PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

SALEM – 636 011. Tamil Nadu.

Periyar Institute of Distance Education

(PRIDE)

B.A. ECONOMICS

SYLLABUS (NON SEMESTER)

ANNUAL PATTERN SYLLABUS FOR

B.A. ECONOMICS: 2008-2009
(ALL THE THREE YEARS)
1. Course of study
The course of study for B.A. Degree Economic (UG) shall
consist of the following core, allied and application oriented
courses.
BRANCH – IV : ECONOMICS
Duration Maximum
Hours Marks
FIRST YEAR
Paper I Micro Economics 3 100
Paper II Elementary Statistics for 3 100
Economics
Allied I Rural Banking 3 100
SECOND YEAR
Paper III Indian Economy problems- 3 100
And Policies
Paper IV Monetary Economics 3 100
Allied – II Agricultural Marketing 3 100
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES – COMPULSORY
THIRD YEAR
Paper V Macro Economics 3 100
Paper VI Fiscal Economics 3 100
Paper VII Optional-I 3 100
Economic Thought
Paper VIII Optional II 3
Managerial Economics
Application oriented subject:
Environmental Economics 3 100

I. Eligibility for Admission:

Candidates for admission to the first year of the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts Course shall be required to have passed the
Higher Secondary Examination (Academic or Vocational
Stream) conducted by the Government of Tamil Nadu or an
 Examination accepted as equivalent thereto by the syndicate,
subject to such conditions as may be prescribed thereof.
2. Eligibility for the award of Degree:
A candidate shall be eligible for the award of the degree only
if he has undergone the prescribed course of study in T & DE
for a period of not less than three academic years and passed
the prescribed examinations.
3. Passing minimum:
A candidate shall be declared to have passed in each paper /
practical wherever prescribed if e / she secures not less than
40% of the marks prescribed for the examination.
4. Classification of successful candidates:
i) Core courses and application oriented subjects:
Successful candidates passing the examinations for core
courses, application oriented subjects and allied subjects
together and securing the marks (i) 60 percent and above, (ii)
50 percent and above but below 60 percent in the aggregate
of the marks prescribed for the core courses – main and allied
subjects and application oriented subject together shall be
declared to have passed the examination in the First and
Second class respectively. All other successful candidates shall
be declared to have passed the examinations in the Third
class.
Candidate who obtain 75 percent of marks an above in any
subject shall be deemed to have passed that subject with
distinction provided they passed all the examinations at the
first appearance.
5. Ranking:
Candidates who pass all the examinations prescribed for
the course in the course in the first appearance only are
eligible for ranking.
 B.A. BRANCH IV ECONOMICS
SYLLABUS
I – Year: Paper - I
MICRO ECONOMICS
UNIT-I
Definitions of Economics – Wealth, welfare and scarcity
– subject matter and scope of Economics – Micro and
Macro approach – Deductive and inductive methods –
positive and normative – Static and dynamic – partial
and general equilibrium.
UNIT-II
Utility analysis – characteristics of wants – Law of
diminishing Marginal utility, Law of equi-marginal utility
– Theory of demand – Elasticity of demand –
consumer’s surplus.
UNIT-III
Indifference curve analysis – income effect, price effect
and substitution effect – derivation of demand curve –
Indifference curve Vs Marshallian utility analysis
Samuelson’s Revealed preference theory.
UNIT-IV
Factors of production – Land, Labour, Capital and
organization – laws of Returns – Returns to scale –
production Function.
UNIT-V
Cost concepts – total, average and marginal cot – short
run and long run costs – Law of supply.

UNIT-VI
Market structure – perfect competition – Monopoly –
Discriminating monopoly – degrees of monopoly –
dumping – control of monopoly.
UNIT-VII
Monopoly competition – Features – price determination
– Selling cost – Excess capacity group equilibrium –
wastes of monopolistic.
UNIT-VIII
Distribution – Marginal productivity theory – Modern
theory of distribution – Theories of wages – Trade Union
and Collective bargaining.
UNIT-IX
Rent – Ricardian Theory – Modern theory – Quasirent –
Interest – Theories of Interest classical, neo-classical
and Keynesian Theory.
UNIT-X
Profit – Concepts – Theories of Profit.

