PHONOLOGY AND WRITING

• Alphabet (Alfabet)

• Pronunciation (Prononciacion)
Vowels (Vocalas)
Consonants (Consonantas)

• Accentuation (Accentuacion)

MORPHOLOGY

• Noun (Nom)
General Notions
Feminine (Femenim)
Plural

• Adjective (Adjectiu)
Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius)
Adjectives of two forms
Adjectives of one form
Plural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius)
Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius)

Comparative degree (Gra Comparatiu)

Superlative degree (Gra Superlatiu)
Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars)

• Adverb (Advèrb)
List of Basic Adverbs
Derived Adverbs
Degree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advèrbs)

Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu)

Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu)

Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas)

• Determiners (Determinants)
Articles (Articles)
Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius)
Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius)
Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius)
Exclamatives
Indefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits)
Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius)

• Pronouns (Pronums)
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius)
Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius)
Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius)
Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius)
 Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius)
Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits)
Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius)

• Pronominal adverbs

• Numerals (Numerals)

• Verb (Verb)
Auxiliary verbs

Aver | Téner (Tenir) | Èsser (Èstre)

Tenses (Tempses)
Reflexive Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Negation

• Prepositions (Preposicions)

• Conjunctions (Conjonccions)
•
• Tematic Glossary
• welcome
• family
• house
• city
• transport
• Post
• Geography
• climate
• nature
• animal
• food
• fruit
• vegetable
• body
• clothes
• sport
• colors
• numbers
• time
• day
• month
• pronouns
• question ?
 Occitan Language
General Overview

Area of Distribution and Number of Speakers

Occitan language (also called Provençal or Languedoc) is a Romance language spoken by
about 1,500,000 people in southern France. All Occitan speakers use French as their official
and cultural language, but Occitan dialects are used for everyday purposes and show no signs
of extinction.

The name Occitan is derived from the geographical name Occitania, which is itself patterned
after Aquitania and the characteristic word oc and includes the regions of Limousin, Languedoc,
the old Aquitaine, and the southern part of the French Alps, all of the populations of which are
Occitan-speaking. The name Languedoc comes from the term langue d' oc, which denoted a
language using oc for yes (from Latin hoc), in contrast to the French language, the langue d'
oïl, which used oïl (modern oui) for yes (from Latin hoc ille). Languedoc refers to a linguistic
and political-geographical region of the southern Massif Central in France. The name Provençal
originally referred to the Occitan dialects of the Provence region and is used also to refer to the
standardized medieval literary language based on the dialect of Provence.

Origin and History

Occitan's medieval ancestor, usually called either Provençal or Langue d'Oc, was the first
literary dialect of high culture in the territory now encompassed by France. It developed, as did
Francien (ancestor of modern French), from the Vulgar Latin transmitted by Roman soldiers and
traders to local populations. According to Encyclopédie Occitane, Provençal was actually the
first Romance language to emerge from the mix of Roman and "barbarian" tongues; the earliest
surviving texts in Langue d'Oc can be definitively attributed to the tenth century (a refrain
attached to a Latin poem), and the 12th-century Donat provençal was the first grammar of a
modern European language. The best-known ambassadors of Occitan were the troubadours,
traveling minstrels who created enduring lyric poetry and canso, inventing and disseminating the
idea of courtly love. Although Occitania was composed of small feudal polities, the Langue d'Oc
benefited in medieval times from a common orthography, serving admirably as a language of
philosophy, science, law and the arts, as well as the everyday dialect of its speakers. This
usage continued well into the 14th century, and Occitan's eventual decline is closely tied to the
evolution of royal power and the French state.

Although most of Occitania was added to the territory of the French crown by the 15th century
(excepting English holdings), the French language did not begin to supplant Occitan for some
time. The Edict of Villers-Cotterêts (1539) made French the official language of government
and legal documents, superseding Latin as well as the more than 30 diverse Celtic and
Romance local dialects spoken by the majority of the populace

This set the stage for the association of French with privilege and power, as bourgeoisie, nobles
and courtiers alike were drawn to French, the language of king and government; French also
came to be the language of culture for the Occitan elite, lending words of politesse to the
Occitan vocabulary. However, the Ancien Régime did not invest much effort in the enforcement
of this edict. The official policy of at least the earliest Capetian rulers of Occitania allowed
translation of documents on a local level, proving that the royal authority was not bent on
imposing its own [Link] encroachment of French began slowly, following trade routes
and, like the shift from "tu" to "vous" pronoun usage, filtering from highest to lowest elements of
society. Courtiers wishing to curry favor with the new crown in Ile-de-France chose to speak
French; bourgeoisie, entrepreneurs, and the burgeoning class of governmental functionaries
also found French bilingualism to be in their best interest.

Dialects
The modern dialects of Occitan are little changed from the speech of the Middle Ages, although
they are being affected by their constant exposure to French. The dialects are classified in three
major groups:

• Northern Occitan, which encompasses the three main dialects of Limousin (higher),
Auvergnat (lower), and Provençal Alpine.
• Southern or Middle Occitan, which is divided primarily into Languedocien with northern,
southern, eastern and western dialects, and Provençal to the east with three main
subdivisions of Rhodanian around Arles, Avignon and Nîmes, and Provencal Maritime
spoken around the Cote d'Azur, and Niçart spoken around Nice.
• Gascon spoken primarily in southwestern France; it is sometimes considered a distinct
language because it differs a great deal from the other, more or less uniform, Occitan
dialects.

Occitan is closely related to Catalan, and, although strongly influenced in the recent past by
French, its phonology and grammar are more closely related to Spanish than to French.

Standardization
In spite of the various dialects, attempts were made to create an Occitan standard. One of the
earliest and most famous movements was founded by Frédéric Mistral, the region's best-known
author, who was awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in Literature for the poem "Mirèilha" in his native
Provençal dialect.

Mistral, together with a group of intellectuals known as the Félibrige, proposed in the 19th
century a standard based upon modern Provençal (one of the Occitan dialects). The
Félibrigians' preoccupation with purity and the past meant that the "corrupted, bastardized form
of the frenchified patois of the streets' could not provide a suitable linguistic model for their
poetry. That had to be found elsewhere, in the countryside." They re-worked the language,
systematically pruning "frenchified"terms and replacing them with "older and more genuine"
forms.

The Félibrigians are most often accused of passéisme, of wishing to preserve, from the safety of
their ivory tower of intellectualism, the picturesque backwardness of Occitania, and of seeking in
folkloric traditions a force to unite Occitania.

A post-World War II effort at standardization took as its model the Languedocien dialect; like the
Félibrigian standard, the choice of one dialect as a model for all could only have overruled
dialectical loyalty in a few urban intellectuals whose linguistic ties to the region were more
symbolic or political than quotidian and authentic. There have been a confusing array of other
standardizations, many of which have suffered in some degree from the crucial gap between
urban intellectuals who seek to preserve and standardize Occitan, and rural paysans, the last
remaining autochthonous native speakers, whose goals are more concrete and practical.

The Félibrigian spelling is still in use, primarily in the Provençal region, but current Occitan texts
tend to favor Loís Alibèrt's Languedocien-based Gramatica occitana. His system, based upon
the spelling and Latin derivations of historical Langue d'Oc, is sufficiently universal to enable the
expression of every Occitan dialect, as well as autochthonic neologisms. The «graphie
alibertine» is on its way to unite the dialects of Occitan; transcriptional conventions can now be
regularized, and the historical roots of the system lend modern writing historical continuity and
even a sense of the prestige of the medieval precedent. In Saussurean terms, Alibert's norms
permit both synchronic communication, throughout Occitania, and diachronic communication
back to the origins of Occitan culture.

Present Situation
The situation of present-day Occitan is rather paradoxical. On the one hand, there are people,
mainly old, who still use it in every day life as their natural way of communication, at work or at
home. Yet those people, for the most, are unable to read or write it as they never learned to do
so. On the other hand, due to the movements and associations supporting the revival of minority
languages in Europe and in France, Occitan is more and more taught in bilingual associative
schools (Calandretas), in state-run primary schools, in high schools and Universities. Yet what
is at issue now, is whether those people, who will be able to read and write Occitan, will use it in
everyday life.

Phonology
The main features of the Occitan vocal system are the following (we use French and Spanish
examples as references):

Features Latin Occitan French Spanish

Absence or rarety
rosa rose rose [r z ] rose [ oz] rosa
of closed vowels
mele(m) honey mel miel miel
No diphthongization bene well be bien bien
of Vulgar Latin vowels tres three tres trois tres
fede(m) faith fe foi fe
Maintenance
cabra goat cabra (chabra) chèvre cabra
of the Latin stressed a
Maintenance of the porte [p t]
porta door porta puerta
Latin
catêna chain cadena chaine [ n] cadena
final unstressed a
una petita femna
une petite
sus la finestra femme
sur la fenêtre Spanish uses
Preservation
['yn pë'tit words of
of the unstressed .
'fem- [yn ptit fam sy different
vowels
n sys la fi'nestr la fn t ] etymologies
]
(6 syllables)
(12 syllables)
vinum wine vin vin vino
No nasalized vowels
bene well ben bien bien
Grammar
Like Old French, from the 9th to the 13th century, Old Occitan preserved the two-case system of
Vulgar Latin, subjective and objective, and it seems that until the middle of the 12th century, the
written and spoken languages were identical. Then, the distinction between the cases
disappeared in spoken usage, though they still persisted in the written texts of the Trobadors.
This period can be qualified as the Golden Age or the time of the Trobadors.

A second period ranges from the beginning of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. It is
characterized by the dropping altogether of the flexions in witten texts, by the beginning of
dialectization, the dropping of courteous vocabulary and the use of learned words borrowed
from Latin and Greek to express law, medecine, philosophy and theology. Occitan was no
longer a literary language, but it was used to write the deeds, the accounts, the chronicles and
the resolutions of local communities. Since the second half of the 16th century to our days,
Occitan was banned from written documents, and reduced to oral usage only, mainly by country
and working people, in their everyday life, at work or at home.

All along its history, Occitan has remarkably retained its fundamental features: plurals marked
by the addition of -s or -es , generally preserved in speech, the agreement of adjectives with
nouns, and the conjugations of [Link] latter, like Italian, Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese,
but unlike French, do not require any personal pronoun to indicate the persons, the verb
endings being pronounced differently to that effect:

• canti I sing, cantas you sing, canta he sings; cantam we sing, cantatz you sing,
cantan they sing.

There are 4 moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and conditional), 4 simple tenses
(present, preterite, imperfect, future), and compound tenses. The latter are formed by adding to
the infinitive (used as a stem) the present and imperfect indicative endings, respectively, of aver
to have. The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect are usually constructed with aver, but some
intransitive and all reflexive verbs use èsser (L esse) to be; in this Occitan is quite similar to
French and Italian.

Yet, some syntaxic features are proper to Occitan like the extensive use of the subjunctive
imperfect, no longer used in French, or the expression of progressive aspect by means of the
periphrastic form, as in èsser + a + infiniive: Es a legir He is reading (cf. Portuguese estar + a
+ infinitive).

