INQUIRIES,
INVESTIGATIONS
AND IMMERSION
TODAY’S LEARNING TARGET:
• Define Data Analysis method,
Data interpretation, Data
Analysis, and Conceptual
Framework
Research Data
-is any information that has
been collected, observed,
generated, or created to
validate a research study.
Data Interpretation
-is the process of making
sense of numerical data
that has been collected,
analyzed, and presented.
Data analysis
-is a process that involves
examining, and molding
collected data for interpretation,
draw or propose conclusions,
and support decision-making to
solve a research problem.
Conceptual framework
-is an analytical tool that is used to get
a comprehensive understanding of a
phenomenon.
-It can be in different fields of work and
is most commonly used to visually
explain the key concepts or variables
and the relationships between them that
need to be studied.
Inferential Methods
-are statistical techniques used to make
generalizations, predictions, or decisions
about a population based on a sample of
data drawn from that population. Unlike
descriptive statistics, which merely
summarize the data at hand, inferential
methods allow researchers to infer
characteristics or relationships within a
larger group.
Common Inferential Methods
1. T-Tests
-is a statistical test used to
compare the means of two
groups to determine if they
are statistically different from
each other.
TYPES OF T-TESTS
1. Independent T-Test: Compares the means of two
independent groups.
Example Scenario: A teacher wants to compare the effectiveness of two
different teaching methods on student performance.
Group A: 30 students taught using Method 1. Their average test score is 75.
Group B: 30 students taught using Method 2. Their average test score is 85.
An Independent T-Test is conducted to determine if the difference in
average test scores between the two groups is statistically significant. The
null hypothesis would state that there is no difference in the means, while
the alternative hypothesis would suggest that there is a difference.
2. Paired T-Test: Compares means from the same group at
different times (e.g., before and after treatment)
Example Scenario:
A health researcher is studying the effect of a new diet on weight loss.
•Participants: 20 individuals are measured for their weight before and after
following the diet for three months.
•Before Diet: The average weight of participants is 180 pounds.
•After Diet: The average weight of participants is 170 pounds.
A Paired T-Test is used to compare the average weights of the same
individuals before and after the diet. The null hypothesis states that there is
no difference in weights, while the alternative hypothesis suggests that
there is a significant difference in weights before and after the diet.
Common Inferential Methods
2. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
-is a statistical method used to
compare the means of three or
more groups to see if at least
one group mean is significantly
different from the others.
METHODS OF ANOVA
1. One-Way ANOVA: Tests the effect of a single factor.
Scenario: A researcher wants to test the impact of three different
fertilizers on plant growth.
•Groups:
• Group A: Plants treated with Fertilizer 1.
• Group B: Plants treated with Fertilizer 2.
• Group C: Plants treated with Fertilizer 3.
After a month, the average growth (in cm) for each group is as follows:
•Group A: 20 cm
•Group B: 25 cm
•Group C: 30 cm
One-Way ANOVA is conducted to
determine if there are statistically
significant differences in the mean plant
growth among the three different fertilizer
groups. The null hypothesis states that there
are no differences in means, while the
alternative hypothesis suggests that at
least one group mean is different.
METHODS OF ANOVA
2. Two-Way ANOVA: Tests the effect of two factors and
their interaction.
Scenario: A nutritionist studies the effects of two factors—diet type and
exercise level—on weight loss.
•Factors:
• Diet Type: Diet A and Diet B.
• Exercise Level: Low, Medium, and High.
The participants are divided into 6 groups:
[Link] A, Low Exercise
[Link] A, Medium Exercise
[Link] A, High Exercise
[Link] B, Low Exercise
[Link] B, Medium Exercise
[Link] B, High Exercise
After 8 weeks, the average weight loss (in pounds) for each
group is recorded. A Two-Way ANOVA is performed to
examine:
•The main effects of diet type and exercise level on weight
loss.
•The interaction effect between diet type and exercise
level.
The null hypotheses would state that there are no significant
effects from the diet type, exercise level, or their interaction
on weight loss, while the alternative hypotheses suggest that
at least one of these factors has a significant effect.
Common Inferential Methods
3. Correlation Analysis
-is used to measure the strength and direction of
the relationship between two quantitative
variables. The most common measure is the
Pearson correlation coefficient, which ranges from
-1 to 1. A value close to 1 indicates a strong
positive correlation, while a value close to -1
indicates a strong negative correlation. A value
around 0 suggests no correlation.
3. Correlation Analysis
-is used to measure the strength and direction
of the relationship between two quantitative
variables. The most common measure is the
Pearson correlation coefficient, which ranges
from -1 to 1. A value close to 1 indicates a
strong positive correlation, while a value close
to -1 indicates a strong negative correlation. A
value around 0 suggests no correlation.
After correcting calculations and ensuring all
sums are accurate, the final value of r will
indicate the strength and direction of the
correlation between study hours and exam
scores. A value of r close to 1 indicates a
strong positive correlation, while a value
close to -1 indicates a strong negative
correlation. Values around 0 suggest no
correlation.
4. Regression Analysis
-is a statistical technique used to
model and analyze the relationship
between a dependent variable and
one or more independent variables.
It helps to determine how the
independent variables influence the
dependent variable.
TYPES OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS
1. Simple Linear Regression: Examines the relationship
between two variables.
TYPES OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS
2. Multiple Regression: Examines the relationship between
one dependent variable and multiple independent
variables.
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MEETING
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