BOOKS FOR STUDY:

1. Advanced Economic Theory- Agarwal, H.S.
2. Micro Economics - Ahuju – H.C
3. Advanced Economic Theory- Jhinghan – M.L
4. Economic Analysis - K.P.Sundaram & E.N.Sundaram
5. Modern Economic Theory - K.K.Dewett.
 I Year: Paper II
Elementary Statistics For Economics
UNIT-I
Nature and scope of statistical methods – and their
limitations – collection of statistical data – primary and
secondary sources - classification and tabulation
UNIT-II
Diagrammatic representation – simple, multiple and
component, percentage bar diagrams – pie diagram and
histogram – formation of frequency distribution –
frequency polygon and frequency curves ogive curves -
Lorenz curve.
UNIT-III
Measures of central tendency – arithmetic mean –
Median Mode.
UNIT-IV
Measures of dispersion – absolute and relative measure
of Range – quartic deviation Mean Deviation and
standard Deviation – co–efficient of variation.
UNIT-V
Skewness and Kurtosis: Pearsonian Measure of
Skewness based on quartiles and percentiles.
UNIT-VI
Sampling: Population and sample – types of sampling –
simple, random and sampling – design of questionnaire
– sampling Errors – various stages in investigation –
national sample survey – census in India.
UNIT-VII
Correlation analysis – scatter diagram – Nature of
correlation – simple correlation co – efficient (Karl
Pearson) rank correlation co– efficient, regression
equations.
UNIT-VIII
Time series analysis – definition uses – components of
time series – measures of trend – graphics, semi
average methods – Least – square method – measure
of seasonal variation – simple average method.
UNIT-IX
Index numbers – Definition, uses – uses of index
numbers – types of index numbers – methods of
construction – weighted and un weighted index
numbers – test for index numbers consumer index
number – uses and method of construction.

UNIT-X
National Income Measurement in India

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.D.N Elhance - Fundamentals of statistics

2. S.P Gupta - Statistical methods

3. R.S.N Pillai & V.Bagavathi - Statistics

 FIRST YEAR - ALLIED –I
RURAL BANKING
UNIT-I Rural Economy – Main features of Rural economy in
India – Characteristics of Rural People Traditional
Methods of Production in Indian Agriculture – Recent
Changes in Rural India .
UNIT-II
Rural unemployment: unemployment and under
employment in rural areas – cause for rural
unemployment - Remedial measures – rural
employment schemes – Small Farmers Development
Agency -Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour
Agency – Rural Labour Employment Guarantee
Programme .
UNIT-III
Rural industries : Need for developing rural industries
in India –Importance of cottage and Village Khadi
Industries – Problems of cottage and small industries –
government policy measures for the development of
rural industries under the five year plans .
UNIT-IV
Rural indebtedness : Meaning – estimates of rural debt
prior to Independence –Debt Estimates in post-
Independence era –problems of rural indebtedness –
causes of rural debt –evils of rural indebtedness –debt
relief measures –Under 20 point Economic Programme .
UNIT-V
Rural Credit : Credit requirements of farmers in India .
Features of good rural credit – estimates of credit
requirements of farmers in India –Rural credit and Non
–Institutional sources – Survey report of rural credit
committee and their recommendation since
Independence .
UNIT-VI
Co-operatives and rural credit : Co-operative movement
in India – Benefits and weakness .Co- operatives and
credit societies – functions , advantages and
disadvantage. Problem of co-operative credit societies in
India . Land development banks – Farmer’s service
societies .
UNIT-VII
Co-operative credit Institutions : Central co-operative
banks –Functions – sources of finance – Loaning Policy
– weakness. State co-operative banks – objectives and
functions – Sources of finance – Loaning Policy.
Reserve Bank of India and the state co-operative
banks, Multipurpose societies – objectives and
functions .
UNIT-VIII
Commercial banks and Rural credit: Objectives of
Nationalization of commercial banks – advances to
agriculture - Problems -direct and indirect finance by
commercial banks – commercial banks and small
farmers – Lead Bank Scheme – Objectives and
weakness of lead bank scheme – village adoption
scheme – objectives. Service Area approach .
UNIT-IX
Regional Rural Banks: Constitution – objectives and
management functions – Progress, Committee on
Regional Rural Banks – Narasimhan’ Committee’s
recommendations. Achievements and failures.
UNIT-X
NABARD and Rural Credit : Management and financial
resources of the NABARD – Functions working of
NABARD –Medium term and long – term agricultural
credit – recommendation of the Agricultural Rural
credit Review Committee 1989.
Reference Books:
1. Jain , S.G., - Indian Rural Economics
2. Desai, S.S., - Rural Banking in India
3. Ghosal,S.N., - Agricultural Financing in India

