Sketch the graphs of each of the following and state the range of each.
a. y = 2x − 4 b. y = 10−(x+1)

THINK WRITE

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a. 1. State the equation of the asymptote. a. y = 2x − 4

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The vertical translation 4 units down affects the
asymptote.
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The asymptote has the equation y = −4.
2. Calculate the y-intercept. y-intercept: let x = 0,
y=1−4
= −3
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y-intercept is (0, − 3).

3. Calculate the x-intercept. x-intercept: let y = 0,
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2x − 4 = 0
∴ 2x = 4
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∴ 2x = 22
∴ x=2
x-intercept is (2, 0).
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4. Sketch the graph and state the range. A ‘growth’ shape is expected since the coefficient of
x is positive.
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y
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y = 2x – 4
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(2, 0)
0 x
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(0, –3)

y = –4

Range is (−4, ∞).

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 403

 b. 1. Identify the key features from the b. y = 10−(x+1)
given equation. Reflection in y-axis, horizontal translation 1 unit to
the left.
The asymptote will not be affected.
Asymptote: y = 0
There is no x-intercept.

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y-intercept: let x = 0,
y = 10−1
1

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=
10
y-intercept is (0, 0.1).

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2. Calculate the coordinates of a second Let x = −1

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point on the graph. y = 100
=1
The point (−1, 1) lies on the graph.
3. Sketch the graph and state the range. A ‘decay’ shape is expected since the coefficient of

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x is negative.
y

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y = 10–(x+1)
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(–1, 1)
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(0, 0.1)

0 y=0 x
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Range is R+ .
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Dilations
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Exponential functions of the form y = b × ax have been dilated by a factor y

b (b > 0) from the x-axis. This affects the y-intercept, but the asymptote
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remains at y = 0. y = 3x
Exponential functions of the form y = akx have been dilated by a factor y = 32x
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1 (1, 6)
(k > 0) from the y-axis. This affects the steepness of the graph but does y = 2 × 3x
k
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not affect either the y-intercept or the asymptote.

A dilation from the x-axis of factor 2 and a dilation from the y-axis (1, 3)
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(0, 2)
( )
1 1
of factor of the graph of y = 3x are illustrated in the diagram by the –, 3
2 (0, 1) 2
graphs of y = 2 × 3x and y = 32x respectively. Under the dilation from 0 x
the x-axis of factor 2, the point (1, 3) → (1, 6); under the dilation from
1 1
the y-axis of factor , the point (1, 3) → ,3 .
2 (2 )

404 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Combinations of transformations
Exponential functions with equations of the form y = b × ak(x+c) + d are derived from the basic graph of
y = ax by applying a combination of transformations. The key features to identify in order to sketch the
graphs of such exponential functions are:
• the asymptote
• the y-intercept
• the x-intercept, if there is one.

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Another point that can be obtained simply could provide assurance about the shape. Always aim to show
at least two points on the graph.

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WORKED EXAMPLE 3

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Sketch the graphs of each of the following and state the range of each.
a. y = 10 × 52x−1 b. y = 1 − 4 × 2−x

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THINK WRITE
a. 1. Identify the key features using the a. y = 10 × 52x−1
asymptote: y = 0

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given equation.
no x-intercept

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y-intercept: let x = 0
y = 10 × 5−1
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1
= 10 ×
5
=2
y-intercept is (0, 2).
1
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2. Calculate the coordinates of a second Since the horizontal translation is to the right,
2
point. 1
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let x = .
2
1
y = 10 × 52× 2 −1
= 10 × 50
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= 10 × 1
= 10
1
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Point , 10 lies on the graph.

(2 )
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3. Sketch the graph and state the range. y

(0.5, 10)
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y = 10 × 52x−1
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(0, 2)

y=0
0

Range is R+ .

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 405

 b. 1. Write the equation in the form b. y = 1 − 4 × 2−x
y = b × ak(x+c) + d and state the ∴ y = −4 × 2−x + 1
asymptote. Asymptote: y = 1
2. Calculate the y-intercept. y-intercept: let x = 0
y = −4 × 20 + 1

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= −4 × 1 + 1
= −3
y-intercept is (0, −3).

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3. Calculate the x-intercept. x-intercept: let y = 0
Note: As the point (0, −3) lies below 0 = 1 − 4 × 2−x

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the asymptote and the graph must 1
approach the asymptote, there will be 2−x =

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4
an x-intercept. 1 1
=
2x 4
2x = 4

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x=2

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The x-intercept is approximately (2, 0).
4. Sketch the graph and state the range. y
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y=1

0 (1, 0) x
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(0, –3)
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y=1–4× 2x
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Range is (−∞,1).
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TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE

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a. 1. On a Graphs page, a. 1. On a Graph screen,

complete the entry line for complete the entry
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function 1 as line for Y1 as

f1(x) = 10 × 52x−1 Y1 = 10 × 52x−1
then press ENTER. then press EXE.
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Select DRAW by
pressing F6.
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406 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 2. To find the y-intercept, 2. To find the y-intercept,
press MENU then select select G-Solv by
5: Trace pressing F5, then select
1: Graph Trace Y-ICEPT by pressing
Type ‘0’ then press F4. Press EXE.
ENTER twice.

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3. The range can be read The range is R+ . 3. The range can be read The range is R+ .
from the graph. from the graph.

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Units 1 & 2 Area 6 Sequence 1 Concepts 1 & 2

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Graphs of exponential functions Summary screen and practice questions
Transformation of exponential graphs Summary screen and practice questions

Exercise 9.2 Exponential functions

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Technology free
y

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1. a. MC The rule for the graph at right is:
A. y = 3x−2
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3
B. y = 3x 2
C. y = 2x−3 1
D. y = 3x+2
0 x
1 2 3
D
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2. a. WE1 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = 3x and y = −3x , stating their ranges.
b. Give a possible equation for the graph shown.
y
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(–1, 3)
R

(0, 1)
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0 y=0 x
C

x
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x 2
3. Sketch the graphs of y = (1.5) and y = on the same set of axes.
(3)
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4. Sketch the graphs of each of the following and state the range of each.
WE2

a. y = 4x − 2 b. y = 3−(x+2)
5. Sketch the graph of y = 4x−2 + 1 and state its range.
6. WE3 Sketch the graphs of each of the following and state the range of each.
1
a. y = × 101−2x b. y = 1 − 9 × 3−x
2

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 407

 7. The graph shown has the equation y = a × 3x + b. Determine the values of a and b.
y
y=2

(0, 0)
0 x

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8. a. i. Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs of y = 4x , y = 6x and y = 8x .

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ii. Describe the effect produced by increasing the base.
x x x
1 1 1
b. i. Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs of y = ,y= and y = .
(4) (6) (8)

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ii. Express each rule in a different form.
9. a. i. Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs of y = 5−x , y = 7−x and y = 9−x .

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ii. Describe the effect produced by increasing the base.
x x −x
b. i. Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs of y = (0.8) , y = (1.25) and y = (0.8) .
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ii. Describe the relationships between the three graphs.
10. Sketch each of the following graphs, showing the asymptote and labelling any intersections with the
coordinate axes with their exact coordinates.
−x
a. y = 5−x + 1 b. y = 1 − 4x c. y = 3x − 27 d. y = 6.25 − (2.5)
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11. Sketch the graphs of each of the following.

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y = 2x−2
a. b. y = −3x+2 c. y = 4x−0.5 d. y = 71−x
12. Sketch the graphs of each of the following.
3x x
−
y = 3 × 2x
a. b. y = 2 4 c. y = −3 × 2−3x d. y = 1.5 × 10 2
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13. a. Sketch the graphs of y = 32x and y = 9x and explain the result.
b. i. Use index laws to obtain another form of the rule for y = 2 × 40.5x .
ii. Hence or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = 2 × 40.5x .
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14. a. Determine a possible rule for the given graph in the form y = a × 10x + b.
y
R
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(0, 5)
C

y=3
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0 x
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b. The graph of an exponential function of the form y = a × 3kx contains the points (1, 36) and (0, 4).
Determine its rule and state the equation of its asymptote.

408 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 c. For the graph shown, determine a possible rule in the form y = a − 2 × 3b−x .
y
y=6

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(0, 0)
x

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d. Express the equation given in part c in another form not involving a horizontal translation.

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Technology active

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15. Use a graphical means to determine the number of intersections between:
a. y = 2x and y = −x, specifying an interval in which the x-coordinate of any point of intersection lies
b. y = 2x and y = x2
c. y = ex and y = 2x

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d. y = 2−x + 1 and y = sin (x)
e. y = 3 × 2x and y = 6x , determining the coordinates of any points of intersection algebraically

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1 x
f. y = 22x−1 and y = × 16 2 , giving the coordinates of any points of intersection.
2
PA
16. Obtain the coordinates of the points of intersection of y = 2x and y = x2 .
x x+1
17. Sketch the graphs of y1 = 33 − 2 (11) and y2 = 33 − 2 (11) and compare their asymptotes, x- and
y-intercepts and the value of their x-coordinates when y = 10. What transformation
maps y1 to y2 ?
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18. In 1772, Johann Bode discovered a curious relationship

between pure numbers and the distance of planets from the Sun.
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His law consisted of a simple formula relating the number

of the planet to its distance from the Sun.
The actual distances of the planets from the Sun are given
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in the table below. By graphing the distance against 2 raised to

the power of the planet number, discover the relationship that
Bode found.
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(Hint: Use either a spreadsheet or technology to graph the data

and then find the regression line.)
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Planet number Planet Distance in AU (1AU = distance from the Earth to the Sun)
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0 Mercury 0.39
1 Venus 0.72
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2 Earth 1
3 Mars 1.52
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4 Ceres (dwarf planet) 2.77

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5 Jupiter 5.2
6 Saturn 9.54
7 Uranus 19.18
8 Pluto (dwarf planet) 39.4
(Note: The discovery of Neptune and large bodies in the Kuiper Belt such as Eris discredited Bode’s
Law in the eyes of many astronomers. If Neptune’s orbit actually falls between Uranus and Pluto at a
distance of 30.1 AU, what do you notice about its relationship with Pluto and Bode’s Law?)

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 409

9.3 Logarithmic functions
9.3.1 Defining logarithms
The index, power or exponent (x) in the indicial equation y = ax is also known as a logarithm.
Logarithm
y = ax

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Base numeral
Base

This means that y = ax can be written in an alternative form loga y = x, which is read as ‘the logarithm of

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y to the base a is equal to x’.
For example, 32 = 9 can be written as log3 9 = 2.

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105 = 100 000 can be written as log10 100 000 = 5.

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In general, for a > 0 and a ≠ 1: ax = y is equivalent to x = loga y.
Using the indicial equivalent, it is possible to find the exact value of some logarithms.

