Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

MODULE –V
Module-5

Preventing and fighting against diseases for good health :

Process of infections and reasons for it, How to protect from different types of
transmitted infections such as…., Current trends of socio economic impact of reducing
your risk of disease, How to reduce risks for good health, Reducing risks and coping
with chronic conditions, Management of chronic illness for Quality of life, Health and
Wellness of youth: a challenge for the upcoming future Measuring of health and
wealth status.

Prepared by Dr. L THIMMESHA & Dr. K S Mahesh Lohith

Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Preventing and fighting against diseases

for good health :
Content
1) Management of chronic illness for better quality of life

2) Health and Wellness of Youth- a challenge for upcoming future

3) Measuring of health and wellness

Process of Infections and the Reasons for it:

Disease Vs Illness:

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

According to this way of thinking, disease is something that needs to be cured, such as infection, injury,
toxic exposure, cell degeneration, etc.

Illness is something that needs to be managed such as feelings of pain, discomfort, distress, weakness,
fatigue, etc.

Germs according to CDC (CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL

AND PREVENTION)

Germs are a part of everyday life and are found in our air, soil, water, and in and on our bodies. Some
germs

are helpful, others are harmful. Many germs live in and on our bodies without causing harm and some even

help us to stay healthy. Only a small portion of germs are known to cause infection.

• An infection occurs when germs enter the body, increase in number, and cause a reaction of the body.

• Three things are necessary for an infection to occur:

1. Source: Places where infectious agents. (germs) live (e.g., sinks, surfaces, human skin)

2. Susceptible Person with a way for germs to enter the body.

3. Transmission: a way germs are moved to the susceptible person.

Sources of Infections

A Source is an infectious agent or germ and refers to a virus, bacteria, or other microbe. In healthcare

settings, germs are found in many places. People are one source of germs including:

• Patients

• Healthcare workers

• Visitors and household members

People can be sick with symptoms of an infection or colonized with germs (not have symptoms of an
infection but able to pass the germs to others).

Germs are also found in the healthcare environment. Examples of environmental sources of germs

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Reasons for Infection from Sources

1. Dry surfaces in patient care areas (e.g., bed rails, medical equipment, countertops, and tables)

2. Wet surfaces, moist environments, and biofilms (e.g., cooling towers, faucets and sinks, and equipment
such as ventilators)

3. Indwelling medical devices (e.g., catheters and IV lines)

4. Dust or decaying debris (e.g., construction dust or wet materials from water leaks)

Susceptible People for infections

A susceptible person is someone who is not vaccinated or otherwise immune, or a person with a weakened
immune system who has a way for the germs to enter the body. For an infection to occur, germs must enter
a susceptible person’s body and invade tissues, multiply, and cause a reaction.

• Patients in healthcare who have underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, cancer, and organ
transplantation are at increased risk for infection because often these illnesses decrease the immune
system’s ability to fight infection.

• Certain medications used to treat medical conditions, such as antibiotics, steroids, and certain cancer
fighting medications increase the risk of some types of infections.

• Lifesaving medical treatments and procedures used in healthcare such as urinary catheters, tubes, and
surgery increase the risk of infection by providing additional ways that germs can enter the body.

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Transmission of infection

Transmission refers to the way germs are moved to the susceptible person. Germs don’t move themselves.
Germs depend on people, the environment, and/or medical equipment to move in healthcare settings.

• Contact moves germs by touch. Touching the eye, nose, mouth or wounds after contact.

• Sprays and splashes occur when an infected person coughs or sneezes, creating droplets which carry
germs short distances (within approximately 6 feet). These germs can land on a susceptible person’s eyes,
nose, or mouth and can cause infection (example: pertussis or meningitis).

• Inhalation occurs when germs are aerosolized in tiny particles that survive on air currents over great
distances and time and reach a susceptible person. (example: Nontuberculous mycobacteria or aspergillus).

• Sharps injuries can lead to infections (example: HIV, HBV, HCV) when bloodborne pathogens enter a
person through a skin puncture by a used needle or sharp instrument.