II Year: Major Paper - III

INDIAN ECONOMY
Problems and Policies
UNIT-I
Under development – Characteristics of under –
development countries – causes – factors Impeding
economic development – concepts of growth and
development.
UNIT-II
Capital Formation – Human and Physical – Savings and
Investment Pattern during the plans National Income –
Methods – trends – limitations – Recent trends in
National Income.
UNIT-III
Human resources – population growth as a retarding
factor – population policy.
UNIT-IV
Agriculture – Its place and role in the national economy
– crop pattern – causes for low productivity – Land
reforms – need and scope Appraisal of land reforms.
UNIT-V
Food problem – methods of solving it – Green
Revolution – National agricultural policy – 2000.
UNIT-VI
Role of Industries in economic development – cottage,
small scale and large scale industries – (Cotton, Iron &
Steel Sugar and Cement) Industrial policy – 1956,
1991.
UNIT-VII
Labour – Features of Industrial labour and organization
– Industrial disputes – Social – Security schemes.

UNIT-VIII
Transport – Importance – (Railways, Roadways,
Shipping and civil Aviation) – Transport Co-ordination.
UNIT-IX
Planning – A brief resume of five – year Plans – The
Tenth Five year plan – (2002-07) objectives – targets –
Sectoral development profile.
UNIT-X
Indian’s Foreign trade – Balance of payments – W.T.O.
and Indian Economy.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Indian Economy - IC Dhingara
2. Indian Economy - RC.Dutt and Sundaram
3. Indian Economy - A.N.Agrawal
4. Indian Economy - S.Sankaran
5. Economics of Development - M.L.Jhingan
& Planning.
 II Year Paper IV
Monetary Economics

UNIT-I
Evolution, Role and Functions of Money – Gold Standard
– Types – Working of the Gold standard – causes for the
down fall of the Gold standard – paper currency
standard.
UNIT-II
Quantity Theory of money Fisher and Cambridge Keynes
theory of money and Prices Milton Friedman –
Restatement of quantity Theory.
UNIT-III
Paper currency – system of Note issue – Indian currency
system Development and problems.
UNIT-IV
Concepts of supply and demand for money – money
supply and price level – Keynes – classical Dichotomy –
Real Balance Effect.
UNIT-V
Inflation – Types – causes – effects and Remedies –
Deflation – Trade cycle – phases of trade cycle -
Causes.
UNIT-VI
Functions and types of commercial banking – balance
sheet – credit creation – Investment policy in
commercial Banking.
UNIT-VII
Progress of Indian Banking during post nationalization
period – development banks, DBI, IFCI, ICICI – other
term financing Institutions in India.
UNIT-VIII
Monetary policy – Indian money market organized
unorganized functions of Capital market, credit control
quantitative and qualitative methods – limitations.
UNIT-IX
Reserve Bank of India – Functions – credit control –
Rural and Industrial credit – Exchange control.
UNIT-X
Exchange rate – Fixed and Flexible – problems of
international liquidity – IMF Functions – SDR – IBRD,
GATT – WTO.

Books for Study:

1. Mithani.D - Money Banking and International
Trade
2. Sethi.T.D. - Money Theory
3. Vaish.M.C - Money Theory
4. Sundharam K.P.M - Monetary Theory and practices
5. M.L.Seth - Money Banking and
International
Trade
6. Dr.Cauvery and others - Monetary Economics
7. Basu.S.K - Indian Banking
8. L.R.Chandhar - Economics of money and
Banking
 II Year: Allied - II
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING - DBIA
UNIT-I
Meaning of agricultural marketing – Definition Role of
marketing – Significant – scope of agricultural
marketing – characteristics of agricultural commodities.
UNIT-II
Socio Economic – aspects of agricultural production –
Nature of risk and uncertainty in agricultural – Size of
farm enterprise – Factors determining supply and
demand for agricultural products – marketable surplus –
marketed surplus.
UNIT-III
Basic concepts of Marketing and classification –
marketing process – concentration – Dispersion – and
equalization.
UNIT-IV
Marketing Functions – Three classes of functions –
exchange function, Physical supply and facilitative
functions – buying, assembling, transporting,
warehouse and storage – standardization and grading –
Financing risk bearing and market information.
UNIT-V
Market structure – regulated and unregulated markets.
Co-operative marketing – Co-operative marketing under
five year plans.
UNIT-VI
Wholesalers – Basic Wholesale distribution structure –
functions and services of wholesalers – Role of middle
men and the millers.
UNIT-VII
Food grains production – Supply – transportation food
grains storage – processing – warehousing.
UNIT-VIII
Agricultural Prices – fluctuation in price – seasonal ,
cyclical – secular- effects of price fluctuations on
agricultural production- measures for improvement.
UNIT-IX
Techniques of agricultural price analysis – Price policies-
Price programmes - Price stabilization policy – minimum
price parity , forward price and integrated price –
effects of price policies on agricultural production –
Supply and income – state policy in agriculture.
UNIT-X
Marketing of agricultural and agro-based industrial
products in international markets – Export promotion
measures.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Studies in Indian Agricultural Economics – Bhattacharya - JB
2. Economics of Agriculture – R.C. Cohan
3. Agricultural Economy of India – S.Sankaran
4. Agricultural marketing Reports – Govt. of India
5. Agricultural Problems in India – C.B. Memoria &
B.B. Tripathi
 II Year: Compulsory
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY