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WORKED EXAMPLE 4

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Evaluate the following without technology.
1
PA
a. log6 216 b. log2
(8)

THINK WRITE
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a. 1.Let x equal the quantity we wish to find. a. Let x = log6 216

6x = 216
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2. Express the logarithmic equation as an indicial

equation.
3. Express both sides of the equation to the same base. 6x = 63
EC

4. Equate the powers. x=3

1
b. 1. Write the logarithm as a logarithmic equation. b. Let x = log2
(8)
1
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2. Express the logarithmic equation as an indicial 2x =

8
equation.
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3
1
=
(2)
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3
= (2−1 )
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3. Express both sides of the equation to the same base. 2x = 2−3

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4. Equate the powers. x = −3

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410 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 9.3.2 Logarithm laws
The index laws can be used to establish corresponding rules for calculations involving logarithms. These rules
are summarised in the following table

Name Rule Restrictions

Logarithm of a product loga (mn) = loga m + loga n m, n > 0

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a > 0, a ≠ 1
m
Logarithm of a quotient loga ( n ) = loga m − loga n m, n > 0
a > 0 and a ≠ 1

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Logarithm of a power loga mn = n loga m m>0
a > 0 and a ≠ 1

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Logarithm of the base loga a = 1 a > 0 and a ≠ 1

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Logarithm of one loga 1 = 0 a > 0 and a ≠ 1

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It is important to remember that rules 1−3 above work only if the base, a, is the same for each of them.
To change bases, the following rule can be applied.

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logc b
loga b =
PA
logc a
D

WORKED EXAMPLE 5
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Simplify, and evaluate where possible, each of the following without technology.
a. log10 5 + log10 4 b. log2 12 + log2 8 − log2 3
EC

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Apply the ‘logarithm of product’ rule. a. log10 5 + log10 4
= log10 (5 × 4)
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2. Simplify. = log10 20
b. 1. Multiply the base numerals of the logs being added b. log2 12 + log2 8 − log2 3
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since their bases are the same. = log2 (12 × 8) − log2 3

= log2 (96 ÷ 3)
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2. Apply the ‘logarithm of a quotient’ law.

3. Simplify, noting that 32 is a power of 2. = log2 32
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= log2 25
4. Evaluate using the ‘logarithm of a power’ and = 5 log2 2
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‘logarithm of the base’ laws. =5

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CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 411

 WORKED EXAMPLE 6

Simplify 3log2 5 − 2log2 10.

THINK WRITE
1. Express both terms as logarithms of index numbers. 3 log2 5 − 2 log2 10 = log2 53 − log2 102
2. Simplify each logarithm. = log2 125 − log2 100

FS
3. Apply the ‘logarithm of a quotient’ law. = log2 (125 ÷ 100)
5
4. Simplify. = log2 or log2 1.25
(4)

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O
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WORKED EXAMPLE 7

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Simplify each of the following.

G
log8 49
a. b. 2log10 x + 1
log8 343
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THINK WRITE
log8 49 log8 72
a. 1. Express each base numeral as powers to the same a. =
log8 343 log8 73
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base, 7.
2 log8 7
2. Apply the ‘logarithm of a power’ law. =
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3 log8 7
2
Simply by cancelling out the common factor of
3. =
3
log8 7.
EC

b. 1. Express 2 log10 x as log10 x2 and 1 as a logarithm to b. 2 log10 x + 1= log10 x2 + log10 10

base 10 also.
= log10 10x2
2. Simplify using the ‘logarithm of a product’ law.
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TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE

a. 1. On a Calculator page, a. 1. On a Run-Matrix
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complete the entry line as screen,complete the

log8 (49) entry line as
log8 (49)
C

log9 (343)
then press ENTER. log9 (343)
then press EXE.
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Press the v button to

convert the decima
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l to a fraction.
Note: The loga b
template can be found
by pressing F4 to select
MATH, then selecting
loga b by pressing F2.

412 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 log8 (49) 2
2. Press the up arrow to 2. The answer appears on =
log9 (343) 3
highlight the answer then the screen.
press ENTER to copy
and paste it on the next
entry line. Press MENU
then select
2: Number
2: Approximate to

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Fraction
then press ENTER.
log8 (49) 2
3. The answer appears on =
log9 (343) 3
the screen.

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9.3.3 The graph of y = loga (x) for a > 1

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The shape of the basic logarithmic graph with rule y
y = ax
y = loga (x), a > 1 is shown as the reflection in the
line y = x of the exponential graph with rule y = ax , (1, a) y=x
a > 1.

E
The graph of y = loga (x) is the inverse function y = logax
of y = ax . (0, 1)
(a, 1)

G
The key features of the graph of y = loga (x) can
be deduced from those of the exponential graph. x
(1, 0)
PA
D
TE

y = ax y = loga (x)
EC

horizontal asymptote with equation y = 0 vertical asymptote with equation x = 0

x-intercept (1, 0) y-intercept (0, 1)

R

point (1, a) lies on the graph point (a, 1) lies on the graph
R

range R+ domain R+
O

domain R range R
C

one-to-one relation one-to-one relation/function

N

Note that logarithmic growth is much slower than exponential growth and also note that, unlike ax which
U

⎧
⎪ > 0, if x > 1
is always positive, loga (x) ⎨ = 0, if x = 1
⎪
⎩ < 0, if 0 < x < 1
The logarithmic function is formally written as f: R+ → R, f (x) = loga (x).

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 413

 WORKED EXAMPLE 8

a. Form the exponential rule for the inverse of y = log2 (x) and hence deduce the graph
of y = log2 (x) from the graph of the exponential.
b. Given the points (1, 2), (2, 4) and (3, 8) lie on the exponential graph in part a, explain how
these points can be used to illustrate the logarithm law log2 (m) + log2 (n) = log2 (mn).

FS
THINK WRITE
a. 1.Form the rule for the inverse a. y = log2 (x)

O
by interchanging coordinates and Inverse: x = log2 (y)
then make y the subject of the ∴ y = 2x

O
rule.
y = 2x

PR
2. Sketch the exponential function.
Asymptote: y = 0
y-intercept: (0, 1)
second point: let x = 1,
∴ y=2

E
Point (1, 2) is on the graph.

G
y
PA
(1, 2)

(0, 1)
y = 2x
y=0
D

0 x
TE
EC

3. Reflect the exponential graph in y = log2 (x) has:

the line y = x to form the required asymptote: x = 0
R

graph. x-intercept: (1, 0)

second point: (2, 1)
R

y y=x
(1, 2)
O

y = log2(x)
(0, 1) (2, 1)
C

y = 2x

x
N

0 (1, 0)
U

414 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 b. 1.State the coordinates of the b. Given the points (1, 2), (2, 4) and (3, 8) lie on the
corresponding points on the exponential graph, the points (2, 1), (4, 2) and (8, 3) lie
logarithm graph. on the graph of y = log2 (x).
2. State the x- and y-values for each y = log2 (x)
of the points on the logarithmic point (2, 1): when x = 2, y = 1
graph. point (4, 2): when x = 4, y = 2

FS
point (8, 3): when x = 8, y = 3
3. Use the relationship between the The sum of the y-coordinates of the points on
y-coordinates to illustrate the y = log2 (x) when x = 2 and x = 4 equals the

O
logarithm law. y-coordinate of the point on y = log2 (x) when x = 8, as
1 + 2 = 3.

O
log2 (2) + log2 (4) = log2 (8)
log2 (2) + log2 (4) = log2 (2 × 4)

PR
This illustrates the logarithm
lawlog2 (m) + log2 (n) = log2 (mn)
with m = 2 and n = 4.

E
9.3.4 Extension: Transformations of logarithmic graphs

G
Knowledge of the transformations of graphs enables the graph of any logarithmic function to be obtained
PA
from the basic graph of y = loga (x). This provides an alternative to sketching the graph as the inverse of that
of an exponential function. Further, given the logarithmic graph, the exponential graph could be obtained as
the inverse of the logarithmic graph.
The logarithmic graph under a combination of transformations will be studied in Units 3 and 4. In this
D

section we shall consider the effect a single transformation has on the key features of the graph of y = loga (x).
TE

Dilations
Dilations from either coordinate axis are recognisable from the equation of the logarithmic function: for
x
example, y = 2 loga (x) and y = loga ( ) would give the images when y = loga (x) undergoes a dilation of
EC

2
factor 2 from the x-axis and from the y-axis, respectively. The asymptote at x = 0 would be unaffected by
either dilation. The position of the x- intercept is affected by the dilation from the y-axis as (1, 0) → (2, 0).
The dilation from the x- axis does not affect the x-intercept.
R

Horizontal translations
R

y = log2(x)
The vertical asymptote will always be affected by a hor- y x=3
x=0
O

izontal translation and this affects the domain of the

logarithmic function. Under a horizontal translation of
y = log2(x – 3)
C

c units to the right or left, the vertical asymptote at x = 0

(2, 1)
must move c units to the right or left respectively. Hence, (5, 1)
N

horizontally translating the graph of y = loga (x) by c

units to obtain the graph of y = loga (x − c) produces the 0 (1, 0) (4, 0) x
U

following changes to the key features:

• equation of asymptote: x = 0 → x = c
• domain: {x : x > 0} → {x : x > c}
• x-intercept: (1, 0) → (1 + c, 0).

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 415

 These changes are illustrated in the graph of y = log2 (x) and its image, y = log2 (x − 3), after a horizontal
translation of 3 units to the right.
The diagram shows that the domain of y = log2 (x − 3) is (3, ∞). Its range is unaffected by the horizontal
translation and remains R.
It is important to realise that the domain and the asymptote position can be calculated algebraically, since
we only take logarithms of positive numbers. For example, the domain of y = log2 (x − 3) can be calculated
by solving the inequation x − 3 > 0 ⇒ x > 3. This means that the domain is (3, ∞) as the diagram shows.

FS
The equation of the asymptote of y = log2 (x − 3) can be calculated from the equation x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3.
The function defined by y = loga (nx + c) would have a vertical asymptote when nx + c = 0 and its domain
can be calculated by solving nx + c > 0.

O
Vertical translations

O
When vertically translating the graph of y = loga (x) by d units y
y = log2(x)
to obtain the graph of y = loga (x) + d, neither the domain nor x=0

PR
the position of the asymptote alters from that of y = loga (x). The
(2, 1) (8, 0)
translated graph will have an x-intercept which can be obtained
0 (1, 0) x
by solving the equation loga (x) + d = 0.
The graph of y = log2 (x) − 3 is a vertical translation down by (2, –2)

E
3 units of the graph of y = log2 (x). Solving log2 (x) − 3 = 0 gives
y = log2(x) – 3

G
x = 23 so the graph cuts the x-axis at x = 8, as illustrated.
PA
Reflections
D

The graph of y = − loga (x) is obtained by inverting the graph of y = loga (x); that is, by reflecting it in the
x-axis.
TE

The graph of y = loga (−x) is obtained by reflecting the graph of y = loga (x) in the y-axis. For loga (−x) to
be defined, −x > 0 so the graph has domain {x : x < 0}.
EC

y
x=0
y = loga(–x) y = loga(x)
R
R

(–1, 0) 0 (1, 0) x
O
C

y = –loga(x)
N
U

The relative positions of the graphs of y = loga (x) , y = − loga (x) and y = loga (−x) are illustrated in the
diagram. The vertical asymptote at x = 0 is unaffected by either reflection.

