Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK204B

MODULE 3
D.C. Machines
An electrical machine, deals with energy transfer either from mechanical to electrical or
electrical to mechanical is called DC Machine.

The DC machines are classified into

i.​ DC Generator
ii.​ DC Motor

DC Generator: The machine which converts mechanical energy into Electrical energy

DC motor: The machine which converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy

[Link] D.C. Generator [Link]

.

1. A generator is a rotating machine A motor is a machine which converts

which converts mechanical energy electrical energy into mechanical energy
into electrical energy

2. The direction of emf induced is The direction of the force applied is fixed by
fixed by applying the fleming’s applying the fleming’s left hand rule
right hand rule

3. Whenever a coil is rotated in a Whenever a current coil is placed under a

magnetic field an emf will be magnetic field, the coil experiences a
induced in this coil and is given by mechanical force and is given by F=BILsinθ
e=Blvsin θ volts/coil side where, newtons/coil side, where I is the current
B=The flux density in Tesla, through the coil in amps.
l=active length of the coil side in
meters, v=the velocity with which
the coil is moved in meters/sec and
θ is the angle between the direction
of the flux and the direction of
rotation of the coil side or
conductor

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MACHINE AS GENERATOR:

●​ A dc generator works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

●​ All generators work on the principle of dynamically induced emf
●​ It states that ‘whenever the number of magnetic lines of force i.e flux linking with a
conductor or coil changes ,an electromotive force is set up in that conductor or coil.

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●​ The magnitude of induced emf in a conductor is proportional to the rate of change of

flux associated with the conductor
●​ This is mathematically given by

●​ The relative motion can be achieved by rotating conductor with respect to flux or by
rotating flux with respect to a conductor.
●​ So a voltage gets generated in a conductor,as long as there exists a relative motion
between conductor and flux
●​ Such an induced emf which is due to physical movement of coil or conductor with
respect to flux or movement of flux with respect to coil or conductor is called
dynamically induced emf.
●​ So a generating action requires following basic components
1.​ The conductor or a coil
2.​ The flux
3.​ The relative motion between conductor and flux
●​ To have a large voltage as the output,the number of conductors are connected together
in a specific manner to form a [Link] winding is called armature winding of a
dc machine.
●​ The part on which this winding is kept is called armature of a dc machine.
●​ To have the rotation of conductors,the conductors placed on armature are rotated with
the help pf some external device called a prime mover.
●​ The commonly used prime movers are diesel engines,steam engines,steam
turbines,water turbines etc.
●​ The necessary magnetic flux is produced by current carrying conductor which is
called field winding.
●​ The direction of induced emf can be obtained by using Fleming’s right hand rule.
●​ If angle between the plane of rotation and the plane of the flus is θ as measured from
the axis of the plane of flux then the induced emf is given by
E=Blvsinθvolts
●​ Where v sinθ is the component of velocity which is perpendicular to the plane of flux
and hence responsible for the induced emf.
●​ If the plane of rotation is parallel to the plane of the flux, θ=0° hence induced emf is
zero
●​ If the plane of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of the flux, θ=90° hence induced
emf is maximum
●​ From the equation of the induced emf,it can be seen that the basic nature of the
induced emf in a dc generator is purely sinusoidal i.e [Link] have dc voltage, a
device is used in a dc generator to convert alternating emf to unidirectional [Link]
device is called commutator

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Fig: Coil ABCD rotating in a magnetic field

The emf is given by e=B*l*v*Sinθ volts/coil side

Where B=the flux density in Tesla,
l=the active length of the coil side in meters
v=the velocity with which the coil is moved in meters/sec and
θ is the angle between the direction of the flux and relative velocity.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF DC GENERATOR

Fig below shows the details of a four pole D.C. machine(generator).