CORE MODULE SYLLABUS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR

UNDER GRADUATE COURSES OF ALL BRANCHES OF HIGHER
EDUCATION.

Unit-I :
The Multi disciplinary nature of environmental studies.
Definition, Scope and importance
Need for public awareness .

Unit-2 :
Natural Resources:
Renewable and non-renewable resources:
a) Forest resources : Use and over – exploitation deforestation,
case studies. Timer extraction, mining dams and their effects
on forests and tribal people.
b) Water resources : Use and over – Utilization of surface and
ground water, floods, dams – benefits and problems.
c) Mineral resources : Use and exploitation, environmental
effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case
studies.
d) Food resources : World food problems, changes caused by
agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture,
fertilizer – pesticide problems, water logging, salinity, case
studies.
e) Energy resources : Growing energy needs renewable and non-
renewable energy sources, case studies.
f) Land resources : Use as a resources, land degradation, soil
erosion and desertification.
 Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.
 Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
Unit – 3 Ecosystems

 Concepts of an ecosystem
 Structure and function of an ecosystem
 Producers, consumers and decomposers
 Energy flow in the ecosystem
 Ecological succession
 Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids
 Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and
function of the following ecosystem.
 Forest System
 Grassland ecosystem
 Desert ecosystem
 Aquatic ecosystems (Ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans,
estuaries)

Unit-4 : Biodiversity and its conservation

 Introduction – Definition : Genetic, Species and eco-system

diversity
 Bio-geographical classification of India
 Value of biodiversity : consumptive use, productive use,
social, ethical, aesthetic and option values.
 Biodiversity at global., National and local levels
 India as a mega – diversity nation.
 Hot-Sports of biodiversity
 Threats to biodiversity : habits loss, poaching of wildlife,
manwildlife conflicts.
 Endangered and endemic species of India.
 Conservation of biodiversity : In – situ and Ex-situ
conservation of biodiversity.

Unit – 5 : Environmental pollution

Causes, effects and control measures of :-
a) Air Pollution
b) Water Pollution
c) Soil Pollution
d) Marine Pollution
e) Noise Pollution
f) Thermal Pollution
g) Nuclear hazards
h) Solid waste management: Causes, effects and control
measures of urban and industrial wastes.
i) Role of an individual in the prevention of pollution
j) Pollution case studies
k) Disaster Management : Floods, earthquake, cyclon and
landslides.

Unit – 6: Social issues and the Environment

 From Unsustainable to Sustainable development

 Urban problems related to energy
 Water conservation, rain water harvesting, water-shed
management
 Resettlement and rehabilitation of people, its problem and
concerns, Case studies.
 Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions
 Climate change, Global warming, acid rain, ozone layer
depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, Case studies.
 Wasteland reclamation
 Consumerism and Waste products
 Environment Protection Act.
 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act.
 Wildlife Protection Act.
 Forest Conservation Act
 Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation
 Public awareness
Unit – 7 Human Population and the Environment

 Population growth, variation among nations.

 Population explosion – Family Welfare Programme.
 Environment and Human Heath
 Human Rights
 Value Education
 HIV/AIDS
 Women and Child Welfare
 Role of Information Technology in Environment and human
health
 Case Studies

Unit – 8 Noise Pollution

 Sources – measurement – effects of noise pollution of human

beings.
 Wild life and non living things
 Control of noise pollution
 III Year Major Paper-V
MACRO ECONOMICS - DBIB

UNIT-I
Nature of macro Economics – Circular flow of Economic
activities .
UNIT-II
National Income – Concepts – Components and
measurement – Problems..
UNIT-III
Classical theory of Income and employment –Says Law
of market – Classical dichotomy.
UNIT-IV
Keynesian Macro analysis – Income and employment
determination – Consumption Function – attributes. .
UNIT-V
Investment function – Marginal efficiency of capital –
Liquidity preference theory of interest – Liquidity trap.
UNIT-VI
Theory of Multiplier – Types – Assumption , working
and reverse working – limitations .
UNIT-VII
Principles of acceleration – Multiplier acceleration
interaction – Theories of acceleration – Trade cycle –
Phases – Theories (monetary and non- monetary)
UNIT-VIII
Keynesian Revolution – and its Application to less
developed countries.
UNIT-IX
General equilibrium of monetary and real sector- Shifts
and elasticities of IS and LM curves.
UNIT-X
Macro Economic policy – objectives and instruments –
Conflicts between Objectives – Policy mix.