416 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 WORKED EXAMPLE 9

a. Sketch the graph of y = log2 (x + 2) and state its domain.

b. Sketch the graph of y = log10 (x) + 1 and state its domain.
c. The graph of the function for which f (x) = log2 (b − x) is shown below.
i. Determine the value of b.
ii. State the domain and range of, and form the rule for, the inverse function.

FS
iii. Sketch the graph of y = f −1 (x).
y x=2

O
(0, 1)

O
0 (1, 0) x

PR
THINK WRITE

E
a. 1. Identify the transformation involved. a. y = log2 (x + 2)
Horizontal translation 2 units to the left

G
2. Use the transformation to state the The vertical line x = 0 → the vertical line x = −2
equation of the asymptote and the under the horizontal translation.
PA
domain. The domain is {x : x > −2}.
3. Calculate any intercepts with the y-intercept: when x = 0,
coordinate axes. y = log2 (2)
D

Note: The domain indicates there will =1

be an intercept with the y-axis as well y-intercept (0, 1)
TE

as the x-axis. x-intercept: when y = 0,

log2 (x + 2) = 0
x + 2 = 20
EC

x+2=1
x = −1
x-intercept (−1, 0)
Check: the point (1, 0) → (−1, 0) under the
R

horizontal translation.
R

4. Sketch the graph. x = –2 y

O

y = log2 (x + 2)
(0, 1)
C

(–1, 0) 0 x
N
U

b. 1. Identify the transformation involved. b. y = log10 (x) + 1

Vertical translation of 1 unit upwards

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 417

 2. State the equation of the asymptote The vertical transformation does not affect either
and the domain. the position of the asymptote or the domain.
Hence, the equation of the asymptote is x = 0.
The domain is R+ .
3. Obtain any intercept with the Since the domain is R+ there is no y-intercept.
coordinate axes. x-intercept: when y = 0,

FS
log10 (x) + 1 = 0
log10 (x) = −1
x = 10−1

O
1
= or 0.1
10

O
x-intercept is (0.1, 0).

PR
4. Calculate the coordinates of a second Point: let x = 1.
point on the graph. y = log10 (1) + 1
=0+1
=1
The point (1, 1) lies on the graph.

E
Check: the point (1, 0) → (1, 1) under the vertical

G
PA translation.

5. Sketch the graph. y x=0

y = log10 (x) + 1
D

(1, 1)
TE

0 (0.1, 0) x
EC
R

c. i. State the equation of the asymptote c.i f (x) = log2 (b − x)

shown in the graph and use this to From the diagram, the
R

calculate the value of b. asymptote of the graph is x = 2.

O

Note: The function rule can be From the function rule, the asymptote
rearranged to show the horizontal occurs when:
C

translation and a reflection in the b−x=0

y-axis. x=b
N

f (x) = log2 (b − x) Hence, b = 2.

= log2 (− (x − b))
U

The horizontal translation determines

the position of the asymptote.
ii. Give the domain and range of the ii. The given function has domain (−∞,2) and
inverse function. range R. Therefore the inverse function has
domain R and range (−∞,2).

418 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Form the rule for the inverse function function f : y = log2 (2 − x)
by interchanging x- and y-coordinates inverse f −1 : x = log2 (2 − y)
and rearranging the equation obtained. 2x = 2 − y
∴ y = 2 − 2x
∴ f −1 (x) = 2 − 2x

FS
iii. Use
the features of the logarithm iii. The key features of f give those for f −1.
graph to deduce the features of the y = f (x) y = f −1 (x)
exponential graph. asymptote: x = 2 asymptote y = 2

O
x-intercept (1, 0) y-intercept (0, 1)
y-intercept (0, 1) x-intercept (1, 0)

O
Sketch the graph of y = f−1 (x). y

PR
y=2

(0, 1) y = f –1(x)
(1, 0)

E
0 x

G
PA
D
TE

Units 1 & 2 Area 6 Sequence 1 Concepts 3, 4 & 5

Defining logarithms Summary screen and practice questions

EC

The basic logarithmic graph Summary screen and practice questions

Transformations of logarithmic graphs Summary screen and practice questions
R

Exercise 9.3 Logarithmic functions

R

Technology free
O

1. Express the following indicial equations in logarithmic form.

a. 23 = 8 b. 35 = 243
C

0
c. 5 = 1 d. 0.01 = 10−2
1
N

e. bn = a f. 2−4 =
16
U

2. Express the following logarithmic equations in indicial form.

a. log4 16 = 2 b. log10 1000 000 = 6
1
c. log2 = −1 d. log3 27 = 3
2
e. log5 625 = 4 f. log2 128 = 7
1
g. log3 = −2 h. logb a = x
9

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 419

 3. WE4 Evaluate each of the following without technology.
a. log2 16 b. log3 81
1
c. log5 125 d. log2
4
e. log10 1000 f. log10 (0.000 01)
1
g. log2 0.25 h. log3
243

FS
1
i. log2 32 j. log2
64
log3 (−3) l. logn n5

O
k.

4. WE5 Simplify, and evaluate where possible, each of the following without technology.

O
a. log2 8 + log2 10 b. log3 7 + log3 15
c. log10 20 + log10 5 d. log6 8 + log6 7

PR
e. log2 20 − log2 5 f. log3 36 − log3 12
1
g. log5 100 − log5 8 h. log2 + log2 9
3

E
1
i. log4 25 + log4 j. log10 5 − log10 20
5

G
4 1
k. log3 − log3 l. log2 9 + log2 4 − log2 12
5 5
PA
m. log3 8 − log3 2 + log2 5 n. log4 24 − log4 2 − log4 6
5. WE6 Simplify each of the following.
a. 3 log10 5 + log10 2 b. 2 log2 8 + 3 log2 3
D

c. 2 log3 2 + 3 log3 1 d. log5 12 − 2 log5 2

TE

e. 4 log10 2 + 2 log10 8 f. log3 42 + 3 log3 2

1 1
g. log2 27 − log2 36 h. log2 (x − 4) + 3 log2 x
3 2
EC

1
i. log3 16 + 2 log3 4 j. 2 log10 (x + 3) − log10 (x − 2)
2
6. WE7a Simplify the following.
R

log3 25 log2 81
a. b.
log3 125 log2 9
R

log4 36 2 log10 8
c. d.
O

log4 6 log10 16
3 log5 27 4 log3 32
C

e. f.
2 log5 9 5 log3 4
N

log3 x6 log10 x3
g. h. √
log3 x2 log10 x
U

3
log5 x 2 2 log2 (x + 1)3
i. √ j.
log5 x log2 (x + 1)

420 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 7. WE7b Express each of the following in simplest form:
a. log3 27 + 1 b. log4 16 + 3 c. 3 log5 2 − 2
d. 2 + 3 log10 x e. 2 log2 5 − 3 f. 4 log3 2 − 2 log3 6 + 2
1
g. 2 log6 6 − log6 4 h. + 3 log10 x2
2
8. a. WE8 Form the exponential rule for the inverse of y = log10 (x) and hence deduce the graph of

FS
y = log10 (x) from the graph of the exponential.
b. Given the points (1, 10), (2, 100) and (3, 1000) lie on the exponential graph in part a, explain how
m
these points can be used to illustrate the logarithm law log10 (m) − log10 (n) = log10 ( ).
n

O
9. a. Simplify log6 (22x × 9x ) using the inverse relationship between exponentials and logarithms.

O
Evaluate 2−3 log2 (10) .
b.
10. Simplify 5x log5 (2)−log5 (3) .

PR
11. a. Sketch the graph of y = log10 (x − 1) and state its
WE9
x = –b
domain. y
b. Sketch the graph of y = log5 (x) − 1 and state its domain.
c. The graph of the function for which f (x) = − log2 (x + b)

E
is shown. (0, 0)
0 x

G
i. Determine the value of b.
ii. State the domain and range of, and form the rule for,
y = –log2 (x + b)
PA
the inverse function.
iii. Sketch the graph of y = f−1 (x).
2−x
12. Consider the function defined by y = 2 × (1.5) .
a. For what value of x does y = 2?
D

b. For what value of y does x = 0?

2−x
c. Sketch the graph of y = 2 × (1.5) showing the key features.
TE

d. On the same set of axes sketch the graph of the inverse function.
e. Form the rule for the inverse.
2−x x
f. Hence state the solution to the equation 2 × (1.5) = 2 − log1.5 ( ).
2
EC

13. a. Evaluate the following.

i. 3log3 (8) ii. 10log10 (2)+log10 (3)
1
5− log5 (2) 6 2 log6 (25)
R

iii. iv.
b. Simplify the following.
R

i. 3log3 (x) ii. 23 log2 (x)

O

6x+1 − 6x
iii. log2 (2x ) + log3 (9x ) iv. log6
( 5 )
C

14. Hick’s Law arose from research into the time taken
N

for a person to make a decision when faced with a

number of possible choices. For n equally probable
U

options, the law is expressed as t = b log2 (n + 1)

where t is the time taken to choose an option, b is a
positive constant and n ≥ 2. Draw a sketch of the
time against the number of choices and show that
doubling the number of options does not double
the time to make the choice between them.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 421

15. The diagram shows the graph of the exponential function y = 2ax+b + c
ax+b y
y=2 + c. The graph intersects the line y = x twice and cuts
1
the x-axis at , 0 and the y-axis at (0, − 2). y=x
(2 )
a. Form the rule for the exponential function. ( 1
(
– ,0
2
b. Form the rule for the inverse function. 0 x
c. For the inverse, state the equation of its asymptote and the
(0, –2)

FS
coordinates of the points where its graph would cut the x- and y-axes.
d. Copy the diagram and sketch the graph of the inverse on the same y = –4
diagram. How many points of intersection of the inverse and

O
the exponential graphs are there?
e. The point (log2 (3) , k) lies on the exponential graph. Calculate the exact value of k.

O
f. Using the equation for the inverse function, verify that the point (k, log2 (3)) lies on the inverse graph.

PR
Technology active
16. a. The graph of the function with equation x = –2 y
y = a log7 (bx) contains the points (2,0) and

E
(14, 14). Determine its equation.
b. The graph of the function with equation

G
(–1.5, 0)
1
y = a log3 (x) + b contains the points , 8 and (1,4). 0 x
(3 )
PA
i. Determine its equation.
ii. Obtain the coordinates of the point where the (0, –2)
graph of the inverse function would cut the y-axis.
c. i. For the graph illustrated in the diagram, determine
D

a possible equation in the form y = a log2 (x − b) + c.

TE

ii. Use the diagram to sketch the graph of the inverse

and form the rule for the inverse.
d. Consider the functions f and g for which f (x) = log3 (4x + 9) and g (x) = log4 (2 − 0.1x).
i. Determine the maximal domain of each function.
EC

ii. State the equations of the asymptotes of the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g (x).
iii. Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of each of the graphs with the
coordinate axes.
R

iv. Sketch the graphs of y = f (x) and y = g (x) on separate diagrams.