Fig : DC machine construction and its parts

Salient parts of a [Link] are:

(i)Yoke
ii) Field system (poles)

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(iii) Armature
(iv) Commutator
(v)Brushes
Parts of D.C machine is classified into Stator(Stationary part) and Rotor(Rotating part)
i) Stator: It consists of following-
i​ Field system
ii​ Poles and
iii​ Yoke

ii) Rotor: It consists of following-

i.​ Armature core and windings
ii.​ Commutator
iii.​ Brushes and bearings
Yoke:
a)​ Functions:
●​ It serves the purpose of outermost cover of the d.c. machine. So that the insulating
materials get protected from harmful atmospheric elements like moisture, dust and
various gases like SO2, acidic fumes etc.
●​ It provides mechanical support to the poles.
●​ It forms a part of the magnetic circuit. It provides a path of low reluctance for
magnetic flux. The low reluctance path is important to avoid wastage of power to
provide same flux.
b)​ Choice of material:
●​ To provide low reluctance path, it must be made up of some magnetic material.
●​ It is prepared by using cast iron because it is cheapest.
●​ For large machines, rolled steel, cast steel, silicon steel is used which provides
high permeability i.e. low reluctance and gives good mechanical strength.
●​ As yoke does not need any machining or good finishing as it is rough, casting is
the best method of construction of yoke.
Poles:
Each pole is divided into two parts. namely,pole core and pole shoe
a)​ Function of pole core and pole shoe:
●​ pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux.
●​ It directs the flux produced through air gap to armature core, to the next pole
●​ pole shoe enlarges the area of armature core to come across the flux, which is
necessary to produce larger induced e.m.f. To achieve this, pole shoe has given a
particular shape.
b) Choice of material
•​ It is made up of magnetic material like cast iron or cast [Link] it requires a definite
shape and size, laminated construction is used.
•​ The laminations of required size and shape are stamped together to get a pole, which
is then bolted to the yoke.

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Field winding :

a)​ Functions:
•​ Field winding is wound on the pole core with a definite direction
•​ These are connected in series with each other and wound on such a direction that
alternate N and S poles are formed.
•​ as it helps in producing the magnetic field i.e. exciting the pole as electromagnet it is
called Field winding or Exciting windings.
b) Choice of material:
•​ As it has to carry current hence obviously made up of some conducting material. So
aluminium or copper is the choice.
•​ But field coils are required to take any type of shape and bend about pole core and
copper has good pliability i.e. it can bend easily. So copper is the proper choice.

Armature:
It is further divided into two parts namely,
i) Armature core and​ ii) Armature winding
i) Armature core
a)​ Functions:
•​ Armature core provides house for armature winding i.e. armature conductors.
•​ To provide a path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux produced by the field
winding.

b) Choice of material :
•​ It has to provide a low reluctance path to the flux, it is made up of magnetic material
like cast iron or cast steel.
•​ It is made up of laminated construction to keep eddy current loss as low as possible.
A single circular laminations used for the construction of the armature core.

ii) Armature winding

a)​ Functions:
•​ Generation of e.m.f takes place in the armature winding in case of generators.
•​ To carry the current supplied in case of d.c. motors.

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•​ To do the useful work in the external circuit.

b) Choice of material
•​ As armature windings carries entire current which depends on external load, it has to
be made up of conducting material, which is copper.

Commutator:

We have seen earlier that the basic nature of e.m.f induced in the armature conductors is
alternating. This needs rectifications in case of d.c. generator which is possible by device
called commutator.
a)​ Functions:
●​ To facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors.
●​ To convert internally developed alternating e.m.f hence current(ac) to unidirectional
(dc.) e.m.f or current.
●​ To produce unidirectional torque in case of motors.
b)​ Choice of material
●​ it is made up of copper segments.
●​ It is cylindrical in shape and is made up of wedge shaped segments of hard drawn,
high conductivity copper

Brushes and brush gear:

Brushes are stationary and resting on the surface of the commutator.

a)​ Functions: To collect current from commutator and make it available to the stationary
external circuit.

Bearings:

They provide free and smooth rotation of the armature. Ball bearings are usually employed as
they are more reliable. For heavy duty machines, roller bearings are preferred.
Types of armature windings:
1. Lap winding:

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​ No of parallel paths of armature , A = P

2. Wave winding:

​ No of parallel paths of armature , A = 2

EMF Equation of DC generator:

ɸ = flux per pole in weber.
Z = total number of armature conductors =No of slots × no of conductors/slot
P = no of generator poles
A = no of parallel paths in the armature winding
N = Rotational speed of armature in revolutions per minute(rpm)
Hence, revolutions of armature/second = N/60

