TRANSFORMER
Antara Dutta
XII
02
PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya JAMTARA
Certificate
This is to certify that ANTARA DUTTA of class XII has successfully complete her project on
“TRANSFORMER” during session 2025-26 under my guidance and supervision . This project is
upto my expectations and as per Central Board Of Secondary Education ( CBSE ) guidelines.
_________________________ ________________________
Principal’s Signature Teacher’s Signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics
teacher Mr. K.C Das for their able guidance and support in completing
this project on the topic " TRANSFORMER" . I learned a lot of new things .
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in completing this project within the limited time frame.
I am very thankful to everyone.
INDEX
SL.NO CONTENT Page No
01 Introduction 01
02 Theory 02
03 In a step down Transformer 03
04 In a step up Transformer 04
05 Apparatus Required 05
06 Procedure 06
07 Uses of transformer 07
08 Source of Error 08
09 Conclusion 08
10 Precautions 08
11 Bibliography 09
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage and vice versa. Transformer based on the principle of e.m.f. induction. According to this
principal, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighbouring coil due to changing magnetic flux and amount
of induced voltage (EMF) depends on the amount of flux linkage.
Transformer is an electric device which is used for changing the AC voltages. A transformer is the
most widely used device in both low and high current circuits. Transformer which increases
voltage is called a step-up transformer and which decreases the AC voltage is called step-down
transformer.
Fig1:- The ideal transformer as a circuit element
01
Theory
When an alternating EMF is supplied to the primary coil P1, an alternating current starts falling in
it. The alternating current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage in the secondary Es. When Induced voltage in secondary become the cause of
current (Alternating) in secondary then it further induces voltage in primary Ep.
If EP and ES be the instantaneous values of the EMFs induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns all the number of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dø/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep= + Np dø / dt --------(i)
and
Es = - Ns dø/dt--------------(ii)
Since the above relations are +ve at every Instant, so by dividing (ii) by (i) we get,
Es/Ep = -Ns/Np------------(iii)
Since Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in the primary coil P1 ,so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E-Ep). Further if Rp is the resistance
of P1 coil, then the instantaneous current IP in the primary coil is given by –
IP = (E – Ep) / Rp
E = Ip Rp + Ep
This back emf = input emf
Hence equation (iii) can be written as
Es/Ep = Es/E
= Output emf / input emf
= Ns / Np = K ( where K is constant, called turn or
transformation Ratio)
02
In a Step down transformer
Es<E so K<1, hence Ns<Np If
IP= value of primary current at the same Instant
And
Is= valve of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and output power at the same Instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or Ep Ip = Es Is
Or Es/Ep = Ip/Is = K
Fig2:-
03
In a step up Transformer
Es>E so K>1 , hence Ns > Np as K>1 , So Ip>Is or Is<Ip.
I.e; current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.
Similarly,it can be shown that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage,
we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up Transformer in reality steps down the current and
a step down transformer steps up the current.
Fig3:-
04
Apparatus Required
Ammeter Voltmeter
Iron Rod Copper wire
05
Procedure
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns with
thin copper wire on thick paper
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and would relatively smaller no. Of turns of
thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil . It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1 ,P2 to AC main and measure the input voltage and current using AC voltmeter
and ammeter respectively
4. Similarly measure the output voltage and current through S1 and S2
5. Now current S1 and S2 to AC main and again measure voltage and current theory primary
and secondary coil of step up .
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing the number of turns of
primary and secondary coil.
06
Uses of transformer
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations:
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current
A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions
of a.c. over long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
07
Sources of Error
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage
2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer, if transformer is
considered ideal. Otherwise 2-3% power loss can be seen in a good transformer.
Precautions
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should remain constant.
08
Bibliography
1. NCERT class 12 physics textbook
2. NCERT Exemplar
3.Concept Of physics (H C Verma )
4. Fundamental Physics
5. Dinesh
6. Irodov- Problems in general physics
09