2−x
R

17. Obtain the coordinates of any points of intersection of the graph of y = 2 × 3 2 with its inverse.
Express the values to 4 significant figures, where appropriate.
O

18. Consider the two functions with rules y = log2 (x + 4) and y = log2 (x) + log2 (4).
a. i. Should the graphs of y = log2 (x + 4) and y = log2 (x) + log2 (4) be the same graphs? Use
C

technology to sketch the graphs of y = log2 (x + 4) and y = log2 (x) + log2 (4) to verify
your answer.
N

ii. Give any values of x for which the graphs have the same value and justify algebraically.
U

b. Sketch the graph of y = 2 log3 (x), stating its domain, range and type of correspondence.
c. Sketch the graph of y = log3 (x2 ), stating its domain, range and type of correspondence.
d. The graphs in parts b and c are not identical. Explain why this does not contradict the logarithm law
loga (mp ) = p loga (m).

422 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 9.4 Modelling with exponential functions
The importance of exponential functions lies in the frequency with which they occur in models of phe-
nomena involving growth and decay situations, in chemical and physical laws of nature and in higher-level
mathematical analysis.

9.4.1 Exponential growth and decay models

FS
For time t, the exponential function defined by y = b × ant where a > 1 represents exponential growth over
time if n > 0 and exponential decay over time if n < 0. The domain of this function would be restricted
according to the way the independent time variable t is defined. The rule y = b × ant may also be written as

O
y = b.ant .

O
In some mathematical models such as population growth, the initial population may be represented by a
symbol such as N0 . For an exponential decay model, the time it takes for 50% of the initial amount of the

PR
substance to decay is called its half-life.

WORKED EXAMPLE 10

E
The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by Q (t) = Q0 × 2.7−kt where Q kg is the amount
of the substance present at time t years and Q0 and k are positive constants.

G
a. Show that the constant Q0 represents the initial amount of the substance.
b. If the half-life of the radioactive substance is 100 years, calculate k to one significant figure.
PA
c. If initially there was 25 kg of the radioactive substance, how many kilograms would decay
in 10 years? Use the value of k from part b in the calculations.
D

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Calculate the initial amount. a. Q (t) = Q0 × 2.7−kt
TE

The initial amount is the value of Q when t = 0.

Let t = 0:
Q (0) = Q0 × 2.70
EC

= Q0
Therefore, Q0 represents the initial amount of the
substance.
R

b. 1. Form an equation in k from the given b. The half-life is the time it takes for 50% of the
information. initial amount of the substance to decay.
R

Note: It does not matter that the value of Since the half-life is 100 years, when t = 100,
O

Q0 is unknown since the Q0 terms Q (100) = 50% of Q0

cancel. Q (100) = 0.50Q0 ..... (1)
C

From the equation, Q (t) = Q0 × 2.7−kt .

When t = 100, Q (100) = Q0 × 2.7−k(100)
N

∴ Q (100) = Q0 × 2.7−100k .... (2)

Equate equations (1) and (2):
U

0.50Q0 = Q0 × 2.7−100k
Cancel Q0 from each side:
0.50 = 2.7−100k

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 423

 2. Solve the exponential equation to obtain Convert to the equivalent logarithm form.
k to the required accuracy. −100k = log2.7 (0.5)
See page 411 for the rule to convert to a
1
different base. k=− log2.7 (0.5)
100
1 log10 (0.5)
=− ×

FS
100 log10 (2.7)
≈ 0.007

O
c. 1. Use the values of the constants to state c. Q0 = 25, k = 0.007
the actual rule for the exponential decay ∴ Q (t) = 25 × 2.7−0.007t

O
model.
2. Calculate the amount of the substance When t = 10,

PR
present at the time given. Q (10) = 25 × 2.7−0.07
≈ 23.32
3. Calculate the amount that has decayed. Since 25 − 23.32 = 1.68, in 10 years

E
Note: Using a greater accuracy for the approximately 1.68 kg will have decayed.
value of k would give a slightly different

G
answer for the amount decayed. PA
TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE
b. 1. Set up an equation to be When t = 100, Q = 0.5Q0 . b. 1. Set up an equation to When t = 100, Q = 0.5Q0 .
solved. Substituting these into the be solved. Substituting these into the
equation Q(t) = Q0 × 2.7−kt equation Q(t) = Q0 × 2.7−kt
D

gives gives 0.5Q0 = Q0 × 2.7−100k .

0.5Q0 = Q0 × 2.7−100k . Dividing both sides by Q0 gives
0.5 = 2.7−100k .
TE

Dividing both sides by Q0 gives

0.5 = 2.7−100k .
2. On a Calculator page, On an Equation
press MENU then select: screen,select Solver
EC

3: Algebra by pressing F3.

1: Numerical Solve Complete the entry
Complete the entry line as line for the equation
nSolve(0.5 = 2.7−100k , k) as 0.5 = 2.7−100k
then press ENTER. then press EXE.
R

Select SOLVE by
pressing F6.
R
O
C

3. The answer appears on k = 0.007 (1 sig. figure) 3. The answer appears k = 0.007 (1 sig. figure)
the screen. on the screen.
N
U

424 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 c. 1. On a Calculator page, c. 1. On a Run-Matrix
press MENU then select screen, complete the
1: Actions next entry line as
1: Define 25 × 2.7−0.007×10 then
then complete the entry press EXE.
line as Interpret the result.
Define q(t) =
25 × 2.7−0.007t When t = 10, Q ≈ 23.32.
then press ENTER.

FS
2. Complete the next entry 2. Complete the next
line as q(10) entry line as
then press ENTER. 25-Ans
Interpret the result. then press EXE.

O
O
PR
When t = 10, Q ≈ 23.32.
3. Complete the next entry 3. The answer appears Approximately 1.68 kg will have
line as on the screen. decayed in 10 years.
25-Ans
then press ENTER.

E
G
PA
4 . The answer appears on Approximately 1.68 kg will
the screen. have decayed in 10 years.
D

9.4.2 Analysing data

One method for detecting if data has an exponential relationship can be carried out using logarithms. If the
TE

data is suspected of following an exponential rule such as y = A × 10kx , then the graph of log (y) against x
should be linear. The reasoning for this is as follows.
EC

y = A × 10kx
y
∴ = 10kx
R

A
y
∴ log ( ) = kx
R

A
∴ log (y) − log (A) = kx
O

∴ log (y) = kx + log (A)

C

This equation can be written in the form Y = kx + c where Y = log (y) and c = log (A).
N

The graph of Y versus x is a straight line with gradient k and vertical axis Y-intercept (0, log (A)).
Such an analysis is called a semi-log plot. While experimental data is unlikely to give a perfect fit, the
U

equation would describe the line of best fit for the data.
Logarithms can also be effective in determining a power law that connects variables. If the law connecting
the variables is of the form y = x p then log (y) = p log (x).
Plotting log (y) values against log (x) values will give a straight line of gradient p if the data does follow
such a law. Such an analysis is called a log-log plot.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 425

 WORKED EXAMPLE 11

For a set of data {(x, y)}, plotting log (y) versus log(y)
log (x) gave the straight line shown in the diagram.
Form the equation of the graph and hence
determine the rule connecting y and x. (0, 3)

FS
(2, 0)
0 log (x)

O
O
THINK WRITE

PR
rise
1. State the gradient and the coordinates of Gradient =
run
the intercept with the vertical axis.
−3
=
2

E
Intercept with vertical axis: (0, 3)

G
2. Form the equation of the line. Let Y = log (y) and X = log (x).
The equation of the line is Y = mX + c
PA
3
where m = − , c = 3.
2
3
Therefore the equation of the line is Y = − X + 3.
2
D

3. Express the equation in terms of the The vertical axis is log (y) and the horizontal axis
variables marked on the axes of the is log (x), so the equation of the graph is
TE

given graph. 3
log (y) = − log (x) + 3.
2
∴ log (y) = −1.5 log (x) + 3
EC

4. Collect the terms involving logarithms log (y) + 1.5 log (x) = 3
together and simplify to create a log (y) + log (x1.5 ) = 3
logarithm statement. log (yx1.5 ) = 3
R

5. Express the equation with y as the ∴ log10 (yx1.5 ) = 3

R

subject. yx1.5 = 103

Note: Remember the base of the
O

y = 1000x−1.5
logarithm is 10.
C
N
U

Units 1 & 2 Area 6 Sequence 1 Concept 6

Modelling with exponential functions Summary screen and practice questions

426 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Exercise 9.4 Modelling with exponential functions

Technology active
1. WE10 The decay of a radioactive substance is modelled by Q (t) = Q0 × 1.7−kt where Q is the amount of
the substance present at time t years and Q0 and k are positive constants.
a. Show that the constant Q0 represents the initial amount of the substance.
b. If the half-life of the radioactive substance is 300 years, calculate k to one significant figure.

FS
c. If initially there was 250 kg of the radioactive substance, how many kilograms would decay in 10
years? Use the value of k from part b in the calculations.
2. The manager of a small business is concerned about the amount of time she spends dealing with the

O
growing number of emails she receives. The manager starts keeping records and finds the average
t

O
number of emails received per day can be modelled by D = 42 × 2 16 where D is the average number of
emails received per day t weeks from the start of the records.

PR
a. How many daily emails on average was the manager receiving when she commenced her records?
b. After how many weeks does the model predict that the average number of emails received per day
will double?
3. WE11 For a set of data {(x, y)}, plotting log (y) versus log (x) gave the straight line shown in the

E
diagram.
Form the equation of the graph and hence determine the rule connecting y and x.

G
log (y)
PA
(0, 2)
D
TE

(–0.8, 0)
0 log (x)
EC

4. For a set of data {(x, y)}, the semi-log plot of log (y) versus x gave the straight line shown in the diagram.
R

log(y)
R
O
C

(1, 0.3)
x
N

0 (0, 0)
U

Form the equation of the graph and hence determine an exponential rule connecting y and x.
5. The value V of a new car depreciates so that its value after t years is given by V = V0 × 2−kt .
a. If 50% of the purchase value is lost in 5 years, calculate k.
b. How long does it take for the car to lose 75% of its purchase value?

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 427

 6. The number of Drosophila (fruit flies), N, in a colony
after t days of observation is modelled by
N = 30 × 20.072t . Give whole-number answers to the
following.
a. How many Drosophila were present when the
colony was initially observed?
b. How many of the insects were present after 5 days?

FS
c. How many days does it take the population number
to double from its initial value?
d. Sketch a graph of N versus t to show how the

O
population changes.
e. After how many days will the population first exceed 100?

O
7. The value of an investment which earns compound interest can be calculated from the formula
r nt

PR
A = P (1 + ) where P is the initial investment, r the interest rate per annum (yearly), n the number
n
of times per year the interest is compounded and t the number of years of the investment.
An investor deposits $2000 in an account where interest is compounded monthly.
a. If the interest rate is 3% per annum:

E
12t
i. Show that the formula giving the value of the investment is A = 2000 (1.0025) .
ii. Calculate how much the investment is worth after a 6-month period.

