Emerging Trends
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
Artificial Intelligence endeavors to simulate the natural intelligence of human beings into
machines, thus making them behave intelligently. Ex: Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Alexa
Different subsets of AI :
a. Machine Learning
Machine Learning means the computers have the ability to learn from data using statistical techniques,
without being explicitly programmed by a human being.
b. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
The predictive typing feature of search engine that helps us by suggesting the next word in the sentence
while typing . Ex google search engine
It deals with the interaction between human and computers using human spoken languages, such as Hindi,
English, etc.
An NLP system can perform text-to speech and speech-to-text conversion
c. Immersive Experiences
Immersive experiences allow us to visualize, feel and react by stimulating our senses. It enhances our
interaction and involvement, making them more realistic and engaging. Ex: driving simulators, flight
simulator.
d. Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer-generated situation that simulates the real world.
it is achieved with the help of VR Headsets.
it promotes other sensory information like sound, smell, motion, temperature, etc.
Ex: gaming ,military training, medical procedures, entertainment, social science and psychology,
engineering.
e. Augmented Reality
The superimposition of computer generated perceptual information over the existing physical surroundings
is called as Augmented Reality (AR).
It adds components of the digital world to the physical world, along with the associated tactile and other
sensory requirements.
Ex: Location-based AR apps.
Robotics
A robot is basically a machine capable of carrying out one or more tasks automatically with accuracy and
precision.
a. A robot is programmable by a computer.
b. It can follow the instructions given through computer programs.
c. Sensors are one of the prime components of a robot.
Ex: Robots are used in industries, medical science, bionics, scientific research, military, etc.
Robot can be of many types, such as wheeled robots, legged robots, manipulators and humanoids.
Robots that resemble humans are known as humanoids.
Example of robots used:
1.NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is a robotic space mission to study about the planet
Mars.
2. Sophia is a humanoid that uses artificial intelligence, visual data processing, facial recognition and also
imitates human gestures and facial expressions.
3. A drone is an unmanned aircraft which can be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through
software.
EX: Drones are used in journalism, filming and aerial photography, shipping or delivery at short distances,
disaster management, search and rescue operations, healthcare, geographic mapping and structural safety
inspections, agriculture, wildlife monitoring or pooching, besides law-enforcement and border patrolling.
Big data:
The generation of data sets exponentially over the time with enormous volume and complexity is called Big
Data.
Characteristics of Big Data
(A) Volume
Dataset is of such large size that it is difficult to process it with traditional DBMS tools.
(B) Velocity
It represents the rate at which the data under consideration are being generated and stored.
(C) Variety
It asserts that a dataset has varied data, such as structured, semi-structured and unstructured data.
Some examples are text, images, videos, web-pages and so on.
(D) Veracity
Big data can be sometimes inconsistent, biased, noisy. Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the data
because processing such incorrect data can give wrong results.
(E) Value
Big data is not only just a big pile of data, but also possess to have hidden patterns and useful knowledge
which can be of high business value.
Data Analytics
Data analytics is the process of examining data sets in order to draw conclusions about the
information.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The ‘Internet of Things’ is a network of devices that have an embedded hardware and software to
communicate (connect and exchange data) with other devices on the same network.
Internet of Things allows us to interact with different devices through Internet with the help of smartphones
or computers.
For example, if a microwave oven, an air conditioner, door lock, CCTV camera or other such devices
are enabled to connect to the Internet, we can access and remotely control them on-the-go using our
smartphone.
Web of Things (WoT)
Web of Things (WoT) allows use of web services to connect anything in the physical world,
besides human identities on web.
IoT WoT
It connects physical devices and sensors to the It connects IOT to web architecture
internet
IoT primarily focuses on data collection and device WoT ensures device interoperability and access to
communication the web
IoT operates independently of the web WoT ensures that devices can be accessed and
controlled through the web
Sensors
A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical environment and uses built-in computing
resources to perform predefined functions upon detection of specific input and then process data before
passing it on.
Smart Cities
The idea of a smart city is to makes use of computer and communication technology along with
IoT to manage and distribute resources efficiently over the city or urban area.
Cloud Computing
Cloud service means computer-based services are delivered over the Internet or the cloud,
and it is accessible to the user from anywhere using any device.
the characteristics/advantages of cloud computing
1. Agility: It shares resources among users and works very fast.
2. High availability and Reliability
3. Multi-sharing
4. Device and location independence.
5. Easy maintenance and low cost.
Cloud services
(A) Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
The IaaS providers can offer different kinds of computing infrastructure, such as servers, virtual machines
(VM), storage and backup facility, network components, operating systems or any other hardware or
software.
(B) Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides a platform or environment to develop, test, and deliver software applications.
(C) Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS provides on-demand access to application software, usually requiring a licensing or subscription by the
user.
Grid Computing
A grid is a computer network of geographically dispersed and heterogeneous computational
resources.
Different types of grid
(i) Data grid: used to manage large and distributed data having required multi-user access,
(ii) CPU or Processor grid: where processing is moved from one PC to another as needed
or a large task is divided into subtasks and divided to various nodes for parallel processing.
Blockchains
Blockchain is a system that allows a group of connected computers to maintain a single updated and secure
ledger.
Each computer or node that participates in the blockchain receives a full copy of the database.
The blockchain technology works on the concept of decentralised and shared database where each computer
has a copy of the database.
Ex: banking, media, telecom, travel and hospitality, digital currency.
Cloud computing Grid computing
It follows client-server computing architecture It follows a distributed computing architecture
It is service oriented It is application oriented
It is of 3 types like Iaas,Paas,Saas It is of two types like Data grid and CPU grid
It is centralized management system It works on heterogeneous computational resource
EX:GI Cloud Ex: Globus toolkit