Reference Books:
1. Jhingan M.L. - Macro Economics
2. Rama and Varma - Marco Economics
3 Vaish . M.C. - Marco Economics
4. Sankaran . S. - Marco Economics
 III Year: Major paper - VI
FISCAL ECONOMICS – DBIC

UNIT-I
Nature and scope of Public Finance – Private Vs Public
Finance – The Principles of Maximum Social Advantage.

UNIT-II
Theories of taxation – Canons of taxation – Absolute
and relative – (Ability and benefit principles) Taxable
capacity – Factors influencing taxable capacity –
Measurement of taxable capacity with reference to India
– Shifting and incidence.

UNIT-III
Specific taxes – Income tax – Expenditure – Wealth –
Property Gift – Capital gain tax Death Duty – Estate
duty – Indirect Taxes. Sales Tax – Single point –
Multipoint – Excise and customs duties – Effects of
taxation – merits and demerits of Direct and Indirect
taxes.

UNIT-IV
Meaning and objectives of Fiscal policy – Economic
stability – Full employment, Economic Growth and price
stability – Instruments of Fiscal policy – Functional
finance – Fiscal policy in a developing economy –
Limitations.

UNIT-V
Meaning – Objectives and Principle of Budgeting –
Qualities of a good budget – Revenue and capital
budget – Programme, performance and zero based
budgeting.
UNIT-VI
Deficit financing – Meaning and objectives – Ways and
means of deficit financing – Growth – Role of deficit
financing in promoting economic development in
countries like India. Effects of deficit financing and
money supply prices and distribution.
UNIT-VII
Nature – Classification and significance of Public
Expenditure – Reason for the growth of public
expenditure in recent times – Effects of public
expenditure on production, employment and distribution
– Measures for reducing public expenditure.
UNIT-VIII
Meaning – Classification and need for public debt –
Effects of public debt on production, employment and
distribution, - Growth of public debt in India – Control of
Public debt – Internal and external burden of public
debt.
UNIT-IX
Meaning, features and Principles of Federal Finance –
Centre – State Financial relations in India, Finance
Commission – Recommendation of recent Finance
commissions 10th and 11th.
UNIT-X
Local finance – Sources and Problems of Local finance.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Tyagai B.P. - Public finance.
2. Bhargava, R.N. - India Public Finance.
3. Cauvery R.et.al - Public Finance.
4. Sankaran,S. - Fiscal Economics.
5. Vasudevan - Public Finance.
 III YEAR – MAJOR VII
ECONOMIC THOUGHT-DBID

UNIT-I
Nature and Significance of Economic Thought Hebrew,
Greet, Plato, Roman Economic Thought.
UNIT-II
Economic Thought in ancient India - kautilya’s views -
Economic ideas of Thiruvalluvar – comparison between
the two views.
UNIT-III
Medieval Economic Thought - St.Thomas Aquinas –
Mercantilism and its policies – Physiocratic doctrines -
Net product – circulation of wealth – Practical polices.
UNIT-IV
Classical School – Features – Adamsmith Economic
Ideas – David Ricardo – Theory of Rent – Malthusian
theory of population – J.B. say. J.S.Mill – Stationary
state – The Nationalists Thought – Adam Muller Friend
Richlist.
UNIT-V
Karl Mark – Theory of class struggle – surplus value –
Marxian predictions concerning capitalism – scientific
socialism.
UNIT-VI
Austrian School of Thought – Alfred Marshall –
consumer’s surplus Elasticity of Demand – Re
presentative firm – welfare Economic Pigou, Walras,
Pareto.
UNIT-VII
Neo – classicism – Knut – witch sell – J.B. Clark –
Dyamic theory of profit – lrring Fisher – Quantity theory
of money – Taussig’s Economic Ideas.
UNIT-VIII
Institutional School – Economic Ideas of vebien –
Theory leisure class – W.C. Mitchell.
UNIT-IX
Keynesian Revolution – Theory of Employment Keyness
Vs Classicism.
UNIT-X Recent Indian Economic Thought – R.C. Dult – Naoroji –
M.G. Randade – M.K. Gandhi – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar –
Rajaji – Nehru – V.K.R.V.Rao – C.N.Vakil G.R. Gadgil -
Indira Gandhi – Noble Laurates since 1990 – Amarthya
Kumarsen.