G
iii. What time period would be needed for the value of the investment to reach $2500?
b. The investor would like the $2500 to grow to $2500 in a shorter time period. What would the interest
PA
rate, still compounded monthly, need to be for the goal to be achieved in 4 years?
8. A cup of coffee is left to cool on a kitchen table inside a
Brisbane home. The temperature of the coffee T(°C)
after t minutes is thought to be given by
D

T = 85 × 3−0.008t .
TE

a. By how many degrees does the coffee cool in

10 minutes?
b. How long does it take for the coffee to cool to 65 °C?
EC

c. Sketch a graph of the temperature of the coffee for

t ∈ [0, 40].
d. By considering the temperature the model predicts
the coffee will eventually cool to, explain why the
R

model is not realistic in the long term.

R

9. The contents of a meat pie immediately after being

heated in a microwave have a temperature of 95 °C. The
O

pie is removed from the microwave and left to cool. A

model for the temperature of the pie as it cools is given
C

by T = a × 3−0.13t + 25 where T is the temperature after

t minutes of cooling.
N

a. Calculate the value of a.

U

b. What is the temperature of the contents of the pie

after being left to cool for 2 minutes?
c. Determine how long, to the nearest minute, it will
take for the contents of the meat pie to cool to 65 °C.
d. Sketch the graph showing the temperature over time and state the temperature to which this model
predicts the contents of the pie will eventually cool if left unattended.

428 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 10. The barometric pressure P, measured in kilopascals, at height h above sea level, measured in kilometres,
is given by P = Po × 10−kh where Po and k are positive constants. The pressure at the top of Mount
Everest is approximately one third that of the pressure at sea level.
a. Given the height of Mount Everest is approximately 8848 metres, calculate the value of k to 2
significant figures.
Use the value obtained for k for the remainder of this question.
b. Mount Kilimanjaro has a height of approximately 5895 metres. If the atmospheric pressure at its

FS
summit is approximately 48.68 kilopascals, calculate the value of Po to 3 decimal places.
c. Use the model to estimate the atmospheric pressure to 2 decimal places at the summit of Mont Blanc,
4810 metres, and of Mount Kosciuszko, 2228 metres in height.

O
d. Draw a graph of the atmospheric pressure against height showing the readings for the four mountains
from the above information.

O
PR
E
G
PA
11. The common Indian mynah bird was introduced into Australia in
D

order to control insects affecting market gardens in Melbourne. It

is now considered to be Australia’s most important pest problem.
TE

In 1976, the species was introduced to an urban area in New South

Wales. By 1991 the area averaged 15 birds per square kilometre
and by 1994 the density reached an average of 75 birds per square
EC

kilometre.
A model for the increasing density of the mynah bird population is
thought to be D = D0 × 10kt where D is the average density of the bird
R

per square kilometre t years after 1976 and D0 and k are constants.
a. Use the given information to set up a pair of simultaneous equations
R

in D and t.
1
b. Solve these equations to show that k = log (5) and D0 = 3 × 5−4
O

3
and hence that k ≈ 0.233 and D0 ≈ 0.005.
C

c. A project was introduced in 1996 to curb the growth in numbers of these birds. What does the model
predict was the average density of the mynah bird population at the time the project was introduced
N

in the year 1996? Use k ≈ 0.233 and D0 ≈ 0.005 and round the answer to the nearest whole number.
d. Sometime after the project is successfully implemented, a different model for the average density of
U

t
the bird population becomes applicable. This model is given by D = 30 × 10− 3 + b. Four years later,
the average density is reduced to 40 birds per square kilometre. How much can the average density
expect to be reduced?

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 429

12. Carbon dating enables estimates of the age of fossils
of once living organisms to be ascertained by compar-
ing the amount of the radioactive isotope carbon-14
remaining in the fossil with the normal amount present
in the living entity, which can be assumed to remain
constant during the organism’s life. It is known that
carbon-14 decays with a half-life of approximately

FS
5730 years according to an exponential model of the
kt
1
form C = Co × , where C is the amount of the
(2)

O
isotope remaining in the fossil t years after death and Co is the normal amount of the isotope that would
have been present when the organism was alive.

O
a. Calculate the exact value of the positive constant k.
b. The bones of an animal are unearthed during digging explorations by a mining company. The bones

PR
are found to contain 83% of the normal amount of the isotope carbon-14. Estimate how old the
bones are.
13. a. Obtain the equation of the given linear graphs and hence determine the relationship between y and x.
i. The linear graph of log10 (y) against log10 (x) is shown.

E
ii. The linear graph of log2 (y) against x is shown.

G
log (y) log2(y)
PA
(2, 0) (0, 0)
x
log (x)
(0, –1) (4, –1)
D
TE

b. The acidity of a solution is due to the presence of hydrogen ions. The concentration of these ions is
measured by the pH scale calculated as pH = − log ([H+ ]) where [H+ ] is the concentration of
EC

hydrogen ions.
i. The concentration of hydrogen ions in bleach is 10−13 per mole and in pure water the
concentration is 10−7 per mole. What are the pH readings for bleach and for pure water?
R

ii. Lemon juice has a pH reading of 2 and milk has a

R

pH reading of 6. Use scientific notation to express

the concentration of hydrogen ions in each of lemon
O

juice and milk and then write these concentrations as

numerals.
C

iii. Solutions with pH smaller than 7 are acidic and

those with pH greater than 7 are alkaline. Pure water
N

is neutral. How much more acidic is lemon juice

than milk?
U

iv. For each one unit of change in pH, explain the effect
on the concentration of hydrogen ions
and acidity of a solution.

430 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 14. The data shown in the table gives the population of Australia, in millions, in years since 1960.

1975 1990 2013

x (years since 1960) 15 30 53

y (population in millions) 13.9 17.1 22.9

FS
log (y)

Complete the third row of the table by evaluating the log (y) values to 2 decimal places.
a.
Plot log (y) against x and construct a straight line to fit the points.
b.

O
c. Show that the equation of the line is approximately Y = 0.006x + 1.05 where Y = log (y).
d. Use the equation of the line to show that the exponential rule between y and x is approximately

O
y = 11.22 × 100.006x .

PR
e. After how many years did the population double the 1960 population?
f. It is said that the population of Australia is likely to exceed 28 million by the year 2030. Does this
model support this claim?
15. Experimental data yielded the following table of values.

E
x 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

G
y 5.519 6.483 7.615 8.994 10.506 12.341 14.496
PA
Enter the data into a calculator and obtain the rule connecting the data using:
a.
i. exponential regression
ii. logarithmic regression.
b. Graph the data on the calculator to confirm which rule better fits the data.
D

16. Following a fall from his bike, Stephan is feeling some shock but not, initially, a great deal of pain.
TE

However, his doctor gives him an injection for relief from the pain that he will start to feel once the
shock of the accident wears off. The amount of pain Stephan feels over the next 10 minutes is modelled
by the function P (t) = (200t + 16) × 2.7−t , where P is the measure of pain on a scale from 0 to 100 that
Stephan feels t minutes after receiving the injection.
EC

a. Give the measure of pain Stephan is feeling:

i. at the time the injection is administered
ii. 15 seconds later when his shock is wearing off but the injection has not reached its full effect.
R

b. Use technology to draw the graph showing Stephan’s pain level over the 10-minute interval and
hence give, to 2 decimal places:
R

i. the maximum measure of pain he feels

O

ii. the number of seconds it takes for the injection to start lowering his pain level
iii. his pain levels after 5 minutes and after 10 minutes have elapsed.
C

c. Over the 10-minute interval, when was the effectiveness of the injection greatest?
d. At the end of the 10 minutes, Stephan receives a second injection modelled by
N

P (t) = (100 (t − 10) + a) × 2.7−(t−10) , 10 ≤ t ≤ 20.

i. Determine the value of a.
U

ii. Sketch the pain measure over the time interval t ∈ [0, 20] and label the maximum points with
their coordinates.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 431

9.5 Solving equations with indices
9.5.1 Logarithms as operators
Just as both sides of an equation may be raised to a power and the equality still holds, taking logarithms of
both sides of an equation maintains the equality.
If m = n, then it is true that loga (m) = loga (n) and vice versa, provided the same base is used for the
logarithms of each side.

FS
This application of logarithms can provide an important tool when solving indicial equations.
Consider again the equation 2x = 5 where the solution was given as x = log2 (5).
Take base 10 logarithms of both sides of this equation.

O
2x = 5

O
log10 (2x ) = log10 (5)

PR
Using one of the logarithm laws, this becomes x log10 (2) = log10 (5) from which the solution to the indicial
log10 (5)
equation is obtained as x = . This form of the solution can be evaluated on a scientific calculator and
log10 (2)
is the prime reason for choosing base 10 logarithms in solving the indicial equation.

E
log10 (5)
It also demonstrates that log2 (5) = , which is a particular example of another logarithm law called

G
log10 (2)
the change of base law.
PA
Change of base law for calculator use
The equation ax = p for which x = loga (p) could be solved in a similar way to 2x = 5, giving the solution
log10 (p) log10 (p)
as x = . Thus loga (p) = . This form enables decimal approximations to logarithms to be
D

log10 (a) log10 (a)

calculated on scientific calculators.
TE

The change of base law is the more general statement allowing base a logarithms to be expressed in terms
logb (p)
of any other base b as loga (p) = .
logb (a)
EC

Convention
There is a convention that if the base of a logarithm is not stated, this implies it is base 10. As it is on a
R

calculator, log (n) represents log10 (n). When working with base 10 logarithms it can be convenient to adopt
this convention.
R
O

WORKED EXAMPLE 12
C

a. Statethe exact solution to 5x = 8 and calculate its value to 3 decimal places.

b. Calculate the exact value and the value to 3 decimal places of the solution to the
N

equation 21−x = 6x .
U

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Convert to the equivalent form and state the a. 5x = 8
exact solution. ∴ x = log5 (8)
The exact solution is x = log5 (8).

432 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 2. Use the change of base law to express the Since
answer in terms of base 10 logarithms. log10 (p)
loga (p) =
log10 (a)
then
log10 (8)
log5 (8) =
log10 (5)

FS
log10 (8)
∴x =
log10 (5)

O
3. Calculate the approximate value. ∴ x ≈ 1.292 to 3 decimal places.
b. 1. Take base 10 logarithms of both sides. b. 21−x = 6x

O
Note: The convention is not to write the Take logarithms to base 10 of both sides:
base 10. log (21−x ) = log (6x )

PR
2. Apply the logarithm law so that x terms are (1 − x) log (2) = x log (6)
no longer exponents.
3. Solve the linear equation in x. Expand:
Note: This is no different to solving any other log (2) − x log (2) = x log (6)

E
linear equation of the form a − bx = cx Collect x terms together:

G
except the constants a, b, c are expressed as log (2) = x log (6) + x log (2)
logarithms.
PA
= x (log (6) + log (2))
log (2)
x=
log (6) + log (2)
D

This is the exact solution.

