PROJECT

Submitted By:

SANMAYA VATTAPPARAMBATH
 Acknowledgement

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this

project with success.

Then I would like to thank my chemistry teacher, Mrs. Nisha

Suresh whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make a success. Her
suggestions and her instructions have served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates

who have helped me a lot.
 Index
1. Certificate of Excellence……………………1
2. Acknowledgement……………………………2
3. Aim Of The Project……………………………4
4. Introduction……………………………………..5
5. Theory………………………………………………8
6. Apparatus…………………………………………11
7. Procedure………………………………………..13
8. Observations……………………………………14
9. Conclusion……………………………………….15
10. Precautions………………………………….16
11. Gallery ………………………………………..17
12. Bibliography…………………………………18
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

• To study the setting of mixture of cement with sand,

lime and fly ash with respect to time and strength.
 INTRODUCTION

• In the most general sense of the word, CEMENT is a

binder, a substance that sets and hardens
independently, and can bind other materials together.
The word “cement” traces to the Romans, who used the
term opus crematorium to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with
burnt lime as binder.

• The volcanic ash and a pulverized brick additive that

were added to the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic
binder were later referred to as cementum, cementum,
cement and cement.

• The most important use of cement is the production of

mortar and concrete.

• The bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a

strong building material that is durable in the face of
normal environment effects.
 PORTLAND CEMENT
• Cement is made by heating limestone (calcium
carbonate), with small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 1450ͦC in a kiln, in a process known as
calcinations, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is
liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide or quicklime, which is then blended with the other
materials that have been included in the mix.

• The resulting hard substance, called ‘clinker’, is then

ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to
make ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’, the most commonly
used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).Portland
cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and
non- specialty grout. The most common use for Portland
cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a
composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and
sand), cement and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired and
once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing)
element. Portland cement may be gray or white.
Construction of Buildings Using
Cement
• Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic. Hydraulic cements (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occurs independently of
the mixture’s water content; they can harden even
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction that results when
the anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water-soluble. Non-
hydraulic cements (e.g. Lime and gypsum plaster)
must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
 Theory
• Introduction Cement is essentially a finely ground
mixture of calcium silicates (3Cao. SiO2) and
aluminates (3Cao. ALO3) which sets to a hard
mass treated with water. This property makes
cement capable of joining rigid masses like bricks,
stones, tiles etc. into coherent structures. The
cements have property of setting and hardening
under water due to certain physicochemical
process and are, therefore, called hydraulic
cements. During setting of cement, the physical
changes taking place are gel formation and
crystallization and chemical changes are hydration
and hydrolysis.

• The process of solidification of cement paste

involves: (i) setting, and (ii) hardening.

i. Setting is stiffening of the original plastic mass

into initial gel formation.
ii. After setting, hardening starts due to gradual start
of crystallization in the interior of the mass. The
strength developed by cement at any time
depends upon the amount of gel formed and the
extent of crystallization. A mixture of cement,
sand, small pieces of stone (gravel) and water is
 known as concrete and sets to an extremely hard
structure.

• When cement is used for construction purposes, it

is always mixed with sand and little water to make
a pasty material called mortar. Here cement or
lime forms the binding material and function of
sand is to prevent shrinking and cracking and to
increase the bulk, thereby reducing the cost of the
mortar. When cement is used as the binding
material it is called cement mortar and when lime
is used as the binder it is called lime-mortar. Sand
in addition to its other functions also increases the
adhesive qualities of the binding material.

EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SAND ON SETTING OF CEMENT

MORTAR

• Sand obtained from different sources has different

qualities. For example, Sea sand obtained from sea
contains unwanted salts and retards setting of
cement and is not suitable for making mortar.

• On the other hand, Pit sand is obtained from pits in

the soil and the River sand obtained from riverbed
 is considered excellent for preparing mortar and
concrete.

EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTING OF CEMENT MORTAR

• Time has an important role on strength of developed

cement mortar. When a cement paste in the ratio 1:3 in
water is allowed to dry, the strength of solid mass keeps
on increasing with increase in time given for setting. It
acquires a nearly full strength in 28 days.
 Apparatus Required

Glass Beaker Glass Rod Weights

Match Box Limestone

River Sand Cement

Fly Ash
 PROCEDURE
1. Prepare mixtures of various compositions as given in
Observation table.

2. Take each of the given mixtures in different beakers and

prepare their pastes by adding minimum amount of water

3. Take nine cases of empty match boxes and mark them

from 1 to 9.

4. Fill the three cases with the paste of each composition.

5. Spray water from time to time over the paste ,so that they
remain moist all the time.

6. After three days, take out one slab of each composition

and test their strengths.

7. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days after 30

days respectively and test their strengths.
 Observation
Sl COMPOSITIO MINIMUM WEIGHT TO BREAK THE SLAB
No. N AFTER
OF
MIXTURE
AND
RATIO
3 7 10
DAYS DAYS DAYS
1. CEMENT:RE 18 GRAM 20 GRAM 30 GRAM
VER SAND
(1:3)
2. CEMENT:RIV 16 GRAM 18 GRAM 26 GRAM
ER
SAND:FLY
ASH (2:9:1)
3. CEMENT:RIV 10 GRAM 15 GRAM 20 GRAM
ER
SAND:LIME
(1:3:1)
 Conclusion

• The Strength of the glass slab increases with increase on

seeting time
• Out of all the mixtures, the cement : river sand mixture
settles the most. Therefore, it is the hardest to break.
 Precautions

• Handle the Glass wares safely

• Allow the time required to set

• Spray only required amount of water

 Bibliography

• www.wikipedia.com