Vocabulary
Occitan vocabulary is derived mainly from Vulgar Latin (pistillum => peile lock, mespilam =>
mèspla medlar), and also from Germanic (bastir to build, fanga mud, tropèl flock, herd), Greek
(amètla almond, raumàs cold ), pre-Latin languages (truc summit, top, estalviar to save),
especially Gaulish (carri cart, bruga heather).
 Alphabet (Alfabet)

Occitan is written with the Latin alphabet. In the Occitan words are used 23
letters:

Letter Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh

[g], [d
Phonetic ],
[a], [ ] [b], [ß] [s], [k] [d] [ ], [e] [f] [...]
Value
[t ]

Letter Ii Jj Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq

Phonetic
[i] [d ] [l] [m], [n] [n] [u] [p] [k]
Value

Letter Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Xx Zz

Phonetic [ ], [ ],
[s], [z] [t] [y] [b], [ß] [gz] [z]
Value [...]

Occitan orthography uses acute and grave accents (as in é and è) and a few
letter combinations (ch, tg, tj, lh, nh, tz, gn, rr and mp) for some specific
sounds. The cedile (,) is used under the letter c to mark its pronunciation as [s]
in front of a, o and u.

Three other letters -- K, W and Y -- are used in names and words of foreign
origin.
 Pronunciation

Vowels

Sign Sound Examples

casal tumbledown house [ka'zal] farà he'll do [fa'ra]

a, à a

annada year [annadO] cabra she-goat ['kabrO]

a O

veniá he was coming [be'njO] farmaciá pharmacy [farma'sjO]

á O

sec dry [sek] espés thick [es'pes]

e, é e

venguèt he came [Ben'GEt] après afterwards [a'prEs]

è E

tiri I pull ['tiri] aquí here [a'ki]

i, í i

Tolosa Toulouse [tU'lUzO] urós happy [y'rUs]

o, ó U

aquò that [a'kO] pòrti I wear ['pOrti]

ò O

luna moon ['lynO] dessús above, over [de'sys]

u, ú y

Diphthongs

Sign Sound Examples

ai aj paire father ['pajre] faire to do, make ['fajre]

au aw laurar to plough [law'ra] causa thing ['kawza]

ei, éi ej veire to see ['Bejre] créisser to grow ['krejse]

èi Ej èime [good] sense ['Ejme] pèira stone ['pEjrO]

eu ew deute debt ['dewte] beure to drink ['bewre]

èu Ew nèu snow [nEw] tèune thin ['tEwne]

oi, ói Uj coire copper ['kUjre] conóisser to know [kU'nUjse]

 òi Oj còire to cook ['kOjre] fòire to hoe ['fOjre]

òu Ow plòure to rain ['plOwre] mòure to move ['mOwre]

iu iw viure to live ['Biwre] siure cork ['siwre]

Consonants

Sign Position Sound Examples

roge red [r'UdJe] fugís he runs away[fu'dJis]

g before e, i dJ

freg cold [fretS] puèg hill [puEtS]

g final tS

mièja half f. ['miEdJO]

j all positions dJ

clarum clearness [kla'ryn] fum smoke [fyn]

m final n

n all positions n vent wind [ben] ... ...

often man hand [ma[n]] camin way [ka'mi[n]]

n final
mute
cantar to sing [kan'ta] professor teacher [prUfe'sU]
r final mute

vila town ['BilO], ['bi-] aver to have [a'Be], [a'be]

v all positions b/B

Consonantic Digraphs

Sign Position Sound Examples

quichar to press [ki'tSa] chòt owl [tSOt]

ch all positions tS

initial & palha straw ['paLO] balhar to give [ba'La]

lh L
middle
talh cutting edge [tal] telh lime-tree [tel]
lh final l
banhar to bathe, to
initial & vinha vine ['BiNO] [ba'Na]
nh N wet
middle
planh moan [plan] banh bath [ban]
nh final n

tj all positions tS vilatjon hamlet [bila'tSU] ... ...

cantatz you sing

dotze twelve ['dUtse] [kan'tats]
tz all positions ts [pl.]
Pronunciation of consonnant clusters in final syllables

Cluster Sound Examples

carn meat
-rn [rt], [r], [n] or [ø]

sacs bags
-cs [ks], [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø]

cantats sung
-ts [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø]

taps corks
-ps [ps], [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø]

pans loaves of bread

-ns [ns], [s], or [ø]

rams boughs
-ms [ns], [n]

banhs baths
-nhs [ns], [nks], [n]

embolhs quarrels
-elhs [ls], [j]

lachs milks; gaug joys

-chs, -gs* [ts], [tS], [s] or [ø]

cors lecture; tòrç bent

-rs, -rç [s] or [r]

bèls tall or beautiful

-ls [bEls] or [bEs]

banc bench; reng row

-nc, -ng, [nk] or [n]

cant song; redond round

-nt, -nd, [nt] or [n]

bomb bound
-mp, -mb [mp] or [n]

berc notch; larg wide

-rc, rg, [rk] or [r]

-rt, -rd, [rt] or [r]

sèrp snake; sèrv serf

-rp, -rb, -rv [rp] or [r]

Note: There is a tendancy to form the plural in -ches, and -ges

[laches, gauges] =>[etses], [etSes].
 Accentuation
The stress position in Occitan may be recognized in spelling according to three
simple rules:

1. Words terminated by a vowel, an s or an n (only in conjugation) are

stressed on the antepenultimate syllable, cf. mecanica mechanics, voler
to want, cantan (they) sing.
2. Words terminated by a consonant (save s) or a diphthong are stressed
on the ultimate syllable, cf. gaton cat.
3. All the exceptions are marked by a written accent on the stressed
syllable, cf. cuélher, penós.

The above rules are almost the same as in Spanish.

Noun

General Notions
Nouns in Occitan are classified as masculine and feminine.

The Feminine
As a rule, all nouns ending in -a are feminine, and the others are masculine.
Note that this final -a is pronounced [ ].

There are however many exceptions: words in -ista can be masculine as well
as feminine: ecologista is either a man or a woman; and there are many simple
feminine words ending in a consonant, like mar sea, for instance.

Generally, the feminine forms of nouns and adjectives are derived by adding an
-a at the end of the words (as in Spanish), cf.:
 • un parent a relative => una parenta;
un obrièr a worker => una obrièra;
un jogaire a player => una jogaira.

The final consonant of the derived feminines is usually voiced, cf.:

• un lop a wolf => una loba a she-wolf.

lo conhat the brother-in law => la conhada the sister-in-law;
un polit nebot a beautiful nephew => una polida neboda a beautiful niece.

In some cases the feminines restore a consonant that is vocalized in masculine, or add
special suffixes, cf.:

• nòu (from L. novus, v => u) new => nova;

viu (from L. vivus, v => u) alive => viva;
un institutor a male-teacher => una institutritz (from L. institutor : institutrix).

Plural
Generally, the plural is made by adding -s to the nouns and adjectives. There
exist, however, a lot of varieties concerning the different types of word endings
as well as the dialects.

In the following lines we'll make an overview of the plural forms in the main
Occitan dialects, Languedocian (Lengadocian) and Vivaro-Alpine (Central
Alpine):

• General rule:
The suffix -s is added to the words, cf.:

òme : òmes
color : colors
femna : femnas

There occur a lot of particularities in dependence of the various word terminations:

1. Words terminated in sg. by -s, -ç, -sc, -st, -x, -xt, -tz, -ch, -g [=Engl. sh], -sh, -z
form plural by adding -es, cf.:
o mas : mases
o ris : rises.

Note that according to the rules of the graphic accentuation -às, -és, -ís, -ós,
-ús are transformed into -ases -eses -ises -oses -uses, cf.:

o anglés : angleses,
o precís : precises,
o famós : famoses.

In some cases the final -s is doubled in plural (-sses), cf.:

 o pas : passes,
o rus : russes,
o congrès : congrèsses.

According to the rules of the graphic accentuation -às -és -ís -ós -ús become in
plural -asses -esses -isses -osses -usses, cf.:

o movedís : movedisses,
o grandàs : grandasses,
o espés : espesses.

There occur also the following orthographic modifications in plural:

-ç => -ces, cf.:

o atròç : atròces,
o brèç : brèces,
o doç : doces.

-sc => -sques, cf.:

o gigantesc : gigantesques,
o bòsc : bòsques,
o risc : risques.

-st => -stes, cf.:

o arbust : arbustes,
o còst : còstes,
o gost : gostes.

-x => -xes, cf.:

o apendix : apendixes,
o ortodòx : ortodòxes,
o fax : faxes,
o fix : fixes.

-xt => -xtes, cf.:

o tèxt : tèxtes,
o mixt : mixtes.

-tz => -ses, cf.:

o calculatritz : calculatrises
o crotz : croses,
o prètz : prèses.

-ch => -ches, cf.:

 o romanch : romanches
o nuèch : nuèches,
o fach : faches,
o dich : diches.

-g [=E. sh] => -ges, cf.:

o assag : assages,
o estug : estuges,
o puèg : puèges,
o gaug : gauges,
o baug : bauges.

Note that in a few words the final -g is pronounced [k] and then the plural is
formed according to the general rule, i.e. by adding -s, cf.:

o larg : largs,
o long : longs,
o catalòg : catalògs,
o estratèg : estratègs,
o centrifug : centrifugs.

-sh => -shes, cf.:

o malgash : malgashes,
o brush : brushes

The words in -sh are rare and are borrowed recently.

-z => -zes, cf.:

o merguèz : merguèzes,
o quirguiz : quirguizes.

The words in -z are rare and are borrowed recently; note that the final -z is
pronounced [s].

2. The words terminated in sg. by -as, -es, -is, -os, -us and stressed on the
penultimate syllable remain unchanged in plural, cf.:
o autofòcus : autofòcus,
o còsmos : còsmos,
o virus : virus,
o tènis : tènis,
o iris : iris.
3. A few adjectives and pronouns form irregular plural by -es, cf.:
o qualqu'un : qualques unes,
o certan : certanes,
o aquel : aqueles,
o plan : planes,
o tant : tantes,
o cèrt : cèrtes,
 o un : unes,
o tot : totes,
o el : eles.

The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Central

Provençal
(Rhodanian and Maritime)
General rule: plural is derived by adding -s to the words, cf.:

o femna : femnas,
o òme : òmes,
o color : colors,
o bòsc : bòscs,
o tèxt : tèxts,
o fach : fachs.
2. The words terminated in singular by -s -ç -tz -x -z remain unchanged in
plural, cf.:
o precís : precís,
o virus : virus,
o brèç : brèç,
o crotz : crotz,
o fix : fix,
o merguèz : merguèz.

1. The feminine adjectives in -a and the adjectives in -e, when in front of a

noun, develop into:
1. -ei (pronounced [ej] or [i]) before a consonant, cf.:
granda femna : grandei femnas,
brave garçon : bravei garçons.
2. -eis (pronounced [ejz] or [iz]) before a vowel, cf.:
granda illa : grandeis illas,
brave amic : braveis amics.

Note that when the adjective follows the noun, it forms plural according
to the general rule, cf.:

femna granda : emnas grandas,

amic brave : amics braves.

1. A few adjectives and pronouns have an irregular plural in -ei(s), cf.:

o tot : totei(s),
o cèrt : cèrtei(s),
o certan : certanei(s),
o aqueu : aquelei(s),
o eu : elei(s),
o un : unei(s),
 o quauqu'un : quauqueis unei.