Types of Infections

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Infectious agents come in many shapes and sizes. Categories

include

• Bacteria : Bacteria are one-celled organisms that can be seen only with a [Link] throat,
Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections

• Viruses: Viruses are much smaller than cells. AIDS Common cold, Ebola, Genital herpes, Influenza,
Measles Chickenpox and shingles, Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

• Fungi There are many varieties of fungi, and people eat several of them.

• Protozoans: Protozoans are single-celled organisms that behave like tiny animals — hunting and
gathering

other microbes for food. There are many varieties of fungi, and people eat several of [Link],
Malaria, Toxoplasmosis

• Helminths : Helminths are among the larger parasites. Tapeworms and Roundworms.

How to protect from different types of transmitted infections

Preventing infections and avoid spreading infections through simple tactics:

• Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

• Cover coughs and sneezes.

• Avoid touching your face.

• Stay home if you’re sick.

• Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often.

• Avoid contaminated food and water.

• Prevent contaminated medical equipments.

• Avoiding the contact with the body fluids of infected.

• Hand-washing, Medicines and Vaccines.

• Prevent infections by sexual transmission

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Current trends of socio-economic impact of reducing your risk of

disease

• Reducing inconvenience as well as economic costs appropriate utilization of all healthcare professionals
and lay experts, as well as physicians.

• Reducing inappropriate and costly use of resources such as antibiotics and specialist time;

• Engagement of the public and providers in national dialogue about risk benefit decision making,
prioritization of use resources, and a focus on prevention rather than cure.

• Support economic evaluation of NCD programs, such as the HEARTS approachexternal icon for CVD
prevention in primary care

• Increase scientific research on the economics of NCDs

• Create tools to evaluate NCD costs

• Train global partners on economic analysis and evaluation

• Use evidence to inform NCD strategy development

• Low socioeconomic statushas significant consistent impact on mortality and morbidity.

How to reduce risks for good health

• Be a non-smoker and avoid second hand smoke. If one smokes need to get help to quit.

• Be physically active everyday.

• Eat healthy foods.

• Achieve a healthy weight.

• Control your blood pressure.

• Limit your intake of alcohol.

• Reduce your stress.

• Be screened or tested regularly.

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• Practice Hygiene.

• Remain Social

Reducing risks and coping with chronic conditions

Chronic illness

• What is chronic disease/illness?

• Chronic diseases are defined broadly as conditions that last for one year or more and
require ongoing medical attention, as well as limit activities of daily living.

• Example: heart disease, cancer, diabetes

• They are also leading drives of the nation’s large scale health care costs.

• Based on the latest data from C D C (centre for disease control), 10 most expensive
chronic diseases are:

• Cardio vascular diseases

• Smoking related health issues

• Alcohol related health issues

• Diabetes

• Alzheimer’s disease

• Cancer

• Obesity

• Arthritis

• Asthma

• Stoke

• At any given time 50% of the population has a chronic condition.

• The medical management of chronic disorders accounts for three quarters nation’s health
spending excluding nursing home care.
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• The chronically sick account for 90% of home care visits

• 83%of prescription drug use

• 80% of the days spent in hospitals

• 66% of doctors visit

• 55% of visits to hospital emergency rooms

• These conditions are not confined to the elderly. More than one third young adults of ages
18 to 44 have at least one chronic disability.

• At time each one of us will hear a physician say that our condition is chronic and cannot be
cured. It can be managed.

Additional demands of chronic illness

• As well as needing to find ways to deal with the stress involved with chronic illness, you also need to:

– Understand the condition

– Know about the treatment and therapy

– Maintain trust and confidence in the doctors,

– Especially when recovery isn’t possible

– Know how to control the symptoms

– Maintain social relationships and a strong

– Support network when faced with an uncertain

– Medical future or when symptoms arise

– Avoid social isolation.

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Management of chronic illness for Quality of life

Quality of life

• “Quality of life is defined as an individual’s perception of their position in life in the context
of the culture and value systems, in which they live and in relation to their goals,
expectations, and standards”.

• (Standard indicators of life: wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental
health, education, recreational and leisure time, social belonging, religious beliefs, safety,
security and freedom)

• Simply quality of life means the degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and
able to participate in or enjoy life events.