E = emf induced in any parallel path in armature = generated emf, Eg

𝑑∅
Average emf generated per conductorin one revolution is e =1× 𝑑𝑡
volts

𝑑∅
​ [Since, e = N× 𝑑𝑡
and N = 1]

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we have, flux cut by one conductor in one revolution of armature = ɸP webers

​ ​ [Since ‘P’ poles are covered in one revolution of armature]
Flux cut by each conductor per second = flux cut by conductor per revolution× no of
revolutions of armature per second
𝑁
= ɸP× 60 webers

As per faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, EMF generated per conductor is,
𝑑ɸ 𝑁
​ 𝑑𝑡
= ɸP × 60 webers

𝑍
No of armature conductors per parallel path= 𝐴

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Hence, the generated emf, Eg = emf generated per conductor × no of conductors in each
𝑁 𝑍
parallel path orEg = ɸP × 60 × 𝐴 volts

For a simplex wave wound generator,

No of parallel paths =A = 2
𝑍
No of conductors (in series) in one path = 2

ɸ𝑃 𝑁 𝑍 ɸ𝑍𝑃 𝑁
Therefore, Emf generated /path = 60
×2 = 120
volts

For a simplex lapwound generator,

A =No of parallel paths = P
𝑍
No of conductors (in series) in one path = 𝑃

ɸ𝑃 𝑁 𝑍 ɸ𝑍 𝑁
Therefore, Emf generated /path = 60
×𝑃 = 60
volt

ɸ𝑍 𝑁 𝑃
In general, generated emf Eg= 60
×( 𝐴
) volt

​ ​ ​ Where, A = 2 for simplex wave winding

​ ​ ​ ​ = P for lap winding

Relation between induced voltage and terminal voltage with brush contact drop and drop due
to armature reaction:

The symbolic representation of dc generator with its armature and field windings is shown in
above. Field winding is connected to a dc source Vf and hence If amps flow through field
winding. This produces flux ɸ. When armature is rotated by a prime mover, armature
conductors cut the flux and emf Eg is generated. When load resistance RL is connected across
the generator, IL flows through it. V is the terminal voltage of the generator.

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The terminal voltage will be slightly less than the generated voltageEg,due to following
reasons.
​ Armature current Ia flow through the armature conductors. Due to armature resistance,
a small voltage drop appears across it, known as IaRa
​ When current flows through the armature conductors,armature sets up its own flux,
called the armature flux. It opposes and also distorts the main flux. This leads to
reduction in the main flux and also the emf induced in the generator. This is known as
armature reaction.
​ The contact between the brushes and the commutator has some resistance known s
brush contact resistance. This drop is expressed as volts per brush. As the generator
has only two brushes, it is twice the voltage drop per brush.
Hence, generated emf = terminal voltage + armature resistance drop + armature reaction drop
+ brush contact resistance drop
Or Eg = V + IaRa + Ard + Bcd
Or V = Eg - IaRa - Ard - Bcd

Comparison of lap and wave windings:

LAP WAVE
Number of armature parallel paths is equal Number of parallel paths is equal to the
to the number of poles. number of poles.
Preferred when large current at lesser Preferred when large voltage with lesser
voltage is the requirement. current is the requirement.

Types of dc generators:

1) Separately excited DC generators: when the field coil is excited by an independent

external source of dc voltage Vf, the generator is called separately excited generator. This

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voltage drives a current Ifand hence a flux is produced in the field winding. When the
armature is rotated by a prime mover, the armature conductors cut the flux and hence emf, Eg
is induced in it. When load is connected across the armature terminals, current IL flows
through the load.

If V is the terminal voltage of the dc generator, then Ia = ILamps

And V = Eg – IaRa – Ard – Bcd volts
Power developed by armature, P = EgIa Watts
Power delivered to the load = Power developed – power dissipated by armature resistance

= EgIa -I2aR watts

2) Self excited DC generators: when the field coils are excited by current supplied from the
output of the generator itself, such a machine is known as self excited generator. Due to
residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles. When armature rotates, some
emf and some induced current is produced, which links with the field coils, strengthening the
magnetic field at the poles. The increased flux generates a greater emf which increases the
current through the field coils, until the generator achieves its normal field strength.
i) DC shunt generator: here, the field windings are connected in parallel with the
armature and full voltage of the generator is applied across it. Field coils are excited by
current supplied from the output of generator [Link] is made high, so only a part of Ia
flows through it and maximum current flows through the load.