The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives

in Rhodanian and Maritime
Provençal

In both dialects, the nouns are invariable.

The qualificative adjectives are invariable when placed after the nouns; when
they are placed in front of the nouns, the plural is formed with -ei / -i (for
Maritime and Rhodanian, respectively) regardless the gender (masculine or
feminine), cf.:

• la brave chato => lei bràvei chato / li bràvi chato,

• la chato bravo => lei chato bravo / li chato bravo.

The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives

in Gascon, Limousin, Auvergnat
General rule: plural is made by adding -s to the words, cf.:

o rota : rotas,
o acte : actes,
o color : colors,
o bòsc : bòscs,
o
o tèxt : tèxts,
o romanch : romanchs,
o malgash : malgashs.
2. The words terminated in singular by -s, -ç, -tz, -x, -z remain unchanged
in plural, cf.:
o precís : precís,
o virus : virus,
o braç : braç,
o crotz : crotz,
o fix : fix,
o merguèz : merguèz (in Limousin merguez : merguez).
In Limousin and Northern Auvergnat the plural mark -s is mute, but it modifies
the pronunciation of the final syllable, cf.:

• rota ['òutO] : rotas ['òutà],

• òme [O'me] : òmes [O'mej], etc.

Some Vivaro-Alpine dialects form plural in the same manner as Limousin and
Auvergnat. Some others are influenced by Provençal, Pieedmontese and
Ligurian.

The Gascon of Val d'Aran forms feminine plural in -es (rota : rotes) and some
masculine plurals in -i (which corresponds to -es in Languedocian, cf. aranés :
aranesi versus Langedocien aranés : araneses).

The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Niçois

dialect

1. General rule: plural is made by adding -s to the words, cf.:

o femna : femnas,
o òme : òmes,
o color : colors,
o bòsc : bòscs,
o tèxt : tèxts,
o fach : fachs.

2. The words terminated in singular by -s, -ç, -tz, -x, -z remain unchanged
in plural, cf.:
o precís : precís,
o virus : virus,
o brèç : brèç,
o crotz : crotz,
o fix : fix,
o merguèz : merguèz.

3. The feminine adjectives in -a form plural in -i, cf.:

o granda frema : grandi fremas,
o frema granda : fremas grandi.

Note that:

[Link], è, u is written -ï to be marked the hiatus, cf.:

famoa : famoï,
 europèa : europèï,
assidua : assiduï;
[Link] finale -ça, -ja, -tja, -ga, -ca give -ci, -gi, -tgi, -gui, -qui, cf.:
fugaça : fugaci,
roja : rogi,
ferotja : ferotgi,
larga : largui,
magica : magiqui.

2. A few masculine adjectives and pronouns form plural in -u or -i, cf.:

[Link] : aquelu,
aquest : aquestu,
eu : elu;
[Link] : toi,
pichon : pichoi.

Adjective (Adjectiu)

As in the other Romance languages (and unlike in English), the adjectives in

Occitan agree in gender and number with the nouns they refer to, cf.:

• dròlle educat educated boy : dròlles educats educated boys;

• dròlla educada educated girl : dròllas educadas educated girls.

Gender of the Adjectives (Genre dels Adjectius)

As a rule, the feminine of the adjective is obtained by adding -a to the
masculine, cf.:

• novèl : novèla new;

• fresc : fresca fresh, cool;
• sord : sorda deaf;
• tardièr : tardièra late.
Adjectives of two forms

Adjectives ending in the masculine by -e or -èu change -e or -u to -a to form

their feminine, cf.:

• nòble : nòbla noble;

• contemporanèu : contemporanèa contemporary.

Adjectives ending in the masculine by a voiceless consonant voice that

consonant before adding -a to form their feminine, cf.:

• pesuc : pesuga heavy

• polit : polida beautiful
• mut : muda dumb
• cortés : cortesa courteous
: mièja half
• mièg

Some adjectives ending in the masculine by -u change that -u to -v before

adding -a to form their feminine, cf.:

• nòu : nòva new;

• suau : suava mild;
• viu : viva alive.

Some adjectives have a suffix for either gender -dor, -doira, -tor, -tritz, cf.:

• volador : voladoira which can fly;

• conductor : conductritz conductive.

Adjectives of one form

Some adjectives have only one form for masculine and feminine. Except for the
adjectives ended by -a, the majority of the other uniform adjectives was
inherited in Occitan from the Latin adjectives of the third declension. They are
no longer productive, and are only to be found in compound substantives, place
names, or isolated adjectives.

Masculine Feminine
• partit comunista organizacion comunista communist
communist party organization
• òme jove young man femna jove young woman
carrièra màger high street
• ostal màger big(ger) house aigardent brandy, spirits
La Parròquial place name
Plural of the Adjectives (Plural dels Adjectius)

Termination Plural Examples

vowel + -s nòble : nòbles ; polida : polidas
consonant + -s grand : grands; volador : voladors
stressed vowel + -es anglés : angleses; gos : gosses dogs; tròç :
tròces pieces

See for more details Plural of the Nouns.

Degree of the Adjectives (Gra dels Adjectius)

Comparative
Formation Examples
Degree
Es mai bèl que Joan.
of Superiority mai (plus) + ADJ + que
He is taller than Juan.
Es tant biaissuda coma sa
of Equality tant + ADJ + coma maire.
She is as quick as her mother.
Soi mens inteligent que tu.
of Inferiority mens + ADJ. + que
I am less inteligent than you.

Superlative
Formation Examples
Degree
sobrebèl very big, very
sobre-, subre- + ADJ.
Absolute Synthectic beautiful
(Literary usage)
subrenaut very high
plan grand very big
plan, fòrça, mai que mai
fòrça mal very bad
Absolute Analytical + ADJ.
mai que mai pèc very stupid
reduplication of the ADJ. pichòt pichòt very small
Aquò es lo mai vièlh
It is the most ancient.
Relative of DEF. ART. + mai (plus) +
Superiority ADJ.
Foguèt la mai biaissuda
She was the most skilful.
Relativo of DEF. ART. + mens + Foguèt la mens biaissuda
Inferiority ADJ. She was the least skilful.
 Irregular Degrees (Comparatius e Superlatius irregulars)

Comparative Superlative
Adjective
Regular Irregular Regular Irregular
bòn good mai bòn melhor plan bon --
mal bad mai mal pièger fòrça mal --
mai grand, mai mai que mai
grand, bèl big màger --
bèl grand
manit little mai manit mendre manit manit mínim (rare)
alt high mai alt superior fòrça alt suprèm (rare)
bas low mai bas inferior plan bas ínfim (rare)

Adverb (Advèrb)

List of Basic Adverbs

Time Place Manner
ara in this moment, now enbàs, aval below, downstairs exprès intentionally, on purpose
antan the last year aicí here, over here, this way naut aloud
passat ièr the day before yesterday ailà thither, there aviat, lèu-lèua fast, quickly, swiftly
abans previously, preferably dedins in atal like this, so, that way, thus
encara yet, still defòra outside bas silently
ièr yesterday aquí there, yonder ben plan well
quand when ailà there gaireben, quasiment almost, nearly
despuèi after ailà there, yonder clar clearly
puèi then abans before coma as, like, such as
ongan this year aicí here rai see note (1)
uèi today amont above, on top, overhead, upstairs plan planet slowly
jamai never près, prèp close, near, nearby dur hard
lèu soon abans ahead, formerly, previously excèpt exceptedly
deman tomorrow dedins inside mal badly
mentre while, whilst darrièr behind, after lèu soon
sempre , totjorn ever ont where fòrt strongly
tard late ennaut above, on top, upstairs rude brutally
d'ora, lèu early en fàcia de in front of tirat, levat with the exception of
pasmens still, yet defòra outside suau calmly
ja already, by now, yet luenh away
See also Derived Adverbs.

Quantity Affirmation Negation

gaire some, not much atal thus jamai never
apenas barely, hardly, only just segur certainly, sure ni neither
pro enough òc, òi yes non no
gairebenalmost tamben also tampauc also not, neither
tant as much (many) de verai really, actually
tròp too, much
pro enough, sufficiently
mai more
mens less
fòrça a lot of, much, ver
pauc little
tant, de tot tant that much

Doubt Exclusion Inclusion

benlèu maybe, perhaps, possibly apenas barely, hardly, (only) just de mai moreover
bensai maybe, perhaps, possibly tirat, levat but, except, save apasmens still, yet
saique maybe, perhaps, possibly titat, levat but fins a till, until
sol only meteis even
tampauc also not tamben also, too

Order Designation Interrogation

après after òu behold! see! there! here! ont? to where?
d'ont? where?
coma? how?
quand, quora? when?
quant? how much (many)
perqué, perdequé? why?

§1. Rai, mainly in aqùo rai or rai d'aquò, can be loosely rendered by "It's OK!"
or "No problem(s)!". It is used in the same way in Catalan: "Això rai!" Go back
to =>

Derived Adverbs
A lot of adverbs are derived regularly from the feminine forms of the adjectives
by adding the suffix -ment (this pattern appeared in the Vulgar Latin), cf.

• clar : clarament
• bèl : belament
• trist : tristament

These adverbs correspond to the English adverbs formed by -ly.

The derived adverbs are of:

• manner (mainly): clarament clearly etc.;

• affirmation: efectivament effectively;
• doubt: possiblament possibly, probablament probably;
• exclusion: exclusivament exclusively, simplament simply, solament
solely, unicament uniquely;
• order: primierament first, ultimament ultimately;
• etc.

Some adverbs are formed from the adjectives by the way of conversion (in
other words their forms coincide with the masculine forms of the adjectives), cf.:

• clar clear adj.; clearly adv.

• dur hard adj.; hard adv.
• lent slow adj.; slowly adv.
 • gaire few adj.; some adv.
• etc.