• Quality of life has a wide range of contexts. It includes the field of international
development, health care, politics and employment

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• Quality of life has several components: Specifically, physical functioning, psychological

status, disease or treatment, related symptomatology

• Health related quality of life is an evaluation of quality of life and its relationship with health.
In this field quality of life is often regarded in terms of how certain ailment affects a patient
on an individual level.

• Until recently quality of life was not considered an issue of psychological importance.

• F or many years it was measured only in terms of length of survival and signs of presence
of disease

• In addition there was no consideration of the psychological consequence of illness and

treatment.

Components of quality of life

Quality of life has several components. Specifically,

• Physical functioning
• Psychological status
• Social functioning
• Disease or treatment

Assessment of quality of life in chronic illness

• Till now the assessment of the quality of life of chronically ill was based on how
much the disease and treatment interferes with the activities of daily living such as
–

• Sleeping,

• Eating,

• Going to work and

• Engaging in recreational activities

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• For patients with more advanced diseases, such assessments include whether the
patient is able to bathe, dress, use toilet, be mobile, be content, and eat without
assistance

• Essentially the quality of life assessment gauge the extent to which a patient’
normal life activities have been compromised by disease and treatment

Why we should study quality of life of chronically ill?

• Studying chronically ill patients and their quality of life is important for the following

• Documentation of exactly how illness affects vocational, social, and personal

activities. This provides an important basis for interventions designed to improve
quality of life.

• Quality of life measures can help pinpoint which problems are likely to emerge for
patients with diseases. Example: such measure might indicate that sexual
functioning is a problem for a patient. Such information would be helpful in
anticipating the intervention that are required

• Quality of life measures also assess the impact of treatments on quality of life of
the chronically ill

• Quality of life information can be used to compare therapies and their outcome

• Quality of life information can inform decision makers about care that will maximize
long term survival with the highest quality of life possible

• Information enables policy makers to compare the impact of different chronic

diseases on health care costs and to assess the cost effectiveness of different
interventions

• A chronic health condition is any condition lasting six months or longer. Example:
asthma, arthritis, cancer, obesity, diabetes, chronic pain or heart diseases

• Modern day treatments have made provision for people with chronic condition to
live longer with diseases that previously led to premature death.

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

What causes chronic illness and associate conditions?

• They are caused by a number of different health factors resulting at simultaneously

• They take some time to develop

• They last for a long time and often lead to other health problems

How to maintain better quality of life in the chronically ill?

• Chronic conditions are not cured completely. So looking after our self about good
medical advice, living healthy life style, and having positive attitude help in
maintaining better quality of life

The measures adopted are:

• Finding reliable information about diseases, its treatment and management. This
will help the chronically ill patient to feel that he/she in taking positive step and give
a feeling of control over their illness

• Understanding the medication. This includes what it is specifically for. It provides

special instruction to be followed in taking medicine/ treatment and potential side
effects

• Setting the patient’s goal- short term goals will give a sense of how the person is
progressing

• Developing skills to manage the chronically ill patient’s pain and fatigue

• Getting emotional support. Speaking to others who are going through what the
patient is going through, and leaning on family and friends when there is need

• Planning for the future

• Here are 10 helpful strategies for coping with a chronic condition.

• Get a prescription for information.

• Make your doctor a partner in care.

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• Build a team.

• Coordinate your care.

• Make a healthy investment in yourself.

• Make it a family affair.

• Manage your medications.

• Beware of depression.

• Reach out. (Doctors, nurses)

• • Plan for end-of-life decisions.

Pain management:

• Taking pain relieving medicine. Medication includes both non-prescription

medication and prescription medication

• Under going physical therapies. There are many non-drug treatments. A

combination of treatments and therapies (Physio therapy) is some time more
effective. Non drug therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy (cognitive
behavioral therapy changes how a person thinks and in turn how he feels and
behave).

• Physical therapies also are found in stretching exercises, walking and other
exercises

• Relaxation and stress management techniques

• Transcutaneous electrical stimulation therapies

• Applying heat packs and cold packs and

• Acupuncture

Taking care of mental health:

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• Symptoms of chronic diseases – tiredness, aches and pains are not quite often
visible. It is not just physical symptoms that affect a chronically ill. They can affect
the limits on life styles and living with constant pain, it can impact mentally too.