Books for study:

1. Loganathan.K - History of Economic Thought.
2. Srivastave - History of Economic Thought.
3. Ganguli.B.W. - Indian Economic Thought.
4. Alexander Grag - Development of Economic
Doctrines.
5. Cyide Ad Rist - Economic Thought.
6. Lacockwan - History of Economic Thought.
7. Hasjula - Do
8. Haney - Do
 III Year: Major Paper-VIII
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
(Optional) – DBIG
UNIT-I
Definition and scope of managerial Economics –
Concepts of Managerial Economics and other discipline.
UNIT-II
Demand determinants – elasticity of demand – income
price – cross – promotion elasticity of demand –
decision making and demand forecasting – techniques
of demand forecasting.
UNIT-III
Demand for producers and consumers goods – Durable
and Non-Durable goods – Autonomous, Company and
Industrial Demand – Short – run and long-run demand.
UNIT-IV
Cost Concepts – Classification – Different between
economics and accountant view – Relationship of total,
average and marginal costs – cost output relationship in
the short and long-run.
UNIT-V
Pricing a new product – pricing by manufactures and
pricing by retailers – price regulations – resale price
maintenance.
UNIT-VI
Pricing methods – Pricing problems, pricing of Joint –
Product and new product – Skimming and Penetration
price strategies – Pricing over the life cycle of a product
– dual pricing.

UNIT-VII
Profit and Profit management – Accounting profit and
Economic profit – Measurement – Profit planning and
forecasting – Break – Even - point.
UNIT-VIII
Capital budgeting – cost of capital – capital
management and fiscal policy.
UNIT-IX
Project profitability – methods of appraising project
profitability – Evaluation of various methods.
UNIT-X
Decision Theory – Subject Matter – Decision rules –
Game Theory – The Zero – sum. 2 persons game –
Equilibrium points (Saddle).

REFERNCE BOOKS:
1. Cauvery et.al : Managerial Economics
2. Sankaran S. : Managerial Economics
3. Zoel Dean : Managerial Economics
4. Varshney and Maheswari : Managerial Economics
 III Year: Application Oriented Subject
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS-DBIH
UNIT-I
Nature and Scope of Environmental Economics Basic
Theories Of environmental Economics Material
Balance Model –Maximum Social Welfare Pareto
Efficiency –Ecology and Ecosystem.
UNIT-II
Forest and environmental Quality – Environmental
Quality as a public good – Tragedy of commons.
UNIT-III
Sources of Energy and their Classification Renewable
and Non–renewable conventional and Non–Conventional
direct and indirect energy –energy Scenario in India.
UNIT-IV Population and Urbanizations - Its impact on
Environment - Problem of Pollution – air – water –
industrial , nuclear, Thermal and Noise Pollution .
UNIT-V
Cost – Benefit analysis of Controlling Pollution –
Environmental Cost and Economic Growth – Limit to
growth .
UNIT-VI
Fiscal Techniques – Efferent – or residual Charges –
Subsidies – subsidies and Efferent Charges Compared .
UNIT-VII
Environmental Education – Environmental Planning and
Management – Environmental Laws .
UNIT-VIII
Nature of Environmental Problem in India’s
environmental management – Global Warning – Green
House effect – Acid Rain.
UNIT-IX
International Environmental Policy - Transfrontier
Pollution – International agreement – stock hour-Rio
declaration

UNIT-X
Human Rights and the Environment – Disaster
Management – Conservation of wild life – NGO’s and
Environment.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1. D.W.Pearl - Environmental Economics
2. Karbagam - Environmental Economics
3. S.Sankaran - Environmental Economics
4. Pears - Environmental Economics
5. T.Engine - Environmental Economics
6. D.K.Asthna - Environmental Studies (Chand & Co)
 Question Paper Pattern for BA Economics Course

Time : 3 Hours Max Marks :

100

Part – A (10 x 2 = 20)

Answer all questions
(One question from each unit)

Part – B ( 5 x 4 = 20)
Answer all Questions

11 (a) Unit I 14 (a) Unit VII

11 (b) Unit II 14 (b) Unit VIII
12 (a) Unit III 15 (a) Unit IX
12 (b) Unit IV 15 (b) Unit X
13 (a) Unit V
13 (b) Unit VI

Part – C (5 x 12 = 60)
Answer all Questions

11 (a) Unit I 14 (a) Unit VII

11 (b) Unit II 14 (b) Unit VIII
12 (a) Unit III 15 (a) Unit IX
12 (b) Unit IV 15 (b) Unit X
13 (a) Unit V
13 (b) Unit VI
 B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION
Economics
MICRO ECONOMICS-I
Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks:100
PART – A (10 x 2 = 20)
Answer All Questions
All questions carry equal marks

1. Write the welfare definition.

2. State the definition of supply.
3. What is cardinal utility?
4. What is Capital?
5. What is variable cost?
6. Define monopoly.
7. Define duopoly.
8. What is marginal productivity?
9. What is economic rent?
10. What is supernormal profit?
PART-B (5 x 4 = 20)
Answer All Questions
All questions carry equal marks.