4. Calculate the approximate value. x ≈ 0.279 to 3 decimal places.
TE

Note: Remember to place brackets around

the denominator for the division.
EC

TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE

a. 1. On a Calculator page, a. 1. On an Equation screen,
press MENU then select: select Solver by pressing
3: Algebra F3.
R

1: Numerical Solve Complete the entry line

Complete the entry line for the equation as
R

as 5x = 8
nSolve(5x = 8, x) then press EXE.
O

then press ENTER. Select SOLVE by

pressing F6.
C
N

2. The answer appears on x = 1.292 (3 decimal places) 2. The answer appears on x = 1.292 (3 decimal places)
U

the screen. the screen.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 433

b. 1. On a Calculator page, b. 1. On an Equation screen,
press MENU then select: select Solver by pressing
3: Algebra F3.
1: Numerical Solve Complete the entry line
Complete the entry line for the equation as
as 21−x = 6x
nSolve(21−x = 6x , x) then press EXE.
then press ENTER. Select SOLVE by
pressing F6.

FS
O
2. The answer appears on x = 0.279 (3 decimal places) 2. The answer appears on x = 0.279 (3 decimal places)
the screen. the screen.

O
PR
9.5.2 Equations containing logarithms
While the emphasis in this chapter is on exponential (indicial) relations for which some knowledge of loga-
rithms is essential, it is important to know that logarithms contribute substantially to Mathematics. As such,

E
some equations involving logarithms are included, allowing further consolidation of the laws which logarithms
must satisfy.

G
Remembering the requirement that x must be positive for loga (x) to be real, it is advisable to check any
solution to an equation involving logarithms. Any value of x which when substituted back into the original
PA
equation creates a ‘loga (negative number)’ term must be rejected as a solution. Otherwise, normal algebraic
approaches together with logarithm laws are the techniques for solving such equations.
D

WORKED EXAMPLE 13

Find x if log3 9 = x − 2.
TE

THINK WRITE
1. Write the equation. log3 9 = x − 2
EC

2. Simplify the logarithm using the ‘logarithm of log3 32 = x − 2

a power’ law and the fact that log3 3 = 1. 2 log3 3 = x − 2
2=x−2
R

3. Solve for x by adding 2 to both sides. x=4

R
O

WORKED EXAMPLE 14
C

Solve the equation log6 (x) + log6 (x − 1) = 1 for x.

N

THINK WRITE
U

1. Apply the logarithm law which reduces the log6 (x) + log6 (x − 1) = 1
equation to one logarithm term.
∴ log6 (x (x − 1)) = 1

∴ log6 (x2 − x) = 1

434 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 2. Convert the logarithm form to its Converting from logarithm form to index form
equivalent form. gives:
Note: An alternative method is to write x2 − x = 6 1
log6 (x2 − x) = log6 (6) from which ∴ x2 − x = 6
x2 − x = 6 is obtained.
x2 − x − 6 = 0

FS
3. Solve the quadratic equation.

∴ (x − 3) (x + 2) = 0
∴ x = 3, x = −2

O
4. Check the validity of both solutions in the Check in log6 (x) + log6 (x − 1) = 1
original equation. If x = 3, LHS = log6 (3) + log6 (2)

O
= log6 (6)
=1

PR
= RHS
If x = −2, LHS = log6 (−2) + log6 (−3) which
is not admissible.
Therefore reject x = −2.

E
5. State the answer. The solution is x = 3.

G
PA
TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE
1. On a Calculator page, 1. On an Equation screen,
press MENU then select: select Solver by pressing
3: Algebra F3.
1: Numerical Solve Complete the entry line for
D

Complete the entry line as the equation as

nSolve(log6 (x) + log6 (x − log6 (x) + log6 (x − 1) = 1
TE

1) = 1, x) then press EXE.

then press ENTER. Select SOLVE by pressing
F6.
Note: The loga b template
EC

can be found by pressing

OPTN, selecting CALC by
pressing F2, then selecting
loga b by pressing F4.
2. The answer appears on x=3 2. The answer appears on the x = 3
R

the screen. screen.

R
O

Units 1 & 2 Area 6 Sequence 1 Concept 7

C

Solving equations with indices Summary screen and practice questions

N
U

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 435

Exercise 9.5 Solving equations with indices

Technology free
1. WE13 Find x in each of the following.
a. log2 4 = x b. log9 1 = x c. log3 27 = x
1 1
d. log4 256 = x e. log10 =x f. log3 = x
10 9

FS
g. 2 log2 8 = x h. log3 81 = 2x i. log10 1000 = 2x − 1
j. 2 log2 32 = 3x + 1
2. If log2 (3) − log2 (2) = log2 (x) + log2 (5), solve for x.

O
3. WE14 Solve the equation log (x) + log (2x + 1) = 1 for x.
3 3
4. Solve the equation log6 (x) − log6 (x − 1) = 2 for x.

O
5. a. Express the following as a logarithm statement with the index as the subject.
3
22 = 32 10−3 = 0.001

PR
i. ii. 4 2 = 8 iii.
b. Express the following as an index statement.
1
i. log2 (16) = 4 ii. log9 (3) = iii. log10 (0.1) = −1
2
6. Given loga (3) = p and loga (5) = q, express the following in terms of p and q.

E
a. loga (15) b. loga (125)
c. loga (45) d. loga (0.6)

G
25 √ √
e. loga f. loga ( 5 ) × loga ( 27 )
PA
( 81 )
7. Express y in terms of x.
√
a. log10 (y) = log10 (x) + 2 b. log2 (x2 y ) = x
y
c. 2 log2 ( ) = 6x − 2 d. x = 10y−2
D

2
e. log10 (103xy ) = 3 f. 103 log10 (y) = xy
TE

8. Solve the following equations, giving exact solutions.

a. 22x − 14 × 2x + 45 = 0 b. 5−x − 5x = 4
2x 1+2x
c. 9 − 3 +2=0 d. loga (x3 ) + loga (x2 ) − 4 loga (2) = loga (x)
EC

2 2
log10 (x3 )
e. (log2 (x)) − log2 (x ) = 8 f.
log10 (x + 1)
= log10 (x)

Technology active
R

9. a. State the exact solution to 7x = 15 and calculate its value to 3 decimal places.
WE12
R

b. Calculate the exact value and the value to 3 decimal places of the solution to the equation 32x+5 = 4x .
10. Solve the following equations correct to 3 decimal places.
O

a. 2x = 11 b. 2x = 0.6 c. 3x = 20
x x
d. 3 = 1.7 e. 5 = 8 f. 0.7x = 3
C

g. 10x−1 = 18 h. 3x+2 = 12 i. 22x+1 = 5

3x+1 −2x
j. 4 = 24 k. 10 =7 l. 82−x = 0.75
N

11. Rewrite each of the following in the equivalent index or logarithm form and hence calculate the value
U

of x.
1
a. x = log2
(8)
b. log25 (x) = −0.5
c. 10(2x) = 4. Express the answer to 2 decimal places.
d. 3 = e−x . Express the answer to 2 decimal places.
e. logx (125) = 3
f. logx (25) = −2

436 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 12. a. Express log2 (10) in terms of log10 (2).
b. State the exact solution and then give the approximate solution to 4 significant figures for each of the
following indicial equations.
i. 11x = 18 ii. 5−x = 8 iii. 72x = 3
c. Obtain the approximate solution to 4 significant figures for each of the following inequations.
i. 3x ≤ 10 ii. 5−x > 0.4
d. Solve the following equations.

FS
i. 2log5 (x) = 8 ii. 2log2 (x) = 7
13. Solve the indicial equations to obtain the value of x to 2 decimal places.
a. 71−2x = 4 b. 10−x = 5x−1

O
c. 52x−9 = 37−x d. 103x+5 = 62−3x
4x 2−0.5x
e. 0.25 = 0.8 f. 4x+1 × 31−x = 5x

O
14. a. Give the solution to 12x = 50 to 4 significant figures.
b. Give the exact solution to the equation log (5x) + log (x + 5) = 1.

PR
15. a. Evaluate log10 (5) + log5 (10) using technology on ‘exact’ mode and explain the answer obtained.
b. Evaluate logy (x) × logx (y) and explain how the result is obtained.
16. The logarithmic slide rule is a compact device for
rapidly performing calculations with limited accuracy.

E
The invention of logarithms in 1614 by John Napier
made it possible to multiply and divide numbers by the

G
more simple operations of addition and subtraction.
In this investigation we will construct a primitive
PA
slide rule.

Number Power of 2
D

0.25 −2
TE

0.5 −1

1 0
EC

2 1

4 2
R

8 3
R

16 4
O

32 5

64 6
C
N

a. Take two strips of card about 3 cm by 20 cm. Mark both cards as shown, using the numbers form the
table above.
U

You will notice that the scale used is a logarithmic scale using 2 as a base. That is, the distance
from 1 to 8 is 3 units (log2 (8) = 3).
Also, the distance from 1 to 0.25 is −2(log2 (0.25) = −2).

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 437

 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64

0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64

To multiply two numbers we need only to add the powers so that 8 × 4 → 23 × 22 → 25 → 32.

FS
Thus, multiplying 8 by 4 is equivalent to adding 2 and 3. The operation of multiplication is converted
to addition. Your slide rule can be used to perform this addition.

O
O
0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64

PR
0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64

Line 1 up with Read the result by reading

the first factor. the number corresponding
8 × 4 = 32 to the second factor.

E
This slide rule is quite primitive and in its present form you would not use it to multiply 5 to 10.

G
However, this principle provided the basis for scientific calculations before the advent of the
electronic calculator in the 1960s and 1970s.
PA
b. Use your slide rule to calculate 0.25 × 32. Check your answer using technology.
c. Use your slide rule to calculate 32 ÷ 4. (Remember, division corresponds to a subtraction of
exponents.) Check your answer using technology.
d. Construct a base 10 slide rule.
D

9.6 Review: exam practice

TE

A summary of this chapter is available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at www.jacplus.com.au.
EC

Simple familiar
1. MC The statement 35 = 243 expressed in logarithm form would be:
A. log3 (5) = 243 B. log5 (3) = 243
C. log5 (243) = 3 D. log3 (243) = 5
R

2. MC A possible equation for the given graph could be:

R

y
8
O

7
6
C

5
4
N

3
2
y =1
U

0 x
−x x+1
A. y = 2 × 3 B. y = 2 × 3
C. y = −3x + 1 D. y = 3−x + 1

438 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 3. MC Identify which of the following graphs best represents the function y = 2x+3 − 1.
A. y B. y C. y D. y
7

–3 0 x 0 3 x
1 –1 –1
0 –1 x 0 x
–3

FS
4. MC When expressed in log form, 5x = 250 becomes:
A. logx 5 = 250 B. log5 x = 250 C. log5 250 = x D. logx 250 = 5
5. MC The value of log7 49 + 3 log2 8 − 4 is:

O
A. 3 B. 7 C. 0 D. 69
2−x
6. MC If 25 = 125, then x is equal to:

O
1
A. 1 B. C. −1 D. 2
2

PR
7. Solve the following equations.
a. 2x5 = 486 b. 8x+1 × 22x = 43x−1
8. Evaluate the following.
1 loga (27)
log6 (9) − log6 2 loga (4) + 0.5 loga (16) − 6 loga (2) c.