• Worrying or thinking negatively adds to the patient’s anxiety or stress. They can
affect the overall health

What are the ways to reduce worrying?

• Write down the concerns and the possible consequences even if they are negative

• Find out the information about prognosis

• Talking to a friend, a supporting group or seek specialist help

• Focusing on a variety of things each day

Health and Wellness of youth:

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 Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

A challenge for the upcoming

• Youth is the time of life when one is young and often means the time
between

childhood and adulthood.

• It is also defined as “the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,

• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as youth is not defined

chronologically

as a stage that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can its end

point be linked to specific activities

Good life style choices for better

quality of life
• Maintain a healthy life style can help the chronically ill
patient to feel well, while living with chronic illness and
its condition. This includes eating well, doing as much
physical activity as the patient’s condition will allow,
and getting good rest
• Trying to do some physical activity each day, even if it
is only a small amount, can help with managing pain
and lift your mood. Speak with the doctor or
physiotherapist about exercise that may help.

Sleep is also very important if there is a health

condition

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Dealing with multiple health condition

• To achieve this chronically ill person need to
deal with a number of health care
professionals. The most important thing to
remember about seeing multiple healthcare
professionals is to let each one know who else
the patient are seeing and for what health
condition.

Getting support from others for better

quality of life
• Social support can help chronically ill person to
maintain a good quality of life.
• When a chronically ill person has a long term
adverse health condition the person must plan to
catch up with family and friends and inform
about their condition and let them know how
they can help
• Consider new sources of support such as support
groups, clubs, interest group and volunteer
opportunities.

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Health and wellness of youth: a

challenge for upcoming future
• Youth is the time of life when one is young
and often means the time between childhood
and adulthood.
• It is also defined as “the appearance,
freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,
• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as
youth is not defined chronologically as a stage
that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can
its end point be linked to specific activities

Health and wellness of youth: a

challenge for upcoming future
• Youth is the time of life when one is young
and often means the time between childhood
and adulthood.
• It is also defined as “the appearance,
freshness, vigor, spirit, etc.,
• Its definitions of a specific age range varies, as
youth is not defined chronologically as a stage
that can be tied to specific age ranges, nor can
its end point be linked to specific activities

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Health and wellness

• Health is a state of well-being
• Wellness is the state of living a healthy life
styles
• Health refers to physical, mental and social
well=being
• Wellness aims to enhance well-being. It can
affect physical, mental and social well-being

Health and wellness in youth

• High levels of health and wellness in youth
help them flourish in life as well as act as a
protective factor against some of the
challenges that may arise during this period.
• Youth with strong mental well-being are able
to manage their emotions, enjoy positive
relationships with friends and family

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Challenges facing youth

• In may 2014 W H O published a major report
called “Health for the world’s adolescent.”
• The report analyses what is known about
adolescents’ health
• It includes topic of what promotes or
undermines it, gaps in policies and services,
and draws together guidance and
recommendations

FACTS
• An estimated 1.3 million adolescents died in 2012,
mostly from preventable or treatable causes.
• Road traffic injuries were the leading cause of death in
2012, with some 330 adolescents dying every day.
• Other main causes of adolescent deaths include HIV,
suicide, lower respiratory infections and interpersonal
violence.
• Globally, there were 49 births per 1000 girls aged 15 to
19, according to 2010 figures.
• Half of all mental health disorders in adulthood appear
to start by age 14, but most cases are undetected and
untreated

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• Around 1 in 6 persons in the world is an

adolescent: that is 1.2 billion people aged 10 to
19
• Most are healthy, but there is still significant
death, illness and diseases among adolescents.
Illnesses can hinder their ability to grow and
develop to their full potential. Alcohol or tobacco
use, lack of physical activity, unprotected sex
and/or exposure to violence can jeopardize not
only their current health, but often their health
for years to come.

• Promoting healthy practices during

adolescence, and taking steps to better
protect young people from health risks are
critical for the prevention of health problems
in adulthood, and for countries’ future health
and social infrastructure

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Main health issue- Early pregnancy

and childbirth
• Complications linked to pregnancy and
childbirth are the second cause of death for
15-19-year-old girls globally.
• One of the Millennium Development Goals, is
to achieve universal access to reproductive
health, for which one of the indicators is the
pregnancy rate among the 15 to 19 age group.