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Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish

𝑉
​ ​ Shunt field current, Ish = 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Terminal or load voltage V = Eg – IaRa – Ard – Bcd

Power developed in the armature, P = Eg Ia

Power delivered to the load = VIL

ii. DC series generator: here, field winding is connected in series with the armature
conductors. As maximum voltage needs to be delivered to the load, the voltage drop across
field winding needs to be very small. Therefore, the field resistance, Rsehas to be very less.

Armature current, Ia = Ise= IL = I

Where, Ise is the current through the field winding.
Terminal voltage, V=Eg – IaRa –IaRse –Ard –Bcd
Power developed in the armature, P = Eg Ia
Power delivered to the load = Eg Ia– Ia2(Ra + Rse)

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Example:

1: A 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots, each having 24 conductors.
The flux per pole is 0.01 Weber. At what speed must the armature rotate to give an induced
emf of 220 V? What will be the voltage developed if the voltage developed if the winding is
lap and the armature rotates at the same speed?

Solution: P = 4, For wave winding A = 2

​ Number of slots = 51, conductors/slot = 24

​ ɸ = 0.01wb, E = 220 volts, Z = Number of slots × conductors/slots

​ ​ ​ ​ = 51 × 24 = 1224
ɸ𝑍𝑃 𝑁
​ ​ Eb = 60𝐴
.
𝐸𝑏× 𝐴× 60
Now N = ɸ𝑍𝑃
= 539.21 rpm

Now speed is same, but winding is lap. A= P

E= = 110 volts

D.C. Motors
It converts input electrical energy into output mechanical energy.
Whenever a current coil is placed in a magnetic field the coil experiences a mechanical force,
and is given by F=BIlSinθ newtons.
where, B is the flux density in Tesla(Wb/m2),

I is the current through the coil, l is the active length of the coil side, θ is the angle
between the movement of the coil and the direction of the flux.

The direction of the force acting can be decided by applying Fleming’s left hand rule. The
construction of a D.C motor is same as the construction of a D.C generator.

Working principle of DC machine as a motor:

Let us consider two conductors ‘a’ and ‘b’, under the influence of North and South poles.
These two conductors are joined together by end connection at the rear end and to the
commutator segment at the front end of the armature. When dc supply is given to the motor
terminals, current passes through a and b via the commutator. The + sign shows that current
is flowing inwards and – sign shows that current is flowing outwards. As per fleming’s rule, a
experiences force ‘F’ in the downward and b experiences force ‘F’ in the upward direction.

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As the two conductors are joined together, and the forces on them form a couple, which
rotates the conductors in anticlockwise through an angle of 90° and occupy positions a1 and
b1 respectively. a1 and b1 now experience force in the along same line in the opposite
directions and hence, torque is zero. But as the several armature conductors are
interconnected, they experience a torque in the anticlockwise direction and hence the
armature rotates. Since the armature conductors should experience continuous anticlockwise
torque, commutator reverses the current in the conductors a and b

Types of [Link]:

Depending on the interconnection between the armature and the field circuit, D.C.
motors are classified as (i) Shunt Motor, (ii) Series Motor
i) DC Shunt motors:

V = applied voltage, Eb = back emf, Ia = armature current, Ra = armature resistance

Voltage V has to overcome Eb and armature drop
Hence, V = Eb + IaRa
ii) Series Motor:

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Rse is kept low value because Ise and hence Ia should be more. When load on the motor
increases, Ia also increases. Thus flux also increases.

​ ​ ​ ​ ɸ α Ise α Ia
Voltage across the load, V = Eb + Ia(Ra+ Rse)

Back EMF:
Whenever a current coil is placed under a magnetic field the coil experiences a
mechanical force due to which the coil starts rotating. This rotating coil again cuts the
magnetic lines of force resulting an EMF induced in it whose direction is to oppose the
applied EMF (as per Fleming’s right hand rule) and hence the name BACK EMF or
Counter Emf.
Significance of Back EMF: Back EMF is a must in a motor which helps to regulate the
armature current and also the real cause for the production of torque.

