Matrix Equations and 2D Transformations: Notes and Examples

1. Solving Equations Involving 2x2 Matrices

Concept:

To solve AX = B , where A and B are known matrices: - If A is invertible: X = A−1 B

Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix:

=[ ] , then:
a b
If A
c d

1 −b
[ ] , if ad − bc  0 =
d
A−1 =
ad − bc −c a

Example:

1 2 5 4 −2 −2 1
Given: A=[ ] , B = [ ] 1. Find det(A) = −2 2. A−1 = 1
[ ]=[ ] 3.
3 4 11 −2 −3 1 1.5 −0.5
1
Multiply: X = A−1 B = [ ]
2

2. Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Inverse

{
x+y =3
2x − y = 0

1 1 3 −1 −1
1. Matrix form: A =[ ] , B = [ ] 2. det(A) = −3, A−1 = 1
[ ] 3. Multiply: X =
2 −1 0 −3 −2 1
1
A−1 B = [ ]
2

3. Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Cramer’s Rule

{
2x + 3y = 8
4x − y = 2

1
 −14 −28
-D = −14, Dx = −14, Dy = −28 - x = −14 = 1, y = −14 =2

4. Rotating 2D Shapes Using Matrices

Rotation Matrices:

0 −1
90° Anticlockwise: [ ]
•
1 0
−1 0
180°: [ ]
•
0 −1
0 1
270° (90° Clockwise): [ ]
•
−1 0

Example:

Rotate point (4, 2) 90° anticlockwise:

0 −1 4 −2
[ ][ ] = [ ]
1 0 2 4

5. Enlarging 2D Shapes Using Matrices

Enlargement Matrix:

0
[ ]
k
0 k

Example:

Enlarge A(1,2), B(2,3), C(1,4) by scale factor 3: - A' = (3,6), B' = (6,9), C' = (3,12)

6. Shear Transformations

Matrices:

1 k
Horizontal Shear (factor k ): [ ]
•
0 1
1 0
Vertical Shear (factor k ): [ ]
•
k 1

Example:

Horizontal shear with k = 2 on point (1,3):

2
 1 2 1 7
[ ][ ] = [ ]
0 1 3 3

Describing a Shear:

• Identify fixed axis.

7. Stretch Transformations

Matrices:

k 0
Stretch in x: [ ]
•
0 1
1 0
Stretch in y: [ ]
•
0 k

Example:

Stretch (2,3) in x-direction by 3:

3 0 2 6
[ ][ ] = [ ]
0 1 3 3

Describing a Stretch:

• Identify invariant axis.

Summary Table

Transformation Fixed Axis Matrix Form Factor Formula

1
[ ]
k x′ −x
Horizontal Shear x-axis k=
0 1 y

1 0
Vertical Shear y-axis [ ] k= y ′ −y
k 1 x

0
[ ]
k x′
Stretch in x y-axis k=
0 1 x

3
Transformation Fixed Axis Matrix Form Factor Formula

1 0
Stretch in y x-axis [ ] k= y′
0 k y