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Relations and Functions

Chapter 2 covers relations and functions, starting with the Cartesian product of sets and its properties. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products, explains functions as special relations, and discusses real-valued functions along with their types and operations. The chapter emphasizes understanding concepts through visual representations and includes practice exercises for mastery.

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59 views4 pages

Relations and Functions

Chapter 2 covers relations and functions, starting with the Cartesian product of sets and its properties. It defines relations as subsets of Cartesian products, explains functions as special relations, and discusses real-valued functions along with their types and operations. The chapter emphasizes understanding concepts through visual representations and includes practice exercises for mastery.

Uploaded by

mehdialam452
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Cartesian Product of Sets:

• Definition: A × B = { (a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B }
• Ordered Pairs: Concept and notation (a, b) ≠ (b, a) unless a = b
• Number of Elements: If A and B are finite sets, then n(A × B) = n(A) × n(B)
• Extension: Cartesian product R × R (the coordinate plane) and R × R × R (3D space)

Focus On: Understanding of ordered pairs and their uniqueness


Practice: Find A × B for A = {1, 2}, B = {x, y} and determine number of elements.

2. Relations:
• Definition: A relation from A to B is a subset of A × B
• Pictorial Representation: Using arrow diagrams to show relation
• Domain, Codomain, and Range: Extracting these from relation sets or diagrams
• Inverse Relation: R-1 is the inverse relation of R, where R-1 = {(b, a) | b ∈ B, a ∈ A}

Focus On: Visual and symbolic interpretation of domain, codomain, and range
Practice: Represent relation R = {(1, a), (2, b)} pictorially and find domain and range

3. Functions (as a special type of relation):


• Definition: A function is a relation in which each element of domain has exactly one image
• Pictorial Representation: Mapping diagrams for functions
• Domain, Codomain, and Range in function context

Focus On: Identifying when a relation qualifies as a function


Practice: Given a relation, determine whether it is a function

4. Real-Valued Functions of Real Variable:


• Definition: Functions where domain and range are subsets of R
• Important Types of Functions with graphs, domain, and range:
• Constant Function
• Identity Function

• Polynomial Function (e.g., linear, quadratic)

𝒈(𝒙)
• Rational Function f(x) = , h(x) ≠ 0
𝒉(𝒙)
• Modulus Function f(x) = |x|
• Signum Function f(x) = sgn(x)

• Greatest Integer Function f(x) = ⌊x⌋

Focus On: Sketch and analyze each graph and understand domain/range
Practice: Sketch f(x) = |x|, f(x) = ⌊x⌋, f(x) = sgn(x); find their domain and range

5. Operations on Functions: for f & g with equal domain


• Sum: (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
• Difference: (f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)
• Product: (fg)(x) = f(x) · g(x)
• Quotient: (f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x), where g(x) ≠ 0
Focus On: Combined functions and domain restrictions
Practice: Given f(x) = x2, g(x) = 1/x, find (f+g)(x), (fg)(x), (f/g)(x)

Mastery Checklist:
• Understand Cartesian products and visualize them
• Define and represent relations accurately
• Distinguish between relation and function clearly
• Identify real-valued function types and sketch their graphs
• Perform operations on functions and determine resulting domains

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