Degree of the Adverbs (Gra dels Advèrbs)

Comparative Degree (Gra Comparatiu)

Comparative
Normal
Superiority Equality Inferiority
tristament mai tristament que tant tristament coma mens tristament que
rapidament mai rapidament que tant rapidament coma mens rapidament que
ben,plan melhor (mai bon) tant ben mens ben
mal piéger (mai mal) tant mal mens mal
fòrça mai - -
pauc mens - -

Superlative Degree (Gra Superlatiu)

Superlative
Normal Absolute Relative
Synthetic Analytic Superiority Inferiority
fòrça, plan
tristament tristament lo mai tristament lo mens tristament
tristament
fòrça, plan
rapidament rapidament lo mai rapidament lo mens rapidament
rapidament
ben, plan - fòrça, plan bon - -
mal - fòrça, plan mal - -
fòrça - - lo mai -
pauc - - lo mens -

Adverbials (Locucions adverbialas)

Time Place Manner
d'ara endavant a l'ostal home a palpas, a òrbas blindly
hereafter a drecha , a man a cavalhons piggyback
de vèspre tonight drecha to the right a tustas e a bustas disorderly
de davant beforehand a esquèrra, a man d'escondons secretely
de jorn in the day esquèrra to the left a pès junts stubbornly
de lanuèch al matin debàs downstairs a tòrt e a travèrs disorderly
overnight d'ara endavant d'amagat silently,
de tantòst afternoon, henceforward dins l'escuresina in the dark
p.m de cap a fons downwar a la galaupada in full speed
de matin since the a la bobosa disorderly
morni d'ont from here, from a la moda modish
de nuèch at night where al contrari just the opposite
de còps, de fes endedins de within, de grat of good will
sometime inside, indoors sul còp suddenly, fast
fin finala at last, finally endacòm somewhere de ressabuda, offhand
a l'ostal at home per bona espècia intentionally
passat ièr the day ont que siá anywhere de mal esquiç unwillingly
after tomorrow en luòc nowhere de racacòr unwillingly
per ara presently endacòm mai aviat fast
per campèstre elsewhere sul pic suddenly
overland per tot everywhere subte, subran suddenly
per aquí this way de badas in vain
en luòc no where en general in total, in general
Quantity Affirmation / Negation por malastre unfortunately
a pus près aproximately
per lo mens at least a de bon sure subre tot above all, especially
per lo mai at most de segur sure
de fòrça of much de verai sure
de pauc of some segur of course
de tot of all ben segur of course
gaire mai (de) d'acòrdi in agreement
aproximately de segur certainly, sure

d'efièch de facto, in fact

res a faire in no way

de verdad verily, really
en correcto estado OK

d'efièch in effect
segurament certainly
als uèlhs vesents
apparently
de segur of course
sens dobte
undoubtedly
 Determiners (Determinants)

Articles (Articles)

Definite Article
Indefinite
Basic Contracted Forms
Article
Forms a de per sus
m un lo (l') al del pel sul
Singular
f una la (l') - - - -
m de (d') los als dels pels suls
Plural
f de (d') las - - - -

The apostrophized forms d' and l' are used in front of words beginning with a vowel.

The form de is the true undefinite form for plural; unes, unas rather mean some, a few. For
example:

• Fau de còcas. I am cooking cakes.

Fau unas còcas. I am cooking a few cakes.

Dialect variations

Gascon has slightly different forms for the indefinite articles:

• un, ua [y ], ø, ø.

The forms of the definite articles are more diversified:

• In the area between Toulouse, Foix e Carcassonne, the masculine forms are le, les.
These should not be regarded as French influences, since they occur in documents
previous to the French presence in this area. They should rather be seen as the
evolution of Latin demonstrative ille => le, whereas the evolution has been illum => lo
elsewhere.
• In some Pyreneans valleys (Coseran, Comenges and Bigorre), the forms are quite
different:
eth, era; eths, eras.
• In the northern areas, la, las may be sounded [l , l s], along with the general trend to
turn non-stressed [a] into [ ] in this area.
 Possessive Adjectives (Adjectius Possesius)

One owner Many owners

Person
singular plural singular plural
masculine mon nòstre nòstres
1st
feminine mas nòstra nòstras
masculine ton tos vòstre vòstres
2nd
feminine ta tas vòstra vòstras
masculine son sos
3rd lor lors
feminine sa sas

Dialect variations

Possessives in Maritime: Possessives in Rhodanian:

• moun (ma, mèi) • moun (ma, mi)

• toun (ta, tèi) • toun (ta, ti)
• soun (sa, sèi) • soun (sa, si)
• noueste (nouesto, nouesti) • noste (nosto, nosti)
• voueste (vouesto, vouesti) • voste (vosto, vosti)

• soun (sa, sèi) • soun (sa, si)

Demonstrative Adjectives (Adjectius Demonstratius)

Indeterminate
Short Distance Long distance
distance
m Aiceste / Aqueste -- Aquel
Sg. f Aicesta / Aquesta -- Aquela
n Eiçò / Aiçò Ço Aquò (Aco) / Ailò
m Aicestes / Aquestes -- Aqueles
Pl. f Aicestas / Aquestas -- Aquelas
n =Sg. =Sg. =Sg.

The following variations also occur in the speech.

• aquest (aquesto, aquésti);

 • aquéu (aquelo, aquélei / aquéli).

Interrogative Adjectives (Adjectius Interrogatius)

Variable
Singular Plural Invariable
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
quant? how
quanta? quants? quantas? qui? que? qual?
much?
quin? who? what?
qual? quala? what? which ? quales? qualas?

Exclamatives
Qual, quin, quant what a, what, can be either adjectives or pronouns, and agree with number
and gender:

• quant (polit) animal! what a (beautiful) animal!

quantas nécias! what foolish women!

Que (de) ... so much ..., so many ... !

• que de mond! so many people!

que d'aiga! so much water!

Indefinite Adjectives (Adjectius Indefinits)

Variable
Singular Plural Invariable
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
autre other autra autres autras un pauc de
unes some, a little
un one una unas
few
gaire few, little
cadun, every one, each
caduna -- --
one
pro enough
mantun several mantuna mantuns mantunas
qualque (quauque) some, a few qualques (quauques) fòrça, plan (de)
tant (tan) as much tanta tant, tantes tant, tantas many, much

tot all, the whole... tota totes every totas cada every, each
Negative Adjectives (Adjectius Negatius)

Variable
Singular Plural Invariable
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
cap (de), ges (de)
degun nobody deguna -- --
no, none

Pronouns (Pronoms)

Personal and Reflexive Pronouns (Pronoms Personals e Reflexius)

Indirect Object
Num- Direct
Person Subject
ber Object
without preposition with preposition

1st mf ièu I me (m') me me to me a ièu to me

2nd mf tu you te (t') you te to you a tu to you

m el he lo (l') him a el to him

Sg.
f ela she la (l') her li / to him, to her a ela to her
3rd
n el it o it a el to it

se
reflex. -- se to him/her/itself a el to him/herself
him/her/itself

m nosautres / nos we
a nosautres (as) to
1st nos us nos to us
us
f nosautras / nos we

vosautres / vos
m
you
a vosautres (as) to
2nd vos you vos to you
you
Pl. vosautras / vos
f
you

m eles they los them a eles to them

li / lor to them
3rd f elas they las them a elas to them

reflex. -- se themselves se themselves a se to themselves

...
Note: nos and vos, 1st and second person plural subject forms, are polite forms only.
...

Possessive Pronouns (Pronoms Possessius)

One owner Many owners

Singular Plural Singular Plural

m lo mieu los mieus lo nòstre los nòstres

1st person f la miá / mieuna las miás / mieunas la nòstra las nòstras

n çò mieu -- çò nòstre --

m lo tieu los tieus lo vòstre los vòstres

2nd person f la tiá / tieuna las tiás / tieunas la vòstra las vòstras

n çò tieu -- çò vòstre --

m lo sieu los sieus lo lor, lo sieu los lors, los sieus

3rd person f la siá / sieuna las siás / sieunas la lor, la sieuna las lors, las sieunas

n çò sieu -- çò lor / çò sieu --

...
These forms can also be adjectives, for insistance: lo mieu paire my father.
...

Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronoms Demonstratius)

Variable Invariable

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

(Neuter)
 aiceste this aicesta aicestes aicestas aiçò this

aqueste this / that aquesta aquestes aquestas

aquel that aquela aqueles aquelas

lo de... (1) the one

la de los de las de
of...

aquò this,
l'autre the other l'autra los autres las autras that

aquò that
...
§1. Aquel can es lo de mon paire. That dog is my father's (that of my father): the
definite article has retained its original demonstrative value.
...

Relative Pronouns (Pronoms Relatius)

Variable

Singular Plural Invariable

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

lo que (he)who la que los que las que

que who , whom
lo qual (he)who la quala los quales las qualas
qui who, whom
dont, que whose dont, que dont, que dont, que

...

Interrogative Pronouns (Pronoms Interrogatius)

Variable

Singular Plural Invariable

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

 qui, qual ? who? qui, qual ?

(de) qué? what? (de) qué?

que? who? what?
quant? how much /
quanta? quantes? quantas?
many?

...

Indefinite Pronouns (Pronoms Indefinits)

Variable

Singular Plural Invariable

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

qualques uns qualques unas

qualqu'un (quauqu'un) qualqu'una (quauques uns)
somebody (quauqu'una) (quauques
some, few unas)

tot all tota totes totas

tant as much tanta tantes tantas òm someone

un (some)one, everyone una unes unas quicòm something

cadun (some)one,
caduna -- --
everyone

qual que siá whoever qual que sián

que que siá whatever que que sián

...

Negative Pronouns (Pronoms Negatius)

Invariable

Persons Things

degun nobody res nothing

Pronominal adverbs
...
...
Occitan uses the adverbs en and i in pronominal functions. This phenomenon
occurs in many other contemporary Romance languages.
NOTE: In Occitan grammars en and i are usually referred adverbial pronouns.

...
The pronominal adverb en

It has four distinct forms:

• full: ne
• reduced: ’n
• reinforced: en
• elided (before vowels or h-): n’.

The pronominal adverb en has two main functions:

• replacing direct object of a verb (the direct object must not be preceded
by a determiner):
As comprat de lach? Have you bought milk?
N'as comprat? Have you bought (of) it [milk]?

• replacing a phrase introduced by the preposition de:

Ara que és morta, òm parla ben de la Carme. Since she’s dead,
everyone speaks well about Carmen.
Ara que ess morta, òm ne parla ben. Since she’s dead, everyone speaks
well [about her].

...

The pronominal adverb i

The pronominal adverb i (fromthe Latin ibi here) is a location adverb:

• I vau. I go there.

In the spoken language, it can replace the pronoun li:

• O li dirai. I'll tell it to him. => O i dirai.

...
Idiomatic uses

The pronominal adverbs en and i may occur also in many idiomatic

expressions:

• Me’n vau. I’m leaving.

 • I a un dròlle aquí. There is a boy here.

Numerals(Numerals)
Numerals
Cardinal Ordinal Multiplicative (1) Fractions (2)
(Arabic)
1 un, una primièr, primièra simple --
2 dos,doas segond, a doble mitat
3 tres tèrç, a (tresen, a) triple tèrç
4 quatre quart, a (quatren, a) quadruple quart
5 cinc quint, a (cinquen, a) quintuple cinquen
6 sièis seisen, a sextuple seisen
7 sèt seten, a septuple seten
8 uèch (uéit, uòch) ochen, a (oiten, a) octuple ochen
9 nòu noven, a nonuple noven
10 dètz desen, a decuple desen
11 onze onzen, a . .
12 dotze dotzen, a etc. . .
13 tretze . . .
14 quatorze . . .
15 quinze . . .
16 setze . . .
17 dètz-e-sèt . . .
18 dètz-e-uèch . . .
19 dètz-e-nòu detz-e-noven, a . .
20 vint vinten, a etc. . vinten
21 vint-e un . . vint-e-unen
30 trenta . . trenten etc.
31 trenta un . . .
40 quaranta . . .
50 cinquanta . . .
60 seissanta . . .
70 setanta . . .
80 ochanta, oitanten . . .
90 nonanta . . .
100 cent centen, a centuple centen etc.
101 cent un . . .
200 dos cents . . .
300 tres cents . . .
 400 quatre cents . . .
500 cinc cents . . .
600 sièis cents . . .
700 sèt cents . . .
800 uèch cents . . .
900 nòu cents . . .
1000 mila, mil milen . .
10 000 dètz mila . . .
100 000 cent mila . . .
1 000 000 un milion milionen . .
1 000 000 000 un miliard miliarden . .
...

Verb (Verb)

The Occitan verbs fall in three conjugational pattern discerned by the endings of
the present infinitive.