11. (a) Explain partial equilibrium. (or)

(b) Describe the theory of consumer’s surplus.
12. (a) Explain Revealed Preference Theory. (or)
(b) State and explain the Optimum Theory of Population.
13. (a) Why is the AC curve ‘U’ shaped in the short-run? (or)
(b) What are the feature of perfect competition?
14. (a) Explain the features of monopolistic competition. (or)
(b) Explain the wage fund theory.
15. (a) What are the motives for liquidity preference? (or)
(b) Explain the rent theory of profit.

PART-B (5 x 12 = 60 marks)
Answer All Questions
 All questions carry equal marks.

16. (a) Explain Micro Economics and illustrate its scope. (or)
(b) Evaluate the Law of Equi-marginal utility.
17. (a) Critically examine Malthusian Theory of Population. (or)
(b) Explain the theory of consumer’s equilibrium with the help
of
indifference curves.
18. (a) How do you derive supply curve of a firm from marginal
cost
cure? (or)
(b) Explain the relationship between AC and MC.
19. (a) How is price determined under perfect competition? (or)
(b) How is price determined under monopolistic competition?
20. (a) Discuss the role of trade unions in the determination of
wages. (or)
(b) Explain the liquidity preference theory of interest.

B.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION

Economics
INDIAN ECONOMY-I
Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks:100
PART – A (10 x 2 = 20)
Answer All Questions
All questions carry equal marks

1. Define economic development.

2. Write the definition of capital formation.
3. Define human capital.
4. List out the evils of intermediaries.
5. State the various types of technology.
6. What is privatization?
7. Give the features of Agricultural labor.
8. List out the two kinds of water transport.
9. Give the meaning of deficit financing.
10. What is balance of payments?
PART-B (5 x 4 = 20)
Answer All Questions
All questions carry equal marks.
11. (a) Bring out the factors determining economic growth. (or)
(b) Discuss the savings pattern during plan period.
12. (a) List out the factors responsible for increasing population.
(or)
(b) How do you increase agricultural productivity?

13. (a) State the importance of transport in the development of

country like India. (or)
(b) Explain the problems of Cotton Textile Industry in India.
14. (a) Explain the conditions of agricultural labour in India. (or)
(b) State and briefly explain some of social security schemes.
15. (a) What are the Sectoral issues in 9th plan? (or)
(b) Define Subsidy. Is it advisable to cutoff the subsidies?

PART-B (5 x 12 = 60 marks)
Answer All Questions
All questions carry equal marks.
16. (a) Examine the features of underdevelopment in India. (or)
(b) State the reasons for low capital formation. Suggest
measures to promote it.
17. (a) Evaluate our population policy. (or)
(b) Assess the role of Agriculture in the economic
development
of India.
18. (a) Assess the role of technology in our economic
development.
(or)
(b) Examine the role of Private Sector in India.
19. (a) Analyse the employment generation schemes launched by
the Government to solve the unemployment. (or)
(b) Examine the need for nationalization of road transport in
India?
20. (a) Examine the role of deficit financing in India’s economic
development. (or)
(b) Analyse the recommendations of 11th finance commission.

Environmental Economics
(Model Question Paper)
3 Hours 100
Marks
Part – A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)
Answer all Questions
1. Explain the term Environmental Economics.
2. Define Environmental Quality.
3. What are the “renewable sources of Energy?
4. What is meant by urbanization?
5. Define Subsidies.
6. What are pollution costs?
7. What is Acid Rain?
8. What is Environmental Awareness?
9. What are the features of Stockholm Conference.
10. Define Disaster management.

Part – B (5 x 4 = 20) Answer all Questions

11. (a) Discuss the significance of EE.(or)

(b) What do you understand by Tragedy of Commons.
12. (a) What are different classifications of Energy? (or)
(b) What are the effects of Noise Pollution?
13. (a) Explain optimum pollution point. (or)
(b) Explain Limit to Growth.
14. (a) Discuss the various components of Environmental
management. (or)
(b) Discuss Environmental Education through Environmental
movements.
15. (a) What are Causes of Transfiontier Pollution? (or)
(b) Give Saicent features of wild life protection.