E
a. b.
(4) loga (3)

G
9. Sketch the graphs of the following, stating the equation of the asymptote, the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes, and the domain and range.
PA
a. y = 23x − 1 b. y = −2 × 3(x−1) c. y = 5 − 5−x
10. a. Describe the transformations which map y = log3 (x) → y = − log3 (x + 3) and hence state the
equation of the asymptote of y = − log3 (x + 3).
b. Give the rule for the inverse of y = − log3 (x + 3), stating its domain and range, and sketch the graphs
D

of y = − log3 (x + 3) and its inverse on the same set of axes.

c. Describe the transformations which map y = 7x → y = 5 × 71−x and state the equation of the
TE

asymptote of y = 5 × 71−x .
d. Given f:R →, R( fx) = 5 × 71−x , form the inverse function f −1 .
You may choose to use technology to answer questions
EC

11 and 12.
11. A number of deer, N, are introduced to a reserve and its
population can be predicted by the model
N = 120 (1.1t ), where t is the number of years since
R

introduction.
R

a. Find the initial number of deer in the reserve.

b. Find the number of deer after:
O

i. 2 years ii. 4 years iii. 6 years.

C

12. Prior to a mice plague which lasts 6 months, the

population of mice in a country region is estimated to
N

be 10 000. The mice population doubles every month

during the plague. If P represents the mice population
U

and t is the number of months after the plague starts:

a. express P as a function of t
b. find the population after
i. 3 months ii. 6 months
c. calculate how long it takes the population to reach
100 000 during the plague.

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 439

Complex familiar
13. Solve the equations for x.
a. 31−7x = 81x−2 × 92x 22x − 6 × 2x − 16 = 0
b.
c. log5 (x + 2) + log5 (x − 2) = 1 d. 2 log10 (x) − log10 (101x − 10) = −1
You may choose to use technology to answer questions 14 and 15.
14. The number of bacteria (N) in a culture is given by the exponential function N = 12 000 (20.125 t), where
t is the number of days.

FS
a. Find the initial number of bacteria in the culture.
b. Find the time taken for the bacteria to reach 32 000.
When the bacteria reach a certain number, they are treated with an anti-bacterial serum. The serum

O
destroys bacteria according to the exponential function D = N0 × 3−0.789 t, where D is the number of
bacteria remaining after time t and N0 is the number of bacteria present at the time the serum is

O
added. The culture is considered cured when the number of bacteria drops below 1000.
c. If the bacteria are treated with the serum when their numbers reach 32 000, find the number of days it

PR
takes for the culture to be classed as cured.
d. How much longer would it take the culture to be cured if the serum is applied after 6 weeks?
15. The number of lions, L, in a wildlife park is given by L = 20 (100.1t ), where t is the number of years
since counting started. At the same time the number of cheetahs, C, is given by C = 25 (100.05t ).

E
After how many months are the populations equal and what is this population?

G
PA
D
TE
EC
R
R

16. Jan’s new neighbours are very noisy. It seems to Jan that the
O

neighbours practise playing their electric guitars most evenings until

quite late at night. The measure of loudness in decibels (dB) is given
C

by L = 10 log10 (I × 1012 ) where L is the number of decibels and I is

the intensity of the sound measured in watts per square metre. Given
N

the sound level produced by a guitar is 70 decibels, answer the

following questions.
U

a. Calculate, in standard form, the intensity of the sound each guitar

produces.
b. When both guitars are played together, what is the decibel
reading?

440 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 Complex unfamiliar
17. n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × … 3 × 2 × 1
a. Show that log(n! ) = log(2) + log(3) + … + log(n) for n ∈ N.
b. Hence, evaluate log(10! ) − log(9! ).
18. The graph of the function defined by f :R → R, f(x) = 2x+b + c is shown. y
The graph has an asymptote at y = 2 and contains the point (1, 3). 6
f
a. Determine the values of b and c. y=2
4

FS
b. Obtain the coordinates of:
(1, 3)
i. point A on y = f(x) for which f(x) = 6 2
ii. the point B on y = f−1 (x) for which f−1 (x) = 6

O
iii. the point P on y = f−1 (x) for which f−1 (x) = 1.
x
c. Calculate the area of the triangle ABP. –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
–1

O
You may choose to use technology to answer questions 19 and 20.
19. For any integer x > 1, it was established in the late nineteenth century that the number of prime numbers

PR
x
less than or equal to x approaches the ratio as x becomes large.
loge (x)
x
Let the function p(x) = be an estimate of the number of prime numbers less than or equal to x.
loge (x)

E
Obtain p(10) and p(30) and compare the estimates with the actual number of primes in each case.
20. Polly fills a kettle with water, planning to make a pot

G
of tea. She switches the kettle on and the water heats
to boiling point of 100 °C at 10 am, when the kettle
PA
automatically switches off. However, Polly is distracted by
reading her email and forgets she has put the kettle on. The
water in the kettle begins to cool in such a way that the
−kt
16
D

temperature, T°, can be modelled by T = a ×

(5)
TE

where t is the number of minutes since 10 am and a and

k are constants.
a. Obtain the value of the constant a.
EC

b. If the temperature of the water in the kettle was 75 °C at 10.12 am, obtain the value of k correct to
2 decimal places.
c. By the time Polly remembers she had put the kettle on, it is 10.30 am. Using the value for k obtained
in part b, calculate, to the nearest degree, the temperature of the water at this time.
R

d. At 10.30 am Polly switches the kettle back on and the water is reheated. If the temperature of the
t
R

water t minutes after 10.30 am is described by T = 50 × 2 9 , at what exact time will the water
re-reach its boiling point?
O
C

Units 1 & 2 Sit chapter test

N
U

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 441

 y
Answers 6. a.

y = 1– × 101–2x
Chapter 9 Exponential 2 (0, 5)

and logarithmic functions ( 1–2 , 1–2 )

Exercise 9.2 Exponential functions 0 y=0 x
1. A

y = 3x

FS
2. a.
Range is R+ .
(0, 1) b. y
y=0

O
0 x
(0, –1) 0 (2, 0) x

O
y = –3x

PR
For y = 3x , range is R+ and for y = −3x , the range is (0, –8)
R− . Asymptote is y = 0 for both graphs.
−x
b. y = 3
x
3. y 7. y = −2 × 3 and a = −2 , b = 2
(1, 1.5) y= (1.5)x 8. a. i. y y = 8x

E
2x
y= –
3 () ( )2
1, –
3 (1, 8)
y = 6x
(1, 6)

G
(0, 1) y = 4x
(0, 1)
0 y=0 x (1, 4)
PA
0 y=0 x

4. a. y
ii. For x > 0 , as the base increases, the steepness of the
y = 4x – 2 graph increases.

()
D

b. i. 1 x
0
(0, −1)
(0.5, 0)
x
1
y= –
6 () x
y= –
8
(–1, 8)
y
TE

(–1, 6)
y = –2
y= –
4()
1 x
(–1, 4)
(0, 1)
Range is (−2, ∞).
0 y=0 x
EC

b. y
y = 3–(x + 2) −x
ii. The rules for the graphs can be expressed as y = 4 ,
−x −x
y=6 and y = 8 .
(–2, 1)
(0, –19 ) y=0 9. a. i. y = 9–x y
R

0 x y = 7–x (–1, 9)
(–1, 7)
R

y = 5–x
(–1, 5)
Range is R+ (0, 1)
O

y
5. 0 y=0 x
y = 4x–2 + 1
C

(2, 2) ii. As the base increases, the decrease of the graph is

y=1 steeper for x < 0 .
N

0 x
(0 , —1617 )
U

Range is (1, ∞).

442 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 y y
b. i. y = (0.8)x b.
(1, 1.25) y=0
0 x
y= (0.8)–x
(–2, –1)
(–1, 0.8) (1, 0.8)
0 y=0 x y = –3x + 2
(0, 1)

−x
(0, –9)
ii. The graphs of y = (0.8) and y = (1.25)x are the
same. The graph of y = (0.8)−x is the reflection in

FS
the y -axis of the graph y = (0.8)x . y
c.
10. a. y y = 4x – 0.5
(–1, 6)

O
y = 5–x + 1 (0.5, 1)

(0, 2) (0, 0.5)

O
y=0
y=1
x 0 x
0

PR
d. y
b. y
y=1
(0, 0)
x (0, 7)

E
0

(1, –3)

G
y = 71 – x

y = 1 – 4x (1, 1)
PA
c. y 0 y=0 x
y = 3x – 27

12. a.
y = 3 × 2x
D

0.2 (3, 0) x
(1, 6)
TE

(0, 3)
y=0
(0, –26)
0 x
y y = 6.25
EC

d.
b. y
y = 6.25 – (2.5)–x
3x
y = 24
(0, 5.25) –

( )
(–1, 4) 4, 2
R

–
(–2, 0) 3
(0, 1)
0 x y=0
R

0 x
O

11. a. y
C

c. y
N

y = 2x – 2 y=0

( ) 1
0, – (2, 1) 0 x
U

4
(0, –3)
y=0
y = –3 × 2–3x
( )
0 x
– – , –6
1
3

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 443

 2 6
d. y 2. a. 16 = 4 b. 1 000 000 = 10
1
c. = 2−1 d. 27 = 3
3
2
e. 625 = 54 f. 128 = 27
1
(–2, 15) g. = 3−2 h. a = b
x
9
3. a. 4 b. 4 c. 3
x
––
y = 1.5 × 10 2 d. −2 e. 3 f. −5
g. −2 h. −5 i. 5

FS
(0, 1.5) y = 0
j. −6 k. undefined l. 5
0 x
4. a. log2 80 b. log3 105 c. 2
d. log6 56 e. 2 f. 1

O
g. log5 12.5 h. log2 3 i. log4 5
13. a. y j. −2 log10 2 k. 2 log3 2 l. log2 3
(1, 9) m. log3 20 n. log4 2

O
5. a. log10 250 b. log2 1728 c. log3 4
1

PR
d. log5 3 e. log10 f. log3 2
y = 9x or y = 32x 4
4 3
g. −1 h. log2 (x − 4x ) i. log3 64
2
(x + 3)
j. log10
(0, 1) x−2
y=0

E
2 3 9
0 x 6. a. b. 2 c. 2 d. e.
3 2 4
f. 2 g. 3 h. 6 i. 3 j. 6

G
8
7. a. 4 b. 5 c. log5
x+1 25
i. y = 2
b.
PA
ii. y 3 25
d. log10 (100x ) e. log2 f. log3 4
8
√
6
g. log6 9 h. log10 ( 10 x )
y = 2x +1
x
D

(–1, 1) 8. a. y = 10
(0, 2)
y=0
y
x y = 10x y=x
TE

14. a. y = 2 × 10 + 3
x (0, 1) y = log10 (x)
EC

2x
b. y = 4 × 10 ; asymptote at y = 0
1−x 0 (1, 0) x
c. y = 6 − 2 × 3
−x
d. y = 6 − 6 × 3
15. a. one b. The points (10, 1), (100, 2), (1000, 3) lie on the
R

b. three logarithm graph.