I conjugation: II conjugation: III conjugation:

-ar -ir -re, , -er, -r
amar to love dormir to sleep batre to beat
comprar to buy sentir to hear tèner to hold
hablar to speak pedir to ask far (faire) to do, make
passar to go, pass finir to finish dever (deure) must

There is a wide variety of compound tenses. The one most used is the present
perfect, constructed with the auxialiaries èstre (èsser) or aver and the past
participle. As a general rule, transitive verbs have aver as an auxilliary verb,
whereas untransitive and pronominal verbs have èstre. Unlike French and
Catalan, èstre is its own auxilliary: soi estat versus French j'ai été and Catalan
he estat.

Another particularity of Occitan conjugation is the use of surcompound tenses to

indicate that an action was done at least once in the past, at an
indeterminate time, yet which left an impact in the mind of the speaker:

• Aquel òme, l'ai agut vist dins la carrièra.

I happened to see him that man in the street. => I think I could
recognize him.
• D'estruci, n'ai agut manjat.
I've had the opportunity to eat ostrich-meat. => I know what it tastes
like.

As in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, and contrary to French, the subjonctive

imperfect is still a living tense: it is widelly and commonly used.

Auxiliary verbs
Aver
The verb aver to have has retained its semantic usage and is (with èsser) an
auxiliary for constructing compound tenses, cf.:

• Ai acabat. I have finished.

It is also used in a fundamental construction i aver there is, there are, cf.:

• I a tres dròllas que nos agachan

There are three girls looking at us.
• Se venon pas, ii aurà (de) problèmas.
If they don’t show up, there will be problems.

...

Téner (Tenir)
The verb téner to hold may be used as an auxiliary in the periphrastic
construction téner de + past participle with the meaning of continuity, cf.:

• Ten sas fenèstras de barradas. He keeps his windows shut.

...

Èsser (Èstre)
The verb èsser to be has various functions:

• it links a noun or noun group to a predicative, i.e., a word group

indicating a quality, state or condition, cf.:
o Aquestes persècs son los melhors que ai manjat.
These peaches are the best ones I have eaten.
• it is used as an auxiliary for constructing the compound tenses of the
intransitive verbs, cf.:
o Soi anat a Marsilha.
I have gone to Marseilles.
• it forms the passive voice of the transitive verbs, cf.:
o El rei es aimat per son pòble.
The king is loved by his people.
• it is used in the periphrastic construction èsser per + infinitive, which
indicates an action in the future, cf.:
o Es pas per morir. Non está pra morrer
He is not going to die.
• it is used also in the construction èsser a + infinitive to denote an action
in progress, cf.:
o Èra a se passejar. Estava a passear
He (she) was taking a walk.

Aver
• Meaning: to have.
• Origin: L. habeo, habui, habitus, habêre (2) to have.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. haver to have, F. avoir to have, It. avere to have,
Port. haver to have, Sp. haber to have, Ven. aver to have.

Present Imperfect Past Simple

Indicative Indicative Indicative
ai aviái aguèri
as aviás aguères
a aviá aguèt
avem aviam aguèrem
avètz aviatz aguèretz
an avián aguèron
Future Imperfect Present
Indicative Conditional Imperative
aurai auriái --
auràs auriás aja
aura auriá --
aurem auriam ajam
auretz auriatz ajatz
auràn aurián --
 Present Imperfect Past Passive
Subjunctive Subjunctive Participle
aja aguèsse agut, aguda
ajas aguèsses
aja aguèsse Present Active
ajam aguèssem Participle
ajatz aguèssetz avent
ajan aguèsson
 Tener (Tenir)
• Meaning: to hold.
• Origin: L. teneo, tenui, tentus, tenêre (2) to hold, have.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. tenir to hold, F. tenir to hold, It. tenere to hold, Port.
ter to have, possess, Sp. tener to have, possess, Ven. tegner to hold, to
resist.

Present Future Imperfect Past Simple

Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
teni tendrai teniái tenguèri
tenes tendràs teniás tenguères
ten tendrà teniá tenguèt
tenèm tendrem teniam tenguèrem
tenètz tendretz teniatz tenguèretz
tenon tendran tenián tenguèron
Present Imperfect Present
Gerund
Subjunctive Subjunctive Imperative
que tenguèssi tenent
--
que tenga que tenguèsses ...
ten! (tengas
que tengas que tenguèsse Past
pas!)
que tenga que tenguèssem Participle
--
que tenguem
tenguem! tengut,
que tenguetz que tenguèssetz
tenguetz! tenguda
que tengan
-- ...
que tenguesson

Èsser (Èstre)
• Meaning: to be.
• Origin: VL. essere from L. sum, fui, futurus, esse (3) to be. See the
conjugation of the verb.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. ésser (ser) to be, F. être to be, It. essere to be,
Port. ser to be, Sp. ser to be, Ven. èser to be.
 •

Present Imperfect Past Simple

Indicative Indicative Indicative
soi èri foguèri
ès (sès) èras foguères
es èra foguèt
sèm èrem foguèrem
sètz èretz foguèretz
son èran foguèron
Future Imperfect Present
Indicative Conditional Imperative
serai seriái --
seràs seriás siá
serà seriá --
serem seriam siam
seretz seriatz siatz
seràn serián --
Present Imperfect Past Passive
Subjunctive Subjunctive Participle
siá foguèsse estat, estada
siás foguèsses ...
siá foguèsse Present Active
siam foguèssem Participle
siatz foguèssetz essent
sián foguèsson ...

Verbal Tenses in Occitan

Compound tenses (Tempses

Simple tenses (Tempses simples)
compausats)

Non-Finite Verbal Forms Non-Finite Verbal Forms

• Present Infinitive (Present de Infinitiu) • Compound Infinitive (Infinitiu

• Present Active Participle (Participi Compausat)
Present)
• The Gerund (Gerondiu) • Compound Gerund (Gerondiu
Compausat)
• Past Passive Participle (Participi
passat)
Finite Verbal Forms Finite Verbal Forms

• Present Indicative (Present de • Present Perfect Ind. (Passat Compausat

Indicatiu) de Indicatiu)
• Future Indicative (Futur de Indicatiu) • Future in the Past Ind (Futur Anterior de
• Imperfect Indicative (Imperfach de Indicatiu)
Indicatiu) • Pluperfect Indicative (Plus que Perfach de
• Past Simple Indicative (Preterit de Indicatiu)
Indicatiu)
• Past Perfect Ind. (Preterit Compausat de
• Present Subjunctive (Present de
Indicatiu)
Subjonctiu)
• Imperfect Subjunctive (Imperfect de • Perfect Subjunctive (Passat de
Subjonctiu) Subjonctiu)
• Imperfect Conditional (Condicional • Pluperfect Subjunctive (Plus que Perfach
Present) de Subjonctiu)

• Present Imperative (Present de • Perfect Conditional (Condicional Passat)

Imperatiu)

Simple Tenses (Tempses Simples)

Non-Finite Verbal Form (Formas Impersonalas)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
The Present amar dormir sentir batre
Infinitive to love to sleep to feel to beat
The Present
Active Participle amant dormint sentent batent
The Gerund loving sleeping feeling beating
(Gerondiu)
The Past Passive amat dormit sentit batut
Participle loved slept felt beaten
Finite Verbal Forms (Formas Personalas)

Present Indicative (Present de Indicatiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. ami dormissi senti bati
2. amas dormisses sentes bates
3. ama dormís sent bat
Pl. 1. amam dormissèm sentèm batèm
2. amatz dormissètz sentètz batètz
3. aman dormisson senton baton

Future Indicative (Futur de Indicatiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. amarai dormirai sentirai batrai
2. amaràs dormiràs sentiràs batràs
3. amarà dormirà sentirà batrà
Pl. 1. amarem dormirem sentirem batrem
2. amaretz dormiretz sentiretz batretz
3. amaràn dormiràn sentiràn batràn

Imperfect Indicative (Imperfach de Indicatiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. amavi dormissiái sentiái batiái
2. amavas dormissiás sentiás batiás
3. amava dormissiá sentiá batiá
Pl. 1. amàvem dormissiam sentiam batiam
2. amàvetz dormissiatz sentiatz batiatz
3. amavan dormissián sentián batián
Past Simple Indicative (Preterit de Indicatiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. amèri dormiguèri sentiguèri batèri
2. amères dormiguères sentiguères batères
3. amèt dormiguèt sentiguèt batèt
Pl. 1. amèrem dormiguèrem sentiguèrem batèrem
2. amèretz dormiguèretz sentiguèretz batèretz
3. amèron dormiguèron sentiguèron batèron

Present Subjunctive (Present de Subjonctiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. (que) ame (que) dormisca (que) senta (que) bata
2. (que) ames (que) dormiscas (que) sentas (que) batas
3. (que) ame (que) dormisca (que) senta (que) bata
Pl. 1. (que) amem (que) dormiscam (que) sentam (que) batam
2. (que) ametz (que) dormiscatz (que) sentatz (que) batatz
3. (que) amen (que) dormiscan (que) sentan (que) batan

Imperfect Subjunctive (Imperfach de Subjonctiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. (que) amèsse (que) dormiguèsse (que) sentiguèsse (que) batèsse
2. (que) amèsses (que) dormiguèsses (que) sentiguèsses (que) batèsses
3. (que) amèsse (que) dormiguèsse (que) sentiguèsse (que) batèsse
Pl. 1. (que) amèssem (que) dormiguèssem (que) sentiguèssem (que) batèssem
2. (que) amèssetz (que) dormiguèssetz (que) sentiguèssetz (que) batèssetz
3. (que) amèsson (que) dormiguèsson (que) sentiguèsson (que) batèsson

Imperfect Conditional (Condicional Present)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. amariái dormiriái sentiriái batriái
2. amariás dormiriás sentiriás batriás
3. amariá dormiriá sentiriá batriá
Pl. 1. amariam dormiriam sentiriam batriam
2. amariatz dormiriatz sentiriatz batriatz
3. amarián dormirián sentirián batrián
Present Imperative (Present de Imperatiu)

_ I group II group III group

with suffix w/o suffix
Sg. 1. -- -- -- --
2. ama dormís sent bat
3. -- -- -- --
Pl. 1. amem dormiscam sentiam batam
2. amatz dormissètz sentètz batètz
3. -- -- -- --

Compound Tenses (Tempses Compausats)

The compound tenses are formed with the auxiliary aver and the past passive participle; the
participle remains invariable.

A few intransitive verbs (as anar, morir, nàisser, venir etc.) are conjugated with èsser (èstre),
like in French and Italian; the participle in this case do agree with the subject in gender and
number.

The reflexive verbs, however, are conjugated in the compound tenses with aver.