Net voltage across armature circuit is = V- Eb

𝑉−𝐸𝑏
If armature resistance is Ra, armature current is Ia = 𝑅𝑎

And Eb= PZNФ/60A volts from the machine parameters.

where Eb is the back emf, V is the applied emf, Ia is the armature current and Ra is the
armature resistance.

1. When motor is at no load, small torque is required to overcome friction and windage
losses. back emf makes the motor draw less armature current and is almost equal to applied
voltage.(Eb = V)

2. When motor is suddenly loaded, speed of the armature conductors is reduced and so Eb
becomes less. Now armature current increases and hence the driving torque increases. The
driving torque increases as the motor speed reduces and necessary torque is supplied to the
load.

3. Back emf Eb is always less than V

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4. So back emf in a dc motor regulates the flow of armature current to meet the load
requirement.

Torque Equation of DC motor:

Let P be the total number of poles, Z be the total number of armature conductors arranged in
A number of parallel paths. Let Ф be the flux per pole, N be the speed of rotation in rpm, and
T be the torque in Nm.
We know that the back emf Eb=V-IaRa​

It is seen that the turning or twisting force about an axis is called torque. Consider a wheel
of radius R meters, acted upon by a circumferential force of F Newton as shown in fig
above. The wheel is rotating at a speed of N rpm.

2π𝑁
Then angular speed of the wheel is, ω = 60 radian/sec.

So work done in one revolution is, W = F× distance travelled in one revolution

= F× 2πR joules
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐹× 2π𝑅 𝐹× 2π𝑅 2π𝑁
and Pm = power developed by motor = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
= 60/𝑁
= (F× R) × 60

Pm= T × ω

Let Ta be the gross torque developed by the armature of the motor. It is also called
armature torque. The gross mechanical power developed in the armature is EbIa, as seen
from the power equation. So if speed of the motor is N rpm. Then,
Power developed in armature = Armature torque × ω
2π𝑁
Implies, Eb× Ia = Ta× 60

ɸ𝑍𝑃 𝑁
But Eb in a motor given by, Eb = ​ ​ ​
60𝐴

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ɸ𝑍𝑃 𝑁 2π𝑁
Therefore, 60𝐴
× Ia = Ta× 60

1 𝑍𝑃
Therefore, Ta = 2π ɸ Ia ×
𝐴

𝑍𝑃
Ta = 0.159ɸ Ia × 𝐴 Nm

This is the torque equation of dc motor

Characteristics of D.C motors: To study the performance of a motor it is necessary to study

the variation of its speed and torque with the variations of the load on it. There are three
types of characteristics:
i) Speed and torque or N/Ta
ii) Speed and Armature current or N/Ia
iii) Torque and Armature current or Ta/Ia

a) Series Motor:
In a series motor the flux is solely dependent on the armature current hence the speed
variation with load is not like shunt motor. At no load condition only residual flux is in action
which is very small resulting in a dangerously high speed. Therefore series motors are not to
be started on no load, which result in the initial speed of dangerously high value called
RUNAWAY SPEED which severely damages the motor. Hence in series motors there is a
provision of a fly wheel fixed to the shaft which acts like a mechanical load to prevent the
motor to attain this high speed.
Ise or Ia should be high value. Hence Rse should be small value

ɸ α Ise α Ia
𝐸𝑏
i) N/Ta characteristics: We know, Nα
∅

​ For low armature current, hence torque, speed of the motor increases.
​ For high armature current, torque increases and speed of the motor drops.

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𝐸𝑏
ii) N/Iacharacteristics : Nα as Z,A,P are constants
∅
​ Eb hardly varies for different load currents and so is negligible. Hence Eb is treated as
constant.
​ If Ia is increased, ɸ increases and N decreases.
​

𝑍𝑃
iii) Ta/Ia characteristics :Ta = 0.159ɸ Ia × Nm
𝐴

As ɸα Ia, Taα Ia2

At light loads, Ia is small. As Ia increases, Ta increases as square of current in parabolic

manner till point A. After point A, ɸ becomes independent of Iaand hence Ta α Iaand so Ta
becomes straight line.