Part – C (5 x 12 = 60) Answer all Questions)

16. (a) Explain the concept of material Balance Model. (or)

(b) Environmental Quality as a Public good – Discuss.
17. (a) Trace the history and development of Energy policy in
India.
(or)
 (b) Discuss the population factor as a cause of environmental
degradation – Discuss.
18. (a) What are the advantages and limitation of cost – Benefit
analysis. (or)
(b) Illustrate that Effluent charge will reduce the level of
pollution.
19. (a) Discuss about Environmental Education in India. (or)
(b) What are the guiding Principles of Environmental Law.
20. (a) How do Human Rights come in conflict with environmental
imperatives in third world countries? (or)
(b) Discuss the role of Non-governmental organizations in
environmental protection.
 Elementary Statistics for Economics
(Model Question Paper)
3 Hours 100
Marks

Part – A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

Answer all Questions

1. What is secondary data?
2. Define frequency.
3. What is class interval ?
4. Define median.
5. What is dispersion?
6. Define Correlation.
7. What is Time Series?
8. What is Index Number?
9. Define Census.
10. What is Sample?

Part – B (5 x 4 = 20) Answer all Questions

11. (a) Explain briefly the scope of Statistics (or)

(b) State the Limitations of Statistics
12. (a) List out the merits of diagrammatic representation (or)
(b) Explain Pie Diagram
13. (a) What is frequency distribution ? (or)
(b) Explain Ogive.
14. (a) What are the Properties of correlation? (or)
(b) State the utility of regression.
15. (a) What are the tests used to find out an ideal index
number?
(or)
(b) Explain chain base index number

Part – C (5 x 12 = 60) Answer all Questions)

16. (a) State and explain the various methods of collecting
primary
data. (or)
(b) Explain the various types of tabulation with their merits
and
demerits.
17. (a) What is histogram ? Describe the construction state its
uses.
(or)
(b) State and explain the various types of diagrams with their
merits and demerits.
18. (a) Calculate the co-efficient of correlation for he following
data.
Height of Father : 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
(in Inched)
Height of Son : 66 67 65 68 70 68 72
(in inches)
(or)
(b) Give a detailed account of Rank correlation.
19. (a) Distinguish between the census and sampling methods of
collecting data and state their merits and demerits.
(or)
(b) Describe the various methods of sampling with their
respective merits and demerits.
20. (a) State and explain the various way of presenting
distribution graphically. (or)
(b) What are the different measures of dispersion? Bring out
their merits.
 ECONOMIC THOUGHT
(Model Question Paper)
3 Hours 100
Marks
Part – A (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)

Answer all Questions

1. What are he main sources of information regarding economic
thought in ancient India?
2. Bring out the three important parts of Thirukkural.
3. Mention any two economic thinkers of Middle Ages.
4. What is neo-mercantilism?
5. What are the basic assumptions of Ricardian theory?
6. Mention any two books wrote by Karl Marx.
7. What is Surplus Value?
8. Define Institutional School.
9. Who is the author of Drain theory?
10. Define Welfare Economics.
Part – B (5 x 4 = 20) Answer all Questions
11. (a) State the importance of Roman Economic thought. (or)
(b) Compare the economic ideas of Thiruvalluvar and
Kautilya.
12. (a) Give the General outline of Mercantillism. (or)
(b) Explain the comparative cost theory of David Ricardo.
13. (a) Explain W.Stanley Jevon’s contribution to economic
theory.
(or)
(b) Explain Marxian Materialistic Interpretation of History.
14. (a) What are the essential ideas of the Institutionalist School?
(or)
(b) Explain Marshall’s Elasticity of Demand concept.
15. (a) Explain the economic ideas of Dutt.
(or)
 (b) Describe Naoroji’s Drain theory.

Part – C (5 x 12 = 60) Answer all Questions)

16. (a) Explain the Nature and significance of Economic thought.

(or)
(b) Describe the main economic ideas of Kautilya.
17. (a) Discuss the factors which give rise to Mercantilism.
(or)
(b) Critically examine the Malthusian theory of Population.
18. (a) Examine J.S.Mill’s main Economic ideas.
(or)
(b) Examine Marxian theory of Surplus Value.
19. (a) Explain the main economic ideas of Veblan.
(or)
(b) Examine the main theories of Wickshell.
20. (a) Examine the main economic ideas of M.K.Gandhi. (or)
(b) Estimate the economic ideas of B.M.Ambedkar.