List of the Compound Tenses Amar Anar

Non-Finite Verbal Forms
Compound Infinitive (Infinitiu Compausat) aver amat èsser anat
Compound Gerund (Gerondiu Compausat) avent amat èssent anat

Finite Verbal Forms

Past Compound Indicative Sg. 1. ai amat soi anat
(Passat Compausat de Indicatiu) 2. as amat ès (sès) anat
3. a amat es anat
Pl. 1. avem amat sèm anats
2. avètz amat sètz anats
3. an amat son anats
Future in the Past Indicative Sg. 1. aurai amat serai anat
(Futur Anterior de Indicatiu) 2. auràs amat seràs anat
3. aura amat serà anat
Pl. 1. aurem amat serem anats
2. auretz amat seretz anats
3. auràn amat seràn anats
Pluperfect Indicative Sg. 1. aviái amat èri anat
(Plus que Perfach de Indicatiu) 2. aviás amat èras anat
3. aviá amat èra anat
Pl. 1. aviam amat èrem anats
2. aviatz amat èretz anats
3. avián amat èran anats
Past Perfect Indicative Sg. 1. aguèri amat foguèri anat
(Preterit Compausat de Indicatiu) 2. aguères amat foguères anat
3. aguèt amat foguèt anat
Pl. 1. aguèrem amat foguèrem anats
2. aguèretz amat foguèretz anats
3. aguèron amat foguèron anats
Perfect Subjunctive Sg. 1. que aja amat que siá anat
(Passat de Subjonctiu) 2. que ajas amat que siás anat
3. que aja amat que siá anat
Pl. 1. que ajam amat que siam anats
2. que ajatz amat que siatz anats
3. que ajan amat que sián anats
Pluperfect Subjunctive Sg. 1. que aguèsse amat que foguèsse anat
(Plus que Perfach de Subjonctiu) 2. que aguèsses amat que foguèsses anat
3. que aguèsse amat que foguèsse anat
Pl. 1. que aguèssem amat que foguèssem anats
2. que aguèssetz amat que foguèssetz anats
3. que aguèsson amat que foguèsson anats
Perfect Conditional Sg. 1. auriái amat seriái anat
(Condicional Passat) 2. auriás amat seriás anat
3. auriá amat seriá anat
Pl. 1. auriam amat seriam anats
2. auriatz amat seriatz anats
3. aurián amat serián anats

Reflexive Verb

Note that the reflexive verbs are normally conjugated in the compound tenses
with the auxiliary aver.
...

Verb beginning with consonant se levar to get up

Simple Compound Simple Compound
Imperative Imperative
tense tense tense tense
me lèvi --
te lèvas lèva-te
se lèva --
nos levam levem-nos
vos levatz levatz-vos
se levan --
 Infinitive Gerund Past Participle Infinitive Gerund Past Participle

se levar
...
The reflexive forms are: me, te, se, nos, vos, se. In front of a vowel they
become m', t', s', nos,vos, s'.

Irregular Verbs

Anar
• Meaning: to go.
• Origin: unknown, maybe ad + nadar to swim towards.
• Cognate verbs: Ast. andar to go, Cat. anar to go, It. andare to go, Port.
andar to go, Sp. andar to go, Ven. ndar (nar) to go.

Present Future Present Present

Indicative Indicative Subjunctive Imperative
vau anarai que ane --
vas anaràs que anes vai!
va anarà que ane que ane!
anam anarem que anem anem!
anatz anaretz que anetz anetz!
van anaran que anen que anen!

Venir
• Meaning: to come.
• Origin: L. venio, vêni, ventum, venîre (4) to come.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. venir to come, F. venir to come, It. venire to come,
Port. vir to come, Sp. venir to come, Ven. vegner to come, to become.

Present Future Imperfect Past Simple

Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
veni vendrai veniái venguèri
venes vendràs veniáis venguères
ven vendrà veniá venguèt
venèm vendrem veniam venguèrem
venètz vendretz veniatz venguèretz
venon vendran venián venguèron
 Present Imperfect Present
Gerund
Subjunctive Subjunctive Imperative
que venguèssi venent
--
que venga que venguèsses ...
vèni! (vengas
que vengas que venguèsse Past Participle
pas!)
que venga que venguèssem
--
que vengam vengut,
vengam!
que vengatz que venguèssetz venguda
vengatz!
que vengan ...
vingan!
que venguesson

Caler [ka'le]
• Meaning: it is necessary that.
• Origin: L. caleo, calui, calîtus, calere (3) to be warm.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. caldre it is necessary that, Sp. caldear to enliven.

Present Future Imperfect Past Simple

Indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
cal calrà caliá calguèt
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
-- -- -- --
Present Imperfect Present
Gerund
Subjunctive Subjunctive Imperative
-- -- -- calent
-- -- -- ...
que calga que calguèsse -- Past
-- -- -- Participle
-- -- -- calgut
-- -- -- ...

Faire (Far)
• Meaning: to do, make.
• Origin: L. facio, fêci, factus, facere (3) to do, make.
• Cognate verbs: Cat. far to do, make, F. faire to do, make, It. fare to do,
make, Port. fazer to do, make, Sp. hacer to do, make, Ven. far to do.

Present Future Imperfect Past Simple

 indicative Indicative Indicative Indicative
fau farai fasiái faguèri
fas faràs fasiás faguères
fa farà fasiá faguèt
fasèm farem fasiam faguèrem
fasètz faretz fasiatz faguéretz
fan faran fasián faguèron
Present Imperfect Present
Gerund
Subjunctive Subjunctive Imperative
que faguèssi -- fasent
que faga
que faguèsses fai! (fagas pas!) ...
que fagas
que faguèsse Past Participle
que faga
que faguèssem fagam!
que fagam
fagatz! fach, facha
que fagatz
que faguèssetz -- (fait, faita)
que fagan
que faguèssen --

Present Forms of Other Important

Verbs

anar aver beure caçar caler conéisser creire

to go to have to drink to hunt to be to know to believe
necessary
vau ai bevi caci -- coneissi cresi
vas as beves caças -- coneisses creses
va a beu caça cal coneis crei
anam avèm bevèm caçam -- coneissèm cresèm
anatz avètz bevètz caçatz -- coneissètz cresètz
van an bevon caçan -- coneisson creson

deure dire escriure èstre far metre nàisser

must to say to write to be to do to put to be born
devi disi escrivi soi fau meti naissi
deves dises escrives sès, Ès fas metes naisses
deu ditz escriu ss fa met nais
devetz disetz escrivèm sèm fasèm metèm naissèm
devèm disèm escrivètz sètz fasètz metètz naissètz
devon dison escrivon son fan meton naisson

paréisser ploure poder prene recebre respondre saber

to appear to rain to be able to take to receive to answer to know
 to
pareissi -- pòdi preni recebi respondi sabi
pareisses -- pòdes, pòs prenes recebes respondes sabes
pareis plou pòt prend recep respond sap
pareissèm -- podèm prenètz recebèm respondèm sabetz
pareissètz -- podètz prenèm recebètz respondètz sabèm
pareisson -- pòdon prenon recebon respondon sabon

téner valer veire vendre venir viure voler

to hold to be to see to sell to come to live to want
worth
teni vali vesi vendi veni vivi vòli
tenes vales veses vendes venes vives vòls
ten val vei vend ven viu vòl
tenèm valèm vesèm vendèm venèm vivetz volètz
tenètz valètz vesètz vendètz venètz vivem vòlem
tenon valon veson vendon venon vivon volon

Negation

The basic negation is pas, which follows the verb. Its translation is not (yes is
said òc and no is said non).

• Parli pas. lit. I speak-not. = I don't speak

• An pas parlat. lit. (They) have not spoken. = They haven't spoken.

Pas may be combined with other negative words:

• I vesi pas res. lit. I-see-not-nothing. = I don't see anything.

• Lo tròbi pas enluòc. lit. Him-find-not-nowhere. = I don't find him
anywhere.
• Sortís pas jamai. lit. Goes out-not-never. = He never goes out.
• Degun es pas vengut. lit. Nobody-is-not-come. = Nobody came.
 Prepositions (Preposicions)

a to, toward davant before, in the presence jos below, beneath, under
abans before, in the presence of per for, to, in order to
of de of; from; about segon according to
a cò de + possessive at, to dejós below, beneath, under sens without
al lòc de instead of despuèi from, since sobre over, above; about
amb with detràs behind, after sota below, under, beneath
après after, afterwards dèus towards sus over, above; about
cap towards dins in, inside, within tras behind, after
contra against; in exchange for en cò de + possessive at, to vèrs towards
entre between ...
darrièr behind fins till, until
daus towards

The prepositions a, de, jos, per, sus, have contracted forms with the masculine
definite article el: al, del, jol, pel, sul.

Conjunctions
Coordination Subordination Cause
• adounc • dou tèms que • per ço que
• car • enterin que • perqué
• dounc • quand
• e • quouro • que
• ni
• mai • tre que
• o
• pamens

• que

Selected List of Function words

Occitan English French Spanish
A costat de Near A côté de Al lado de
A mon vejaire In my opinion A mon avis A mi parecer
A pro pena Not easily Non sans peine Difícilmente
Aladonc So, then Alors Entonces
Alara So, then Alors Entonces
Alavetz So, then Alors Entonces
Amb, ambé, amé With Avec Con
Atal Thus, like this Ainsi Así
Baste que Provided that Pourvu que Ojalá
Benlèu Perhaps Peut-être Quizás
Cada Each, every Chaque Cada
Cal It's necessary Il faut Hace falta
Cap No, not any Aucun Ninguno
Cap e tot Totally Tout à fait Totalmente
Çaquelà, pr'aquò However Pourtant, Sin embargo
cependant
Coma As, like Comme Como
Coma cal Properly Comme il faut Como hace falta
Cossn que sib In any case, De toute façon De toda manera
anyway
Cossí? How? Comment ¿Cómo?
D'arrèu Following A la suite Después de
Darrièr Behind Derrière Detrás
Davant In front of Devant Delante
De contunh Non-stop Sans arrêt Sin parar
De còps Often Souvent A menudo
Dejós Below Dessous Abajo
Deman Tomorrow Demain Mañana
Despuèi Since Depuis Desde
Dessús Above Dessus Encima
Dins Into Dans Dentro
D'ora Early Tôt Temprano
En çò de X At X's home Chez X A casa de X
Encara Again Encore Todavía, aún
Endacòm Somewhere Quelque part En algún sitio
Endacòm mai Besides D'ailleurs Por otra parte
Endacòm mai Elsewhere Ailleurs En otro sitio
Entre tot In the main Dans l'ensemble Globalmente
Espèra By dint of waiting A force d'attendre A fuerza de esperar
qu'esperaràs
Far a son sicap To do as one Faire à sa guise Hacer a su gusto
pleases
Fin finala Finally Finalement Finalmente
Fins a As far as, till Jusqu'à Hasta
Gaireben Almost, virtually Presque Casi
Ièr Yesterday Hier Ayer
Jamai Never Jamais Jamás, nunca
Jos Under Sous Bajo
L'èime The (good) sense Le bon sens El buén sentido
Lèu Quick, soon Vite, bientôt Rápido, pronto
Lèu-lèu Quickly Bien vite Rápidamente
Lo biais The way La manière, la La manera
façon
Lo mai The most Le plus Lo más
Lo mens The less, the least Le moins Lo menos
Luènh Far Loin Lejos
M'agrada I like Cela me plaît Me gusta
Mai que mai Above all Surtout Sobretodo
Mai…que More…than Plus…que Más…que
Marrit Bad Mauvais Malo
Mas But Mais Pero
Mas que Provided that Pourvu que Ojalá
Mens…que Less…than Moins…que Menos…que
Meteis, -ssa Same Même Mismo, -a
Mièg, Mièja Half Demi Medio, -a
Ne vòls aquí n'as! More than you En veux-tu en voilà! ¡Más que
hoped esperabas!
Ni mai Neither Ni Ni
Ni pauc ni pro In no way D'aucune façon De ninguna manera
Ont? Where? Où? ¿Dónde?
Pas vertat? Isn't it? (question N'est-ce-pas? ¿No es verdad?
tag)
Pasmens However Pourtant, Sin embargo
cependant
Per astre Fortunately Par chance Por suerte
Per malastre Unfortunately Par malheur Por desgracia
Per subrepés Moreover Par dessus le Por añadidura
marché
Perque Since, because Puisque, parce que Porque, ya que
Perqué? Why? Pourquoi? ¿Por qué?
Plan Well, very Bien, très, Bien, mucho
beaucoup
Prèp Near Près Cerca, próximo
Pro Enough Assez Bastante
Puèi Then Puis Entonces
Qualqu'un Someone Quelqu'un Alguién
Quant? How much/many? Combien? ¿Cuánto?
Que no sai I don't know how Je ne sais combien No sé cuántos
many
Que te sabi? I dunno! Que sais-je? ¿Yo qué sé?
Qué? What? Quoi? ¿Qu??
Quicòm Something Quelque chose Algo
Quicòm atal Something like that Qqch de ce genre Algo as?
Rai What does it matter Peu importe ¡Qué importa!
Ren, res Nothing Rien Nada
S'avisar To be aware of Se rendre compte Darse cuenta
sthg
Segur Sure, certainly Sûr, sûrement Seguramente
Solide Certainly Sûrement Seguramente
Sonque Only Seulement Sólo
Sovent Often Souvent A menudo
Sul pic Immediately Immédiatement Al instante
Sus On Sur Sobre
Tan As Aussi Tanto
Tan…coma As…as Autant…que Tanto…como
Tanben Too Aussi, également También
Tanpauc Neither, not either Non plus Tampoco
Tant val dire One might as well Autant dire Tanto vale decir
say
Totara In a little while Tout à l'heure Luego, más tarde
Totjorn Always Toujours Siempre
Tre que As soon as Dès que En cuanto
Uèi Today Aujourd'hui Hoy
Un pauc A little, some Un peu Un poco
Un tròç de A kind of (pej.) Une espèce de Una especie de
(péj.) (pej.)
 Glossary
encantat / encantada - enchanté(e)
occitan français English