c. one
With m = 1000, n = 100, the logarithm law is
R

d. no intersection
e. infinite 1000
log10 (1000) − log10 (100) = log10
O

f. The two curves are identical and therefore have an ( 100 )

infinite number of intersections. The co-ordinates of the
points of intersection are of the form (t, 22t−1 ), t ∈ R. ∴ log10 (1000) − log10 (100) = log10 (10)
C

16. (−0.77, 0.59), (2, 4), (4, 16) This means the difference between the y-coordinates of
the points (1000, 3), (100, 2) should equal the
N

17. y1 : (1.17, 0), (0, 31) (1.0185, 10)

y2 : (0.17, 0), (0, 11) (0.0185, 10) y-coordinate of the point (10, 1).
This does hold since 3 − 2 = 1.
U

18. Student investigation; check your answers with your

teacher. 9. a. 2x b. 0.001
1
Exercise 9.3 Logarithmic functions 10. × 2x
3
1. a. log2 8 = 3 b. log3 243 = 5
c. log5 1 = 0 d. log10 0.01 = −2
1
e. logb a = n f. log2 = −4
16

444 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 x=1 y = log10(x – 1)
2x+1
11. a. 15. a. y = 2 −4
1 1
(2, 0) b. y = log2 (x + 4) −
2 2
0 x
1
c. x = −4 ; y -intercept 0, ; x -intercept (−2, 0)
( 2)
d. 2 points of intersection
y x=0 y = 22x + 1 – 4
b. y

FS
(5, 0) x = –4 y=x
0 x ( )
0, 1–2 Inverse
(–2, 0)
0
( )
1– , 0 x

O
2
y = log5 (x) – 1

O
(0, –2)

c. i. b = 1

PR
−x
ii. Domain R ; range (−1, ∞); y = 2 − 1
y y = –4
iii.

e. k = 14
y = f –1(x)

E
1 1
f. Inverse has equation y = log2 (x + 4) −
2 2
(0, 0)

G
Substitute the point (14, log2 (3))
x
LHS = log2 (3)
1 1
y = –1
PA
RHS = log2 (14 + 4) −
2 2
1 1
= log2 (18) −
2 2
1 1
12. a. x = 2 = log2 (32 × 2) −
D

2 2
b. y = 4.5
1
c. and = [log2 (32 ) + log2 (2) − 1]
TE

d. y 2
Inverse
1
= [2 log2 (3) + 1 − 1]
2
EC

(0, 4.5) = log2 (3)

y=x
= LHS
The point (14, log2 (3)) lies on the inverse function.
(2, 2)
y = 2 × (1.5)2 – x x
16. a. y = 14 log7 ( )
R

2
0 b. i. y = −4 log3 (x) + 4 ii. (0, 3)
x
R

c. i. y = − log2 (x + 2) − 1
−(x+1)
(4.5, 0) ii. y = 2 −2
x
O

e. y = 2 − log1.5 ( ) y
2
f. x = 2
C

Inverse
1
13. a. i. 8 ii. 6 iii. iv. 5
2
N

3
b. i. x ii. x iii. 3x iv. x
t (–2, 0)
t = b log2 (n + 1)
14.
0 x
U

n = –1 (2, b log2 (3))

(0, –1.5)
y = –2
(0, 0) n

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 445

 9 Exercise 9.4 Modelling with exponential
d. i. df = − , ∞ ; dg = (−∞, 20)
( 4 ) functions
9
ii. x = − , x = 20 1. a. Q (0) = Q0 b. k = 0.004 c. 5.3 kg
4
1 2. a. 42 emails per day
iii. f: (−2, 0), (0, 2); g: (10, 0), (0, )
2 b. 16 weeks
iv. y
2.5
6 3. y = 100x
0.3x
4 4. y = 10

FS
2 5. a. k = 0.2 b. 10 years
6. a. 30
0 x
–1.5708 1.5708 b. approximately 39
–2
c. approximately 14 days

O
–4 d. N
N = 30 × 20.072t
–6 100

O
80
y
6
60

PR
4 (5, 39) (14, 60)
40
2

0 x 20 (0, 30)
–1.5708 1.5708
–2

E
–4 0 t
5 10 15 20
–6 e. 25 days

G
12t
7. a. i. A = 2000 (1.0025)
17. (0.4712, 4.632), (2, 2) and (4.632, 0.4712) ii. $2030.19
PA
18. a. i. Should not be the same iii. 7.45 years
ii. x = 1.3̇ b. 5.6 %
b. y 8. a. 7 degrees
x=0 b. 30.5 minutes
c. T
D

100 T = 85 × 30.008t
0 x (0, 85)
TE

(1, 0)
80
(10, 78) (31, 65)
60
(40, 60)
EC

+ 40
The domain is R , the range is R and the
correspondence is one-to-one. 20
c. y
x=0
0 t
R

10 20 30 40 50
−0.008t
d. The asymptote for the graph of T = 8.5 × 3 is
R

(–1, 0) 0 (1, 0) x T = 0.
This model therefore predicts that the temperature will
O

approach zero degrees. This makes the model

unrealistic, particularly in Brisbane!
C

9. a. a = 70
The domain is R\{0}, the range is R and the b. 77.6 degrees
correspondence is many-to-one.
N

2 c. 4 minutes
d. The right hand branch of the graph of y = log2 (x ) is
identical to that of the graph of y = 2 log3 (x).
U

For x > 0, log2 (x2 ) = 2 log(x).

If x < 0, only the domain of y = log2 (x2 ) includes
these values.
The logarithm law loga (mp ) = p loga (m) holds for any
m > 0, so this has not been contradicted by the graphs
in parts b and c: they are identical graphs for x > 0.

446 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland
 d. 25 degrees 16. a. 16i. ii. 51.5
b. 80.2
i.
100 (0, 95) 55.6 seconds
ii.
7.08 and 0.10
iii.
80 (2, 78)
c. greatest after 10 minutes
(4, 65)
d. i. a = 0.10
60
T = 70 × 30.13t + 25 ii. p
40
(0.93, 80.20)

FS
20 T = 25
p = (200t + 16) × 2.7–t
0 5 10 15 20 t
(11.01, 37.07)

O
10. a. k = 0.054
b. 101.317

O
c. 55.71 k Pa; 76.80 k Pa t
d.
(0, 101.317)
100

PR
(2.2, 76.8) P = 101.37 × 10–0.054h Exercise 9.5 Solving equations with indices
80 1. a. 2 b. 0 c. 3 d. 4 e. −1
(4.8, 55.7) f. −2 g. 6 h. 2 i. 2 j. 3
60
(5.9, 48.7)
40 (8.8, 33.8) 3
2. x =
10

E
20
3. x = 1
36

G
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 h 4. x =
35
11. a. 15 = D0 × 10
15t
and 75 = D0 × 1018t 5. a. 5 = log2 32
i.
PA
1 3
b. Correct to three decimal places, k = log(5) = 0.233 ii. = log4 8
3 2
and D0 = 3 × 5−4 = 0.005. iii. −3 = log10 (0.001)
4
c. 229 birds per square kilometre b. i. 2 = 16
1
D

d. Unlikely to be reduced below 39 birds per square ii. 9 2 = 3

−1
kilometre iii. 10 = 0.1
6. a. p + q b. 3q c. 2p + q
TE

1
12. a. k = b. 1540 years old d. p − q e. 2q − 4p f. 43 q p
5730
√ 7. a. y = 100x b. y = 2 × x
2x −4
x −
x 3x
13. a. i. y= ii. y = 2 4 c. y = 2 d. y = log10 x + 2
EC

10 1 √
b. i. 13; 7 e. y = f. y= x, x>0
ii. 1 × 10−2 ; 1 × 10−6 x
√
iii. four times 8. a. log2 5 or log2 9 b. log5 ( 5 − 2)
iv. The solution becomes less acidic by a factor of 10.
R

c. 0 or log9 2 d. 2
14. a. 1.14, 1.23 and 1.36 1
b. log (y) e. or 16 f.1 or 999
R

1.6
4
5 log(3)
1.5 9. a. log7 (15) = 1.392 b. = − 6.774
(53, 1.36) log(4) − 2 log(3)
O

1.4
1.3 (30, 1.23)
10. a. 3.459 b. −0.737 c. 2.727 d. 0.483
1.2
e. 1.292 f. −3.080 g. 2.255 h. 0.262
C

1.1 (15, 1.14)

x i. 0.661 j. 0.431 k. −0.423 l. 2.138
0 15 25 35 45 55 65 1
N

c. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions 11. a. −3 b. c. 0.30

5
in the online resources. 1
U

d. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions d. −1.10 e. 5 f.

5
in the online resources.
1
e. 50.2 years 12. a.
log10 2
f. yes
x b. i. 1.205 ii. −1.292 iii. 0.2823
15. a. i. y = 4 × 1.38
c. i. x ≤ 2.096 ii. x < 0.5693
ii. y = 4.3 + 6.2 loge x
d. i. 125 ii. 7
b. exponential model is better

CHAPTER 9 Exponential and logarithmic functions 447

13. a. 0.14 b. 0.41 c. 5.14 10. a. Reflection in the x-axis and a horizontal translation 3
d. −0.65 e. 0.08 f. 1.88 units to the left; asymptote: x = −3
√ b. y = 3
−x
− 3; domain = R; range = (−3, ∞)
33 − 5
14. a. 1.574 b.
2 y = log3 (x + 3) y = 3–x – 3
x = –3 y
ln 5 + ln 2 2 y=x
15. a. + log 5 b. 1
ln 5 1
16. Slide rule construction and results should be checked with 0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
your teacher. –1

FS
–2
–3
9.6 Review: exam practice y = –3
–4
1. D
c. Dilation of 5 from x-axis, reflection in y-axis, horizontal

O
2. D
translation 1 unit to right; asymptote: y = 0
3. A −1 x
d. f (x) = 1 − log7

O
4. C 5
11. a. 120
5. B
b. i. 145 ii. 176 iii. 213

PR
6. B t
12. a. P (t) = 10 000 (2 )
7. a. 3 b. 5 b. i. 80 000 ii. 640 000
8. a. 2 b. 0 c. 3 c. 3.32 months
3
( )
9. a. y 1,1
1 – 13. a. b. 3
5

E
3
1
y = 23x – 1 c. 3 d. or 10
10

G
0 x
–2 –1 1 2 14. a. 12 000 b. 11.32 days
c. 4 days d. 4 more days
PA
–1
y = –1 15. 23 months, L = C = 31
−5
b. y 16. a. 1 × 10 watts/m2 b. 73 dB
2
17. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
in the online resources.
1
y = –2 × 3(x – 1)
D

b. 1
y=0 18. a. b = −1 , c = 2
0 x
–2 –1 1 2
TE

–1 ( )
0, – –
2
3
b. i. (3, 6)
c. 77.5 square units
ii. (34, 6) iii. (3, 1)

–2 (1, –2) 19. p (10) ≅ 4; p (30) ≅ 9

20. a. 100 b. k ≈ 0.02
EC

c. y
y=5
c. 50 degrees d. 10.39 am
6

4 y = 5 – 5–x
R

2
R

0 x
–1 1
–2
O
C
N
U

448 Jacaranda Maths Quest 11 Mathematical Methods Units 1 & 2 for Queensland