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Shaft torque(Tsh) : Shaft torque is the torque available at motor shaft for doing useful work. Tsh is
somewhat less than Ta. Because some torque is lost in overcoming friction and windage
losses.

b) D.C shunt motor: In a shunt motor the flux is considered to be constant because of the
reason that the field circuit is connected across a constant power supply. Also as the applied
voltage is constant the speed is directly proportional to the armature current only, and also as
the load is increased the armature current also increases at the same rate and the speed
becomes constant. But due to the increased friction at the bearings with the increase of the
load there is a small decrease in the speed. The characteristic is shown in the fig. and is
compared with the ideal characteristics. The drop in the speed can be reduced by slightly
de-exciting the field flux, there by the speed is controlled.

From equation, E=V-IaRa, substituting for IaRa and V we obtain Eb = V/2.

Thus mechanical power developed by the motor is maximum when the back emf is equal to
half the applied voltage.​

i) N/Tacharacteristics:

​ At sudden loads, N decreases hence Ia increases and Ta increases

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​ ​ ​ ​

ii) N/Iacharacteristics:

​ Flux is assumed constant and Eb is also constant. Hence, N is also practically constant.
​ When load is gradually increased on motor, Eb starts decreasing and hence N reduces.
Hence practically, there is decrease in speed of about 5-10% from ideal value.
​ A small current Io is required to maintain the rotation of motor on no-load. Hence we
have Ia starting from Io

𝑍𝑃
iii) Ta/Ia characteristics :We know,Ta = 0.159ɸ Ia × 𝐴 Nm, As ɸis constant,Taα Ia

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SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

Speed of a DC motor can be controlled in a wide range.

The speed equation shows that speed can be controlled by-

[Link] of field current which varies the flux/pole and is known as field control.
2. Variation of armature resistance known as armature voltage control.
3. Variation of terminal voltage ‘V’ known as Ward Leonard method
Speed control of Shunt motor:
1. Flux control method: The speed of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the flux per
pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, speed can be increased and vice versa. To control the flux,
a rheostat is added in series with the field winding, as shown in the circuit diagram. Adding
more resistance in series with the field winding will increase the speed as it decreases the
flux.
In shunt motors, as field current is relatively very small, Ish 2R loss is small. Therefore, this
method is quite efficient. Though speed can be increased above the rated value by reducing
flux with this method, it puts a limit to maximum speed as weakening of field flux beyond a
limit will adversely affect the commutation

2. Armature control method: Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf
Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That means, when supply voltage V and the armature resistance Ra are
kept constant, then the speed is directly proportional to armature current Ia. Thus, if we add

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resistance in series with the armature, Ia decreases and, hence, the speed also decreases.
Greater the resistance in series with the armature, greater the decrease in speed

Speed control of series motor

1. Flux control method:
a. Field diverters: Variable resistance is connected parallel to the series field as shown in fig
(a). This variable resistor is called as a diverter, as the desired amount of current can be
diverted through this resistor and, hence, current through field coil can be decreased. Thus,
flux can be decreased to the desired amount and speed can be increased. b. Armature
diverter: Diverter is connected across the armature as shown in fig (b). For a given constant
load torque, if armature current is reduced then the flux must increase, as Ta ∝ ØIa This will
result in an increase in current taken from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase and
subsequently speed of the motor will decrease.
c. Tapped field control: As shown in fig (c) field coil is tapped dividing number of turns.
Thus we can select different value of Ø by selecting different number of turns.
d. Paralleling field coils: In this method, several speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils
as shown in fig (d)

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK204B

2. Variable Resistance in series with Motor: By increasing the resistance in series with the
armature as shown in figure given below the voltage applied across the armature terminals
can be decreased. With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced. However,
it will be noted that since full motor current passes through this resistance, there is a
considerable loss of power in it.

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Introduction to Electrical Engineering BESCK204B

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS:

1. Series motors: Used to drive loads requiring large starting torque to accelerate heavy
loads

​ Electric locomotives
​ Trolley cars
​ Hoists and cranes
​ Conveyors

2. Shunt motors: There is no significant change in flux during transition from no load to full
load condition. Hence can be used in conditions where load needs to be suddenly
disconnected.

​ To drive shafts, lathes and machine tools.

​ Blowers and fans
​ Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

3. Compound motors: Used when series characteristics are desired and load can be
disconnected completely. Series windings will supply heavy loads and shunt windings ensure
that speed will not be very high.

​ Elevators
​ Conveyors
​ High torque loads of intermittent nature
​ Punches
​ Heavy machine tools
​ Temporary heavy loads in rolling mills

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