bonjorn bonjour good morning/afternoon

bon ser bonsoir good evening

al reveire au-revoir see you

adieu-siatz adieu goodbye

lo subrenom le surnom nickname

lo prenom le prénom first name

lo nom d'ostal le nom de famille last name, family name

Dòna Madame Miss

Sénher Monsieur Mister

Cossí vas ? Comment vas-tu ? How are you ?

Va plan Ça va bien I am fine

se te/vos plai s'il te/vous plaît please

mercé merci thanks

Soi occitan(a) Je suis occitan(e) I am Occitan

Compreni pas Je ne comprends pas I don't understand

desolat / desolada désolé(e) sorry

 macarèl !
zut !
macanicha !

miladieus ! mille Dieux !

d'acòrdi d'accord I agree, OK

òc oui yes

non non no

tanben aussi also, as well

tanpauc non plus

l'ostal - la maison - house

occitan français English

la bastida la villa de campagne

lo jardin le jardin garden

l'òrt le (jardin) potager vegetable garden

la chiminièra la cheminée chimney

lo teulat le toit roof

lo granièr le grenier attic

lo plafon le plafond ceiling

lo ponde le plancher
floor
lo sòl le sol

la cava la cave basement

lo mur, la paret le mur, la paroi wall

la terrassa la terrasse terrace

lo balcon le balcon balcony

la fenèstra la fenêtre window

la cortina le rideau curtain

la pòrta la porte door

lo verrolh le verrou, la serrure lock

clau clé, clef key

lo corredor le couloir corridor

lo vestibul le hall

l'escalièr l'escalier stairway

l'estatge l'étage storey

lo salon la salle de séjour living-room

la chiminièra la cheminée chimney

lo burèu le bureau desk

la bibliotèca la bibliothèque library

la lampa la lampe lamp

lo lum la lumière light

la ràdio la radio radio

la tèle, television la télévision television

l'ordenador l'ordinateur computer

la cambra la chambre (à coucher) bedroom

lo lièch le lit bed

la taula de nuèch la table de nuit bedside table

lo tapís le tapis carpet

la cosina la cuisine kitchen

lo mòble le meuble furniture

lo vaisselièr le buffet cupboard

la vaisseladoira le lave-vaisselle dish-washer

l'aguièr l'évier sink

lo refrigerador le "frigo, frigidaire" refrigerator

lo forn le four oven

la sala per manjar la salle à manger dining-room

lo sopador

la taula la table table

la cadièra la chaise chair

la grandcadièra, lo cadieral le fauteuil armchair

lo canapè la canapé, divan couch

la sala de banh la salle de bain bathroom

lo miralh le miroir mirror

la banhadoira la baignoire bathtub

la docha la douche shower

lo lavamans, lavabo le lavabo wash-basin

lo bidet le bidet bidet

lo comun, lo "cagador" les toilettes toilet, W.C.

la bugada le linge laundry

la bugadoira le lave-linge washing-machine

lo fèrre d'estirar le fer à repasser iron

l'escoba, la balaja le balai broom

l'esponga l'éponge sponge

lo bordilhièr la poubelle dustbin

lo transpòrt - transport
occitan français English

l'aeropòrt l'aéroport airport

l'avion " airplane

lo pòrt le port port, harbour, haven

lo batèl le bateau boat

la gara la gare train-station

lo tren le train train

lo pargatge "parking" car-park

la rota la route road

l'autopista l'autoroute motorway, highway

la gasolina l'essence gasoline

lo tregin le camion truck, lorry, van

la gara rotièra la gare routière

l'estacion de bus la station de bus bus-station

l'autobús, lo bus l'autobus, le bus bus

l'autocarri, lo carri l'autocar, le car

la veitura la voiture car

las ròdas les roues wheels

la mòto la moto motorcycle

la bicicleta, lo vèlo la bicyclette, le vélo bicycle, "bike"

lo trepador le trottoir pavement, sidewalk

géographie - geography
occitan français English

aicí ici here

aquí là there

ailà là-bas there

amont en haut top

aval en bas bottom

sus / subre sur on

jos / sota sous under

dins dans in

fòra hors out

esquèrra gauche left

drecha droite right

darrièr, detràs derrière behind

davant devant in front of

al mitan, al centre au milieu de, entre between, at center

a costat de à côté de besides

montagnes des Pyrénées

nature
occitan français English
lo campèstre la campagne countryside

la tèrra la terre, le sol earth, soil

la flor la fleur flower

la ròsa la rose rose

l'arbre " tree

la selva la forêt forest

lo pargue le parc park

lo fuòc le feu fire

lo volcan le volcan volcano

la montanha la montagne mountain

la valièra la vallée valley

lo pont le pont bridge

lo lac le lac lake

lo riu la rivière river

le fleuve

la mar la mer sea

la plaja la plage beach

l'arena, lo sable le sable sand

lo formatge
le fromage : cheese

la mangisca
la nourriture - food
occitan français English

lo repais le repas meal

lo dejunar le petit-déjeuner breakfast

lo dinnar le déjeuner lunch

lo sopar le souper, dîner dinner

la sopa la soupe soup

bon apetís ! bon appétit ! good appetite !

occitan français English

 l'escudèla, la sieta l'assiette plate

lo culhièr la cuillère spoon

la forqueta la fourchette fork

lo cotèl le couteau knife

la botelha la bouteille bottle

la garrafa la carafe decanter

lo gòt, veire le verre glass

la tassa la tasse cup

la toalha la nappe tablecloth

lo toalhon la serviette (de table) napkin

la bevenda - la boisson - drink

occitan français English

l'aiga l'eau water

(minerala / gasosa) (minérale / gazeuse)

la cervesa, bièrra la bière beer

lo vin le vin
white / red wine
blanc / rosat / roge blanc / rose / rouge

l'alcòl l'alcool alcohol

l'armanhac l'armagnac Armagnac

lo conhac le cognac Cognac

lo pastís, la pastagà le pastis Pastis

lo chuc de frucha le jus de fruit fruit juice

l'iranjada l'orangeade orange juice

la limonada la limonade lemonade

lo tè le thé tea

la menta la menthe mint

lo chocolat le chocolat chocolate

lo cafè le café coffee

lo lach le lait milk

l'encop yaourt yoghurt

lo burre le beurre butter

lo formatge le fromage cheese

l'òli l'huile oil

lo vinagre le vinaigre vinegar

la mostarda la moutarde mustard

lo pebre le poivre pepper

lo pebrièr la poivrière

la sal le sel salt

la salièra la salière

l'uòu l'œuf egg

la moleta l'omelette omelet

lo fetge gras le foie gras "

lo bolh le bouillon broth

lo bolhabaissa la bouillabaisse "

la brandada de merluça la brandade de morue

le cabillaud cod

lo caçolet le cassoulet "

lo ragost le ragoût "

la ratatolha la ratatouille "

lo pan le pain bread

l'entrepan sandwich sandwich

lo dessèrt - dessert
occitan français English

la còca le gâteau cake

lo pastisson la pâtisserie

lo clafotís le clafoutis apple-pie

la tarta la tarte tart

la tòsta la tartine toast

 lo glacet la crème glacée ice-cream

lo sucre le sucre sugar

lo mèl le miel honey

la confitura la confiture jam

lo còrs - le corps - body

se n'es mancat d'un pel !
il s'en est fallu d'un cheveu !

occitan français English

lo pel le poil, le cheveu hair

la pèl la peau skin

cran le crâne skull

lo cap, la tèsta la tête head

lo front le front forehead

la cara le visage face

las aurelhas les oreilles ears

l'uèlh / los uèlhs l'œil / les yeux eye(s)

lo nas le nez nose

la mostacha la moustache m(o)ustache

la barba la barbe beard

la gauta la joue cheek

la labra la lèvre lip

la boca la bouche mouth

las dents les dents teeth

la lenga la langue tongue

lo menton le menton chin

còl cou neck

la garganta la gorge throat

lo còr le cœur heart

lo sang le sang blood

lo pitre la poitrine chest

lo sen, la popa le sein breast

lo ventre le ventre belly

l'estomac " stomach

lo "cuol" le "cul" (les fesses) "ass" (buttocks)

l'òs / los òsses l'os / les os bone(s)

l'esquina le dos, "l'échine" back, spine

lo braç / los braces le / les bras arm(s)

lo coide le coude elbow

ponh le poing fist

lo ponhet le poignet wrist

la man la main hand

lo det le doigt finger

l'ongla l'ongle nail

la camba la jambe leg

lo genolh le genou knee

la cavilha la cheville ankle

lo pè le pied foot

l'artelh l'orteil toe

occitan français English

lo mètge le médecin, "docteur" doctor

lo farmacian le pharmacien pharmacist

lo "potingaire"

las potingas les médicaments medication

arcolan
arc-en-ciel
rainbow

las colors - les couleurs - colors

occitan français English

negre / negra noir(e) black

marron " brown

gris(a) gris(e) grey, gray

blanc(a) blanc / blanche white

jaune / jauna jaune yellow

ròsa rose pink

iranjat / iranjada orange "

roge / roja rouge red

violet(a) violet / violette purple

blau / blava bleu(e) blue

verd(a) vert(e) green

 lo temps - le temps - time
occitan français English

Quina ora es ?
Quelle heure est-il ? What time is it ?
Quant es d'ora ?