HIV
• More than 2 million adolescents are living
with HIV. Although the overall number of HIV-
related deaths is down 30% since the peak 8
years ago, estimates suggest that HIV deaths
among adolescents are rising
• A second goal of the Millennium Development
is to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Main health issue- Early pregnancy

and childbirth
• Complications linked to pregnancy and
childbirth are the second cause of death for
15-19-year-old girls globally.
• One of the Millennium Development Goals, is
to achieve universal access to reproductive
health, for which one of the indicators is the
pregnancy rate among the 15 to 19 age group.

Other infectious diseases

• Improved childhood vaccination has resulted

in reducing death and disability from measles
• However diarrhea, lower respiratory tract
infections and meningitis are among the top
10 causes of death for 10 to 19 year olds.

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Mental health
• Depression is the top cause of illness and
disability among adolescents and suicide is the
third cause of death. Violence, poverty,
humiliation and feeling devalued can increase the
risk of developing mental health problems.
• Building life skills in children and adolescents and
providing them with psychosocial support in
schools and other community settings can help
promote good mental health. Programmes to
help strengthen ties between adolescents and
their families are also important. If problems
arise, they should be detected and managed by
competent and caring health workers.

Violence
• Violence is a leading cause of death. An
estimated 180 adolescents die every day as a
result of interpersonal violence. Around 1 of
every 3 deaths among adolescent males in the
low- and middle-income countries is due to
violence
• Globally, some 30% of girls aged 15 to 19
experience violence by a partner.

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

• Promoting nurturing relationships between

parents and children early in life, providing
training in life skills, and reducing access to
alcohol and firearms can help to prevent
violence. Effective and empathetic care for
adolescent survivors of violence and ongoing
support can help deal with the physical and
the psychological consequences

Alcohol and drugs

• Harmful drinking among adolescents is a
major concern in many countries. It reduces
self-control and increases risky behaviours,
such as unsafe sex. It is a primary cause of
injuries (including those due to road traffic
accidents), violence (especially by a partner)
and premature deaths. It also can lead to
health problems in later life and affect life
expectancy

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• Setting a minimum age for buying and

consuming alcohol and regulating how
alcoholic drinks are targeted at the younger
market are among the strategies for reducing
harmful drinking. Drug use among 15 to 19
year olds is also a concern.

Injuries
• Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of
death and disability among adolescents. In 2012,
some 120 000 adolescents died as a result of
road traffic accidents.
• Young drivers need advice on driving safely
• laws that prohibit driving under the influence of
alcohol and drugs need to be strictly enforced.
Blood alcohol levels need to be set lower for
teenage drivers.
• Graduated licenses for novice drivers with zero-
tolerance for drink-driving are recommended

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Malnutrition and obesity

Many boys and girls in developing countries
enter adolescence undernourished, making
them more vulnerable to disease and early
death.
The number of adolescents who are
overweight or obese is increasing in both low-
and high-income countries.

Exercise and nutrition

• Available survey data indicate that fewer than 1
in every 4 adolescents meets the recommended
guidelines for physical activity – 60 minutes of
moderate to vigorous physical activity daily.
• Anemia resulting from a lack of iron affects girls
and boys, and is the third cause of years lost to
death and disability. Iron and folic acid
supplements help to promote health before
adolescents become parents.

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• Developing healthy eating and exercise habits

at this age are foundations for good health in
adulthood. Reducing the marketing of foods
high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free
sugars, or salt and providing access to healthy
foods and opportunities to engage in physical
activity are important for all but especially
children and adolescents.

Tobacco use
• The vast majority of people using tobacco today
began when they were adolescents. Prohibiting
the sale of tobacco products to minors and
increasing the price of tobacco products through
higher taxes, banning tobacco advertising and
ensuring smoke-free environments are crucial.
Globally, at least 1 in 10 younger adolescents
(aged 13 to 15) uses tobacco, although there are
areas where this figure is much higher. Cigarette
smoking seems to be decreasing among younger
adolescents in some high-income countries

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Rights of youth
• The rights of children to survive, grow and
develop are enshrined in international legal
documents. The Committee on the Rights of
the Child (CRC), which oversees the child
rights convention, in 2013 published
guidelines on the right of children and
adolescents to the enjoyment of the highest
attainable standard of health

• In 2003, the CRC issued guidelines on states’

obligations to recognize the special health and
development needs and rights of adolescents
and young people. The Convention on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) also sets out the rights of women
and girls to health and adequate health care.

