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AP Chem Chapter2 Study Guide

The AP Chemistry Study Guide for Chapter 2 covers early atomic theory, including Dalton's and the contributions of Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford, and Chadwick. It explains atomic structure, chemical formulas, the periodic table, and the distinction between ionic and molecular compounds, along with chemical nomenclature. Learning objectives and practice problems are included to reinforce understanding of atomic theory and compound naming.

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124 views2 pages

AP Chem Chapter2 Study Guide

The AP Chemistry Study Guide for Chapter 2 covers early atomic theory, including Dalton's and the contributions of Thomson, Millikan, Rutherford, and Chadwick. It explains atomic structure, chemical formulas, the periodic table, and the distinction between ionic and molecular compounds, along with chemical nomenclature. Learning objectives and practice problems are included to reinforce understanding of atomic theory and compound naming.

Uploaded by

Alaa Azzam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

AP Chemistry Study Guide – Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.1 Early Atomic Theory


- Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Elements are made of atoms, identical for each element, and
rearranged in reactions.

2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory


- Thomson: Electron discovery.
- Millikan: Electron charge.
- Rutherford: Dense nucleus.
- Chadwick: Neutrons.
- Isotopes: Same protons, different neutrons.

2.3 Atomic Structure & Symbolism


- Atomic number = protons.
- Mass number = protons + neutrons.
- Isotopes differ in mass, not in atomic number.
- Average atomic mass is weighted based on isotope abundance.

2.4 Chemical Formulas


- Molecular: Exact atom count (e.g., H₂O).
- Empirical: Simplest ratio (e.g., CH₂O).
- Structural: Shows bond arrangement.
- Isomers: Same formula, different structures.

2.5 Periodic Table


- Organized by atomic number.
- Groups: columns; Periods: rows.
- Metals, metalloids, nonmetals.
- Special groups: alkali metals, halogens, noble gases.

2.6 Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds


- Ionic: Metal + nonmetal. Transfer electrons.
- Molecular: Nonmetal + nonmetal. Share electrons.

2.7 Chemical Nomenclature


- Ionic: Name + ide; use Roman numerals.
- Polyatomic: Common names (e.g., nitrate).
- Molecular: Prefixes (mono-, di-).
- Acids: Binary (HCl = hydrochloric), Oxyacids (H₂SO₄ = sulfuric).
Learning Objectives
 Trace atomic theory development.
 Compare subatomic particles.
 Interpret formulas and atomic structures.
 Use the periodic table.
 Name ionic and molecular compounds and acids.

Key Terms
 Atom, element, compound, molecule, isotope
 Atomic number, mass number, amu
 Empirical/molecular/structural formula, isomer
 Cation, anion, ionic compound, covalent compound, polyatomic ion
 Alkali metals, halogens, noble gases
 Nomenclature, prefixes, acid naming

Practice Problems
1. 1. Determine protons, neutrons, electrons in ³⁵Cl.
2. 2. Calculate average atomic mass of carbon from isotope abundance.
3. 3. Give empirical formula of C₆H₁₂O₆.
4. 4. Classify and name: BeCl₂, PCl₃, N₂O₅, HCl, H₂CO₃.
5. 5. Name Fe₂O₃ and CO. Draw Lewis structures.

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