l'ora l'heure hour

la minuta la minute minute

la segonda la seconde second

lo matin le matin
morning
la matinada la matinée

lo jorn le jour
day
la jornada la journée

lo miègjorn le midi
midday
la mièja jornada la mi-journée

lo tantòst
l'après-midi afternoon
la tantossada

lo vèspre
la fin d'après-midi afternoon
la vesprada

lo ser le soir
evening
la serada la soirée

la nuèch
la nuit night
la nuechada

mièjanuèch minuit midnight

ièr hier yesterday

uèi aujourd'hui today

deman demain tomorrow

l'avenidor l'avenir, le futur future

la setmana la semaine week

la dimenjada la fin de semaine week-end

mes le mois month

lo trimèstre le trimestre quarter

la sason la saison season

l'an l'an
year
l'annada l'année

lo cap d'an le premier de l'an

l'anniversari l'anniversaire birthday

Nadal Noël Christmas

Pascas Pâques Pascha, Easter

las vacanças les vacances holidays

lo sègle siècle century

lo calendièr calendrier calendar

 occitan français English

abans avant before

aprèp après after

pronoms - pronouns
occitan français English

ieu je I

tu " you

el il he
ela elle she

nosautres
nous we
nosautras

vosautres
vous you
vosautras

eles ils
they
elas elles

la familha - la famille - family

occitan français English

los grands les grand-parents grandparents

lo grand, papet le grand-père grandfather
la grand, mameta la grand-mère grandmother

los parents les parents parents

lo paire, papà le père, papa father, dad

la maire, mamà la mère, maman mother, mom

lo marit l'époux, le mari husband

la molhèr l'épouse wife

l'òme l'homme man

la femna la femme woman

lo jovent le jeune homme young man

la joventa la jeune femme young woman

l'oncle " uncle

la tanta la tante aunt

la tatà la tatie auntie

lo nebot le neveu nephew

la neboda la nièce niece

lo cosin le cousin cousin

la cosina la cousine

lo dròlle le garçon boy

la dròlla la fille girl

lo filh le fils son

la filha la fille (de) daughter

lo fraire le frère brother

la sòrre la sœur sister

l'enfant " child

 lo nen / la nena
le bébé baby
nenet / neneta

l'amic l'ami
friend
l'amiga l'amie

lo vesin le voisin
neighbour
la vesina la voisine

las gents les gens people

la vila - la ville - city

occitan français English

lo vilatge le village village

lo baloard le boulevard boulevard

l'avenguda l'avenue avenue

la carrièra la rue street

lo centre-vila le centre-ville downtown

la plaça la place square

la Comuna la Mairie city/town Hall

la glèisa l'église church

l'escòla l'école school

l'institutor, lo mèstre d'escòla l'instituteur, le maître d'école
teacher
l'institutritz l'institutrice

l'escolièr l'écolier schoolboy

lo collègi le collège college

lo licèu le lycée lyceum

l'Universitat l'Université University

lo professor
le / la professeur professor
la professora

l'estudiant(a) l'étudiant(e) student

lo libre le livre book

l'ostalariá l'hôtel hotel

lo restaurant le restaurant restaurant

lo manjalèu le restaurant-rapide fast-food

cafè le café, bar coffee-house

la beveta la buvette

lo sirvent le serveur waiter

la sirventa la serveuse waitress

la botiga la boutique shop

le magasin store

lo mercat le marché market

lo mercand le marchand
merchant
la mercanda la marchande
lo vendeire le vendeur salesman
la vendeira la vendeuse saleswoman

la fornariá la boulangerie bakery

lo fornièr le boulanger baker

la pastissariá la pâtisserie pastry shop

lo pastissièr le pâtissier

l'especiariá l'épicerie grocery shop

l'especièr l'épicier grocer

la peissonariá la poissonnerie fish-monger

lo perruquièr le coiffeur hair-dresser

lo musèu musée museum

lo teatre le théâtre theater

lo cine, cinèma le cinéma cinema

la banca la banque bank

lo banquièr le banquier banker

l'argent " money

l'èuro l'euro euro

lo chèc le chèque cheque, check

la carta bancària la carte bancaire credit card

la Polícia la Police Police

la Gendarmariá la Gendarmerie Gendarmery

La Pòsta - La Poste - Post

occitan français English

lo factor le facteur postman, mailman

la factritz la factrice

la carta la carte postale postcard

la letra la lettre letter

l'envolopa l'enveloppe envelope

lo paquet, còlis le paquet, colis parcel

lo sagèl, timbre le timbre (postal) (postage) stamp

l'estilo le stylo pen

la pluma le stylo-plume fountain pen

lo boligraf le stylo à bille ballpoint pen

lo gredon le crayon pencil

lo fuèlh de papièr la feuille de papier sheet of paper

l'adreiça l'adresse address

lo corrièr le courrier mail

lo corric le courriel email

internet " "

l'ordenador l'ordinateur computer

lo telefòn le téléphone phone

lo numèro le numéro de téléphone phone number

l'annuari l'annuaire téléphonique phone directory

l'apèl telefonic l'appel téléphonique phone call

Digatz ! Allô ! Hello !

lo clima - le climat - climate

occitan français English

la luna la lune moon

las estelas les étoiles stars

lo solelh le soleil sun

la lutz la lumière light

l'aire l'air air

lo cèl le ciel sky

las nívols les nuages clouds

la nèbla le brouillard fog

lo vent le vent wind

l'auratge l'orage, la tempête storm

lo tron le tonnerre thunder

lo lamp l'éclair
flash
lo pericle la foudre

l'arcolan l'arc-en-ciel rainbow

la pluèja la pluie rain

parapluèja le parapluie umbrella

lo gèl le gel freezing

la nèu la neige snow

la granissa la grêle hail

occitan English français

caud hot, warm chaud

cold froid
freg
fresh frais
 montreur d'ours (Ariège)

l'animal - animal
occitan français English

lo gat / cat le chat

cat
la gata / cata la chatte

lo can / chin le chien

dog
la canha / china la chienne

l'ase l'âne ass, donkey

lo caval le cheval horse

la cavala la jument mare

lo taure taureau bull

lo buòu le bœuf ox

la vaca la vache cow

lo vedèl le veau calf

lo moton le mouton sheep

l'anhèl l'agneau lamb

la cabra la chèvre she-goat

pòrc porc, cochon pig

lo conilh le lapin rabbit

l'aucèl l'oiseau bird

lo galinet le coq rooster, cock

la galineta la poule hen

la mandra la renarde fox

lo lop le loup wolf

l'ors / orsa l'ours / ourse bear

occitan français English

lo peis le poisson fish

la trocha la truite trout

l'ustra l'huitre oyster

lo muscle la moule mould

l'aurelha de la coquille
scallop shell
sant-Jacme saint-Jacques
 la frucha - fruit
occitan français English

la poma la pomme apple

la pera la poire pear

la persega la pêche peach

l'albricòt l'abricot apricot

l'irange l'orange orange

lo limon le citron lemon

l'uva le raisin grapes

la cerièra la cerise cherry

la majofa la fraise strawberry

la fragosta la framboise raspberry

lo melon le melon melon

 la pastèca la pastèque water-melon

"mongetat" : plat de haricots

lo legum - légume - vegetable

occitan français English

l'alh l'ail garlic

la ceba l'oignon onion

lo jolverd le persil parsley

lo pisto le pistou (basilic) basil

l'api le céleri celery

la carchòfa l'artichaut artichoke

lo pòrre le poireau leek

l'esparga l'asperge asparagus

la pastenaga la carotte carrot

lo rafe (negre) le radis (noir) radish

lo camparòl le champignon mushroom

l'ensalada la salade salad

 la laitue lettuce

la cogordeta la courgette zucchini

la merinjana l'aubergine eggplant

lo pebron le poivron bell pepper

los peses les petits pois peas

la mongeta le haricot bean

la patana la pomme de terre potato

la "patate"

la tomata la tomate tomato

l'oliva l'olive olive

(verda / negra) (verte / noire)

paire de sabots (à Bethmale)

 lo vestit
le vêtement - clothes
L'as pagat lo capèl ?
Tu l'as payé le chapeau ?
occitan français English

lo capèl le chapeau hat

lo bonet le bonnet bonnet

las lunetas lunettes glasses

lo mantèl le manteau coat

l'eissarpa l'écharpe scarf

la carbata la cravate (neck)tie

lo tricòt le tricot, "pull" pullover

la camisa la chemise shirt

la camiseta le "Tee-shirt" T-shirt

la cencha la ceinture belt

las bragas le pantalon pants, trousers

lo shòrt le "short" shorts

la rauba la robe dress

la gipa la jupe skirt

sac sac bag

la culòta la culotte
briefs
l'eslip le slip
las caucetas les chaussettes socks

las cauçaduras les chaussures shoes

las bòtas les bottes boots

la petanca : la pétanque

l'espòrt - sport
occitan français English

lo rugbi le rugby rugby

lo balon le ballon, la balle ball

lo fotbòl le football football

l'estadi le stade stadium

lo tenis le tennis tennis

la piscina la piscine swimming-pool

 occitan français English

pescar pêcher fishing

caçar chasser hunting

la corrida " bull-fighting

lo jòc - le jeu - game

occitan français English

las quilhas les quilles bowling

las bòchas les boules

lo nombre - le nombre - number

occitan français English

0 zèro zéro zero

1 un, una un, une one

2 dos deux two

 3 tres trois three

4 quatre " four

5 cinc cinq five

6 sièis six "

7 sèt sept seven

8 uèch huit eight

9 nòu neuf nine

10 dètz dix ten

100 cent cent hundred

200 dos cents

1 000 mila mille thousand

2 000 dos mila

los jorns de la setmana

les jours de la semaine - days of the week
occitan français English

diluns lundi Monday

dimars mardi Tuesday

dimècres mercredi Wednesday

dijòus jeudi Thursday

divendres vendredi Friday

dissabte samedi Saturday

dimenge dimanche Sunday

mes - mois - month

occitan français English

genièr janvier January

febrièr février February

març mars March

abril avril April

mai " May

junh juin June

julh juillet July

agost août August

setembre septembre September

octobre octòbre October

novembre " November

decembre décembre December

 las sasons
les saisons - seasons
occitan français English

la prima le printemps spring

l'estiu l'été summer

l'automne " autumn

l'ivèrn l'hiver winter

question ?
occitan français English

Qui ? Qual ? Qui ? Who ?

Quin(es) ? Quel(s) ?
Which ?
Quina(s) ? Quelle(s) ?

Qu'es aquò ? Qu'est-ce ? What is this ?

Que ? Que ? What ?

Qué ? Quoi ? What ?

Perqué ? Pourquoi ? Why ?

Perque ... Parce-que ... Because ...

Cossí ? Comment ? How ?

Quant ? Combien ? How much ?

Quora ? Quand ? When ?

Quand ... Quand ... When ...
Ont ? Où ? Where ?