Hydrology And Water Resources
Engineering
Course Code: 101505
Branch: Civil Engg.
Credit: 03
Prepared By:
Prof. Rajkishor,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Bhagalpur College of Engineering, Bhagalpur
What is Evapotranspiration?
• Evapotranspiration is defined as the total
amount of water used by the plants in
transpiration and evaporation from adjacent
soils, at any specified time.
• While transpiration takes place , the land area
in which plants stand also lose moisture by
the evaporation of water from soil and water
bodies.
• Generally, it is the sum of evaporation and
transpiration from the ground surface to the
atmosphere.
• Evapotranspiration is also called Consumptive
Use.
Factor Affecting Evapotranspiration:
• Temperature
• Climatic factor
• Moisture of plant
• Humidity
• Growth of the plant
• Soil moisture and etc.
TYPE OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• Potential Evapotranspiration (PET):-
If sufficient moisture is available
to completely meet the needs of
vegetation fully covering the area, the
resulting evapotranspiration, is called
Potential Evapotranspiration.
• Actual Evapotranspiration (AET):-
The real evapotranspiration
occurring in a specific situation, is
called Actual Evapotranspiration.
• If water supply to the plant is • If water supply to the plant is not
adequate, then enough, then
AET/PET =1 AET/PET <1
MEASUREMENT OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
• Lysimeters:-
It is a special watertight tank containing a block of soil mass and set in the
field of growing plants.
Evapotranspiration is estimated as the amount of water required to maintain
constant moisture condition within the tank by arrangements made in
Lysimeter.
It is a time consuming and expensive method.
Top View of a Lysimeter
Installed at a site
• Through Water-Budget Equation:
• Through Theoretical Equation:
• Penman’s Equation
A = slope of the saturation vapour pressure vs temperature curve at
the mean air temperature, in mm of mercury per °C
Hn = net radiation in mm of evaporable water per day
Ea = parameter including wind velocity and saturation deficit
γ = psychrometric constant = 0.49 mm of mercury/°C
where Ha = incident solar radiation outside the atmosphere on a horizontal surface, expressed in
mm of evaporable water per day (it is a function of the latitude and period of the year)
a = a constant depending upon the latitude φ and is given by a = 0.29 cos φ
b = a constant with an average value of 0.52
n = actual duration of bright sunshine in hours
N = maximum possible hours of bright sunshine (it is a function of latitude)
Table A: Saturation Vapour
Pressure of Water
Table B: Mean Monthly Solar Radiation at Top of Atmosphere, Ha in mm of Evaporable Water/Day
Table C : Mean Monthly Values of Possible Sunshine Hours, N
PROBLEM:
Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area near New Delhi in
the month of November by Penman’s formula. The following data are
available:
SOLUTION:
From Table A,
A = 1.00 mm/°C
ew = 16.50 mm of Hg
From Table B,
Ha = 9.506 mm of water/day
From Table C,
N = 10.716 h
n/N = 9/10.716 = 0.84 r = For close-ground green crop is taken as 0.25
• Blaney–Criddle Formula
This purely empirical formula is based on data from arid western United
States.
The potential evapotranspiration in a crop-growing season is given by-
F = sum of monthly consumptive use factors for the period
Ph = monthly percent of annual day-time hours, depends on the
latitude of the place.
K = Also depends on the month and locality
Table D : Monthly Daytime
Hours Percentages, Ph
Table E : Values of K
for Selected Crops
PROBLEM:
Estimate the PET of an area for the season November to February in which
wheat is grown. The area is in North India at a latitude of 30° N with mean
monthly temperatures as below:
SOLUTION:
For wheat,
K = 0.65
ET = 2.54 x 16.26 x 0.65
= 26.85 cm. Ans.
Potential Evapotranspiration Over India
• Using Penman’s equation and the
available climatological data, PET
estimate for the country has been
made.
• The mean annual PET (in cm) over
various parts of the country is shown
in the form of isopleths.
• Isopleths—the lines on a map through
places having equal depths of
evapotranspiration .
• It is seen that the annual PET ranges
from 140 to 180 cm over most parts
of the country.
• The annual PET is highest at Rajkot,
Gujarat with a value of 214.5 cm.
Actual Evapotranspiration (AET)
Let,
MASW = total available soil water over the root depth
AASW = actual available soil-water at time t over the root depth
p = soil-water depletion factor for a given crop and soil complex.
(Values of p ranges from about 0.1 for sandy soils to about 0.5 for clayey soils)
If, AASW ≥ (1 – p) MASW;
Then, AET = PET
If, AASW < (1 – p) MASW;
Then, AET = * PET
PROBLEM:
A recently irrigated field plot has on Day 1 the total available soil moisture
at its maximum value of 10 cm. If the reference crop evapotranspiration is 5.0
mm/day, calculate the actual evapotranspiration on Day 1, Day 6 and Day 7.
Assume soil-water depletion factor p = 0.20 and crop factor K = 0.9.
SOLUTION:
Here ETo = 5.0 mm and MASW = 100 mm
(1– p) MASW = (1 – 0.2) x 100 = 80.0
ETp = 0.9 x 5.0 = 4.5 mm/day
Day 1:
AASW = 100 mm > (1 – p) MASW
Hence potential condition exists and
ETa = ETp = 4.5 mm/day
This rate will continue till a depletion of (100 – 80) = 20 mm takes place in the soil.
This will take 20/4.5 = 4.44 days.
Thus Day 5 also will have ETa = ETp = 4.5 mm/day
Interception
• When it rains over a catchment, not all the
precipitation falls directly onto the ground.
Before it reaches the ground, a part of it
may be caught by the vegetation &
surface structures and subsequently
evaporated.
• The volume of water so caught is called
interception.
• The amount of water intercepted in a
given area is extremely difficult to
measure. Typical Interception Loss Curve
• It is estimated that of the total rainfall in
an area during a plant-growing season the
interception loss is about 10 to 20%.
Depression Storage
• When the precipitation of a storm reaches the ground, it must first fill up all
depressions like puddles, ditches etc before it can flow over the surface.
• The volume of water trapped in these depressions is called depression
storage.
• Depression storage mainly depends on –
(i) the type of soil,
(ii) the condition of the surface
(iii) the slope of the catchment.