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Health status
A general term for the state of health of an individual,
group, or population measured against defined standards

The W H O definition (2009):

The state of health of a person or population assessed
with reference to morbidity, impairments, anthropological
measurements, mortality, and indicators of functional
status and quality of life.

The WHO health indicators provide internationally

accepted standards for various aspects of health status

• WHO guides health policy in its Member

States toward priority health problems, the
use of solutions known to them, and relevant
directions for problem-orientated research to
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of
investment for health development.

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Types of health status

–includes
1) functional health
2) disability days
3) activity limitation
4) health expectancy and
5) disability free life expectancy

What is the best predictor of health status?

Earlier rising income and subsequent improved
standards of living were thought to be the
most important factors contributing to a long
and healthy life
New research has shown that the level of
education a person has is a much better
predictor of life expectancy

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Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Measures of health status

• An individual’s health status is usually
measured by a health professional
• Measurement of population health status is
carried using statistics and data presented as a
set of measurement or indicators. It includes:
- Life expectancy; health adjusted life
expectancy; morbidity; under-five mortality;
burden of disease; disability adjusted life year;
incidence; and prevalence

Wealth Status
• What Is Wealth?
Wealth measures the value of all the assets of
worth owned by a person, community,
company, or country. Wealth is determined by
taking the total market value of all physical
and intangible assets owned, then subtracting
all debts. Essentially, wealth is the
accumulation of scarce resources.

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• Specific people, organizations, and nations are

said to be wealthy when they are able to
accumulate many valuable resources or
goods.
• Wealth can be contrasted to income in that
wealth is a stock and income is a flow, and it
can be seen in either absolute or relative
terms.

Understanding Wealth
• Wealth can be expressed in a variety of ways. In a
purely material sense, wealth consists of all the real
resources under one's control. Financially, net worth is
the most common expression of wealth.
• Definitions and measures of wealth have been
different over time among societies. In modern society,
money is the most common means of measuring
wealth. Measuring wealth in terms of money is an
example of money's function as a unit of account.

Prepared by Dr. L THIMMESHA & Dr. K S Mahesh Lohith

Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

How to Measure Wealth

• Measuring wealth in terms of money overcomes

the problem of evaluating wealth in the form of
different kinds of goods. These values can then
be added or subtracted together. This, in turn,
permits the convenient use of net worth as a
measure of wealth. Net worth is equal to assets
minus liabilities. For businesses, net worth is also
known as shareholders’ equity or book value. In
common sense terms, net worth expresses
wealth as all the real resources under one's
control, excluding those that ultimately belong to
someone else.

• Research has consistently shown that people's

perception of their own wellbeing and
happiness depends much more on their
estimates of wealth relative to other people
than on absolute wealth. This is also part of
why the concept of wealth is usually applied
only to scarce economic goods; goods that are
abundant and free for everyone provide no
basis for relative comparisons across
individuals.

Prepared by Dr. L THIMMESHA & Dr. K S Mahesh Lohith

Scientific Foundations of Health 21SFH19/29

Reference:
1. Health Psychology 6th edn. Shelly E. Taylor.
McGraw-Hill Publishing company Lts.
2. Health Psychology. (2007) M. Robin Dimalleo.
Leslie. R. Martin. Pearson Education. Darling
Kindersley (India)
3. Health Psychology 2nd Edn. David F. Marks,
Michael Murray; Driam Evans; Carla Willig; C.
Woodall; Catherin [Link]. Sage publication

4. Health Psychology – Bio Psycho Social Factors

in Health and Illness. Larry C. Barnard; Edward
Krupat. Harcourt Brace College {ublishers
5. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) report
6. [Link]
7. Action health [Link].

Prepared by Dr. L THIMMESHA & Dr. K S Mahesh Lohith