Information Technology Institute

Operating System Fundamentals

© Copyright Information Technology Institute - 2016

Table of Content
1. Overview
1. Introduction
2. Computer System Structure
3. Operating System Structure
2. Process Management
1. Processes
2. CPU Scheduling
3. Deadlocks
3. Storage Management
1. Memory Management
2. Virtual Memory
3. File Management
4. Introduction to Cloud Computing
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 Self Study Topics
• Virtual Memory
• Background.
• Demand Paging.
• Page Replacement.
• Allocation of frames.
• File-System Interface
• File Concept.
• Access Methods.
• Directory Structure.
• Protection.

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 Self Study Topics (cont’d)
• File-System Implementation
• File System Structure.
• Allocation Methods.
• Free-Space Management.
• Directory Implementation.
• Recovery.

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 Reference
• Computer Operating System Concepts
• Author: Silberschatz
• Publisher: Wiley
• ISBN: 0471250600
• Handbook of Cloud Computing
• Author: Borko Furht, Armando Escalante
• Publisher: Springer
• ISBN: 978-1-4419-6523-3

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Chapter One
Introduction

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 Table of Content
• Operating System
• Mainframe Systems
• Desktop Systems
• Multiprocessor Systems
• Distributed Systems
• Clustered System
• Real -Time Systems
• Handheld Systems
• Computing Environments

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OPERATING SYSTEM

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 Operating System

• What is an Operating System?

• It acts as an intermediary between a user and his
hardware
• Operating system objective
• Executes users programs
• Solves its problems
• Uses HW in an efficient manner
• Makes user life easier ;)
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Computer System Components

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1. Computer Hardware

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 2. Operating System

• It controls and coordinates the use of the HW

among the various application programs for
the various users
• It manages and allocates resources
• It controls the execution of user programs and
operations of I/O devices
• Kernel – the one program running at all times

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 3. Application Programs

• Compilers

• Web browsers

• Spread sheets

• Word processors

• …
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 4. Users

• People
• Machines
• Other Computers

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MAINFRAME SYSTEMS

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 Mainframe Systems

• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs

• Automatic job sequencing
• Automatically transfers control from one job to
another.
• First rudimentary operating system

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 Mainframe Systems Cont’d

• Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

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 Mainframe Systems Cont’d
• Multi-programmed Batch Systems
• Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same
time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them

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 Mainframe Systems Cont’d

• Time-Sharing Systems (Interactive Computing )

• The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept
in memory and on disk
• The CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory
• A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk
• On-line communication between the user and the system
is provided
• When the operating system finishes the execution of one
command, it seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s
keyboard
• On-line system must be available for users to access data
and code

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DESKTOP SYSTEMS

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 Desktop Systems
• Personal computers
• Computer system dedicated to a single user
• I/O devices
• Keyboards
• Mice
• Display screens
• Small printers
• User convenience and responsiveness
• Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system
• Often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization of protection features
• May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)© Copyright Information Technology Institute - 2016 21
MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS

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 Parallel Systems

• Systems with more than one CPU in close communication

• Also known as multiprocessor systems
• Tightly coupled system
• processors share memory and a clock; communication usually
takes place through the shared memory
• Advantages of parallel system:
• Increased throughput
• Economical
• Increased reliability
• graceful degradation
• fail-soft systems

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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

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 Distributed Systems

• Distribute the computation among several physical

processors
• Loosely coupled system
• Each processor has its own local memory
• processors communicate with one another through various
communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone
lines
• Advantages of distributed systems
• Resources Sharing
• Computation speed up
• load sharing
• Reliability

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 Distributed Systems Cont’d

• Requires networking infrastructure

• Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
• May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems

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CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

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 Clustered Systems
• Clustering allows two or more systems to share
storage
• Provides high reliability
• Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the
application or applications while other servers
standby
• Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the
application or applications

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REAL-TIME SYSTEMS

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 Real-Time Systems
• Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display systems
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints
• Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time

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 Real-Time Systems Cont’d

• Hard real-time:
• Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in
short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
• Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported
by general-purpose operating systems
• Soft real-time
• Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
• Integrate-able with time-share systems
• Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring tight response times
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HANDHELD SYSTEMS

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 Handheld Systems

• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

• Cellular Phone & Smart Phone
• Issues:
• Limited memory
• Slow processors
• Small display screens

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 Computing Environments
• Traditional computing
• PCs, Servers, limited remote access
• Web-Based Computing
• Client-server and web services, convenient
remote access, location-less servers
• Embedded Computing
• Very limited operating system features
• Little or no user interface, remote access

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